Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Height

Height
**Height** is the distance between the lowest end and highest end of an object.

For example, it is said the bottom of the foot is a person's lowest end, and the top of the head is a person's highest end. If the distance between the bottom of a person's foot and the top of that person's head is 64 inches, then that person's height is 64 inches.

Height is measured in 3D objects. 2D objects do not have height; they only have length and width.

## Related pages

* Depth
* Elevation
* Volume
# Rocket Lab

Rocket Lab Corporation|  |
| Traded as | Public |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | 2006 in New Zealand |
| Founder | Peter Beck |
| Headquarters | Long Beach, California, United States |
| Website |  |

**Rocket Lab** is an American aerospace company that constructs and launches space rockets and satellite equipment. It was founded in New Zealand in 2006 by Peter Beck, a self-taught rocket engineer.

Rocket Lab builds and launches one rocket that can reach a stable orbit: Electron. They are currently designing a larger rocket called Neutron. Governments, companies, and organizations can purchase launches from Rocket Lab.

## Electron

Electron is a small-lift launch vehicle capable of carrying up to 300 kg (661 lbs) into a low Earth orbit. It was designed to carry small satellites into space for companies and governments that do not need a larger rocket.Because of its small size, it is relatively cheap to launch, costing only US$ 6,000,000. It was first launched in 2017 from Rocket Lab's Mahia Launch Complex in New Zealand. It completed its 50th launch in June of 2024.

Rocket Lab currently picks up the first stage of the rocket after it falls into the ocean. They clean up the body, which is made of a carbon composite, and use the body in their other rockets. The company was even able to catch the first stage with a helicopter, which they plan to re-use. This directly caught booster will require less maintenance than an ocean splashdown.

## Neutron

Neutron is a partially re-usable medium-lift launch vehicle currently being tested. It will be capable of carrying up to 13,000 kg (28,660 lb) to a low Earth orbit, 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) to a geostationary orbit, and 1,500 kg (3306 lb) to the planets Mars or Venus. It was designed to carry satellites, cargo, and even people into space. The rocket's first stage is re-usable because it can land on an unmanned boat in the ocean. If the launch customer has a lighter payload, the rocket can even land at the launch site where it lifted off. Neutron's fairing, the part that keeps the payload safe during liftoff, is also recovered (unlike most other rockets), which makes it even easier to re-use.
# Gyroscope

A gyroscope
A **gyroscope** is a device used to measure or maintain an angular position. It works using the principles of angular momentum. The gyroscope is made up of a spinning wheel or disc, as well as (in some cases) many other moving parts. It helps with navigation, and plays a part in such things as a gyrocompass and artificial horizon.
# Paul Wolfowitz

| Paul Wolfowitz |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 10th President of the World Bank Group |
| **In office** June 1, 2005 – July 1, 2007 |
| Preceded by | James Wolfensohn |
| Succeeded by | Robert Zoellick |
| United States Deputy Secretary of Defense |
| **In office** March 2, 2001 – June 1, 2005 |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Rudy de Leon |
| Succeeded by | Gordon England |
| Undersecretary of Defense for Policy |
| **In office** May 15, 1989 – January 19, 1993 |
| President | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Fred Iklé |
| Succeeded by | Frank Wisner |
| United States Ambassador to Indonesia |
| **In office** April 11, 1986 – May 12, 1989 |
| President | Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | John Holdridge |
| Succeeded by | John C. Monjo |
| Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs |
| **In office** December 22, 1982 – March 12, 1986 |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | John Holdridge |
| Succeeded by | Gaston Sigur |
| Director of Policy Planning |
| **In office** February 13, 1981 – December 22, 1982 |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Anthony Lake |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Bosworth |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Paul Dundes Wolfowitz  (1943-12-22) December 22, 1943 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic (Before 1981) Republican (1981–present) |
| Spouse(s) | Clare Selgin (1968–2001) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | Cornell University (AB) University of Chicago (MA, PhD) |
| Website | American Enterprise Institute |

**Paul Dundes Wolfowitz** (/ˈwʊlfəvɪts/; born December 22, 1943) is an American political scientist and diplomat. He was the 10th President of the World Bank, United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, and former dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University.

He was said to be a leading neoconservative.

After serving two years, he resigned as president of the World Bank Group due to scandals.
# Belt and Road Initiative

The **Belt and Road Initiative** (BRI), also known as the **New Silk Road**, is a plan by the government of the People's Republic of China to build infrastructure for transportation, from China to other countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. The project was announced in 2013. The "Belt" means the roads and railway tracks on land. The "Road" means sea routes.

At first, it was called "One Belt, One Road" (OBOR, Chinese: 一帶 一路 / 一带 一路, pinyin: Yidai Yilu).

A high-speed railway in Thailand is part of OBOR; the Bangkok-Phitsanulok High-Speed Railway is under construction (as of 2017).

The idea has always had its critics. There has been criticism about human rights violations and environmental impact. In the main, the critics do not expect most recipient countries to pay China back. In many cases there is not the slightest chance of repayment. Secondly, some (many?) of the railways are quite obviously "railways to nowhere". This is clearest in Africa.

"Some 150 countries have signed on to the Belt and Road with China, including 22 in Latin America", media said (2024).

Member countries in Europe, includes Hungary, Slovakia and Serbia.

## Related pages

* Economy of China
* Political problems of China
# Chinese Academy of Sciences

The **Chinese Academy of Sciences** (**CAS**, formerly: **Academia Sinica**) is the supreme institution for all the natural science organisations in China. The academy was established in 1949 in Beijing.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Rubidium

Rubidium in a glass tube
**Rubidium** is chemical element 37 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Rb**. Its atomic mass is 85.47. It has 37 protons and 37 electrons. It is a soft silver colored metal. It was first discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in Heidelberg, Germany.

## Properties

### Physical properties

Rubidium melts at a very low temperature, for example it could melt in a person's hand. Rubidium is an alkali metal. It can make an amalgam with mercury.

### Chemical properties

Rubidium is very reactive. It will ignite in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen. Rubidium reacts very violently with water to make hydrogen and rubidium hydroxide, a strong corrosive base. The reaction is normally very hot so the hydrogen ignites.

### Chemical compounds

Rubidium chloride
Rubidium forms chemical compounds in only one oxidation state: +1. Some rubidium compounds have a mixed oxidation state, though. Rubidium chloride is the most common rubidium compound. Rubidium hydroxide and rubidium carbonate are also used commonly. Rubidium compounds makes a red-violet color in a flame. Most rubidium compounds are colorless. Rubidium compounds are not as common as other alkali metal compounds, such get sodium compounds. Otherwise, they are similar.

* Rubidium chloride, similar to sodium chloride
* Rubidium hydride, strong reducing agent
* Rubidium hydroxide, powerful base
* Rubidium nitrate, strong oxidizing agent
* Rubidiumoxide, yellow, strong base when dissolved in water

## Occurrence and preparation

Rubidium is about as common as zinc. It is the 23rd most common element in the Earth's crust. Most minerals only have a small amount of rubidium in them. It normally comes in small quantities in other minerals. It is made by reduction of rubidium ores with calcium. It is expensive because calcium is difficult to make and the rubidium needs to be kept in argon and away from water or air.

## Uses

There are not many common uses for rubidium. Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in purple fireworks. It and its compounds are used mainly in science research though. It is also used to make superoxide ions. It is used in some special types of glass.

## Safety

Rubidium compounds are not very dangerous in the human body; however, if a person gets too much from eating, they could get sick because it acts like other alkali metal ions such as sodium ions in sodium chloride. Rats can live with up to half of their potassium replaced with rubidium, though it is not likely for that to happen.

Rubidium metal is very dangerous. It reacts with air and water and makes the corrosive substance rubidium hydroxide.
# Location

In geography, the term **location** or **geographical location** is the place or location used to identify a point on the surface of the Earth or any other place in relation to the countries and bodies of water adjacent to this place. It can also be determined by the 360-degree longitude lines separated by the Greenwich line to 180 degrees east and 180 degrees west; a coordinate system. The 180 degrees latitude are divided by the equator into 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south.

## Related pages

* Cartesian coordinate system
# Geometry

Axel Helsted, "Geometry"
**Geometry** (from Ancient Greek: Γεωμετρία (romanized: *Geometria* (English: "Land measurement") derived from Γη (romanized: Ge; English: "Earth" or "land") and also derived from Μέτρον) (romanized: *Métron*; English: "A measure")) is a branch of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things. We can only see shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.

Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.

## Uses

Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.

Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:

* the surface area of a house, so they can buy the right amount of paint
* the volume of a box, to see if it is big enough to hold a liter of food
* the area of a farm, so it can be divided into equal parts
* the distance around the edge of a pond, to know how much fencing to buy.

## Origins

Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called *The Elements*.

## Non-Euclidean geometry

Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements, is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate.

Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography.

## Examples

Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as:

* A **point** is shown on paper by touching it with a pencil or pen, without making any sideways movement. We know where the point is, but it has no size.
* A **straight line** is the shortest distance between two points. For example, Sophie pulls a piece of string from one point to another point. A straight line between the two points will follow the path of the tight string.
* A **plane** is a flat surface that does not stop in any direction. For example, imagine a wall that extends in all directions infinitely.

## Related pages

* Topology
# Abyssal plain

An **abyssal plain** is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor. It is usually found 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) below the surface of the water. Abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. They are among the flattest and smoothest places on Earth.

Abyssal plains are believed to have lots of biodiversity. They are also play an important role in ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over hundreds or thousand years. Abyssal plains also have hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.
# National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Seal of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The **National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration** (**NOAA**) is a scientific agency of the United States government that monitors the oceans surrounding the United States and the atmosphere. NOAA warns people about dangerous weather, charts seas and sky, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to help understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Corps.

## Other websites

* NOAA
# Diagonal

A diagonal line across a computer monitor
**Diagonal** is a kind of straight line. A diagonal line does not go straight up and down, or across left and right. It is a line that connects two corners of a shape.

In mathematics, "diagonal" has different meanings. For example, in geometry a diagonal is any line that goes between the corners of a polygon. So a square has two diagonals, and a five-sided shape has five diagonals. In general the count of diagonal can be identified by a formula [n(n-3)]/2 where n is the total number of sides of shapes.
# Origin of water on Earth

The **origin of water on Earth** is only barely known. All life on Earth needs water, and most types of life started in the sea. Earth is the only planet known with liquid water on its surface. The water on Earth may have come from the Solar System as it formed, or it may have formed on Earth. Both are possible. We do know that hydrogen and oxygen, the elements that constitute water come from stars. Oxygen is created through fusion of helium and carbon atoms inside the core of red giants.

Earth is in the habitable zone, it is not so far from the Sun that all water freezes, and not so close to the Sun that all water evaporates. This is why liquid water, important for all life, still exists on the surface of Earth.

A long time ago, scientists thought that water on Earth did not come from the planet’s region of the protoplanetary disk. Instead, it was thought water must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. However, recent research suggests that hydrogen inside the Earth played a role in the formation of the ocean. The two ideas are not mutually exclusive: there is evidence water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals similar in composition to asteroids in the outer edges of the asteroid belt.

One problem that hasn't been solved is that the noble gas isotope ratios of Earth's atmosphere are different than those of its mantle. This might mean they were created from different sources.
# Mesoarchaean

The **Mesoarchaean** (**Mesoarchean**) is the third geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 3.2 billion years ago, and ended 2.8 billion years ago. Before the Mesoarchaean era was the Palaeoarchaean era. After the Mesoarchaean era was the Neoarchaean.

Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have lived on Earth since the Mesoarchaean. The Pongola glaciation occurred 2.9 billion years ago. The first supercontinent Vaalbara broke up during this time, around 3.2 billion years ago. The second supercontinent Ur existed during this era, 3.1 billion years ago.
# Pyroxene

A sample of pyroxenite, a rock consisting mostly of pyroxene minerals.
Pyroxene
The **pyroxenes** are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. They share a common structure consisting of single chains of silica crystals with the general formula XY(Si,Al)2O6 where X and
Y represents metal ions.
Although aluminium substitutes extensively for silicon in silicates such as feldspars and amphiboles, the substitution occurs only to a limited extent in most pyroxenes.

**Pyroxenite** is an igneous rock made up of minerals from the pyroxene group.
# Nazca plate

The Nazca Plate
The **Nazca plate** is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is named after the Nazca region of southern Peru.

The region is off the west coast of South America. The ongoing subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American plate is largely responsible for the Andean orogeny.
# Landscape painting

**Lanndscape painting** is a style of painting that deals with showing landscapes. The landscapes can be natural ones, or those modified by humans. They can be real or imagined.

Other painting-styles include history painting, genre painting, portrait painting and still life. Landscaping is the art and process of modifying the visible features of an area of land to make it more attractive and functional. This involves a mix of living elements (softscape) like plants, trees, and lawns, and non-living elements such as paths, walls, patios, and water features.

## Gallery

* Fresco from Akrotiri, on the Greek island Santorin. This fresco was done about 1600 BC.
* Paul Bril, Phantastic mountain scene, 16th century.
* Claude Lorrain, Harbour with the Villa Medici. 17th century
* Caspar David Friedrich, Monk at the seaside, 19th century
* Claude Monet, Impression soleil levant, 1872. This painting started a movement called impressionism.
* Paul Cézanne, House in Provence, 19th century
# Damocloid

A **damocloid** is an asteroid that takes a long time to orbit the Sun. They are very similar to the periodic comets, like Halley's Comet, but a damocloid does not have a tail like a comet. They are believed to be comets that have lost their volatile material and are dormant. Scientists think that they come from the Oort cloud. This is because some damocloids, such as C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS), later developed tails and became comets. Some damocloids also orbit in the same direction as comets, which is the opposite direction to asteroids. By January 2010, scientists had found 41 damocloids.

## Other websites

* David Jewitt, A first look at the Damocloids
# Relative humidity

**Relative humidity** is a way of describing how much humidity is present in the air, compared to how much there could be. Meteorologists often use the relative humidity as a measurement to describe the weather at various places.

When the temperature is warm, more water vapor can be in the air than when it is cold. If the actual amount of vapor is compared to the total amount there could be as a fraction, then the number tells if the air feels dry or moist. The value is usually written in percent, where 0% means that the air is totally dry, and 100% means that it is so moist that mist or dew is about to form.

When the temperature is lowered to the dew point, relative humidity becomes 100% and the water vapor condenses, making precipitation as dew, rain or snow (etc.).
# International Astronomical Union

International Astronomical Union (IAU)| *Union astronomique internationale (UAI)* |
|  |
| National members from 85 countries as of May 2023
  Member states  States with interim status  Observer states  Suspended states |
| Formation | 28 July 1919 (28 July 1919) |
| Founded at | Brussels, Belgium |
| Headquarters | Paris, France |
| Membership  | 85 national members 12,131 individual members |
| President | Debra Meloy Elmegreen |
| General Secretary | Piero Benvenuti |
| Website | www.iau.org |

The **International Astronomical Union** (**IAU**) is an international group that brings together the national astronomical groups from around the world. It was created in 1919. It was created to promote and protect the science of astronomy by getting different nations to work together. Its members are professional astronomers from all over the world, and they all work on research and education in astronomy. The IAU has good relationships with groups that include amateur astronomers. "National Members" are usually people with a high level of professional astronomy. There are more than 10,000 active "Individual Members" in 107 countries. It has 62 "National Members".

This organization has many working groups like the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), which maintains the astronomical naming conventions and planetary nomenclature for planetary bodies, and the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) for naming stars.

The IAU is also the group in charge of naming objects in space and anything on them such as mountains and craters.

## Other websites

* Website of the International Astronomical Union
* XXVIth General Assembly 2006 Archived 2003-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
# Canary Wharf

| The Canary Wharf |
| --- |
| Population | 73,390 (Millwall, Blackwall and Cubitt Town, East India and Lansbury and Limehouse wards 2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | [TQ375802 TQ375802] |
| London borough | * Tower Hamlets
 |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region | * London
 |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
|  |
| UK Parliament | * Poplar and Limehouse
 |
| London Assembly | * City and East
 |
|

Skyline of Canary Wharf, viewed from the west
Map of Canary Wharf area in 1899 showing West India Docks and the Isle of Dogs
**Canary Wharf** is a major business district in Tower Hamlets. It is located on the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs. It is one of the United Kingdom's two main financial centres, second only to the traditional City of London. It contains many of Europe's tallest buildings, including the second-tallest in the UK, One Canada Square.

## West India Dock Company

From 1802 to the late 1980s, the Canary Wharf Estate was a part of Millwall, Limehouse and Poplar and was one of the busiest docks in the world. West India Docks was primarily developed by Robert Milligan (c. 1746–1809) who set up the West India Dock Company. After the 1960s, the port industry began to decline, leading to all the docks being closed by 1980.

## Canary Wharf today

The Canary Wharf of today is a complete reworking of the old dock area into a new business area.
Initially, the City of London saw Canary Wharf as a threat. Recovery in the property market generally, and demand for Grade A office space, improved the level of interest. A critical event was the much-delayed start of work on the Jubilee line extension, which the government wanted ready for the Millennium celebrations.

## Public transport

Canary Wharf has stations on the Jubilee Line and the Docklands Light Railway and since 2022 the Elizabeth Line.