Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of the United Kingdom

Magna Carta (the Great Charter), the first document beginning the UK's constitution
The **Constitution of the United Kingdom** is a set of laws and rules in the United Kingdom that governs how the country is organized and the basic rights and freedoms of the people.

The UK's constitution is not written in one single document like many other countries' are. In fact, the UK's constitution is not completely written down at all. Some of it can be found in writing, starting with Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights Act 1689 and including more modern Acts of Parliament. Other parts of it are considered common law and are made up of the decisions of judges over many hundreds of years in a system called legal or judicial precedence. Because of this, some people say that the United Kingdom has a *de facto* or "unwritten" constitution.

Using the word "unwritten" is a problem, because most British laws and rules are written as statutes, or court judgments, the law of equity and in various treaties. Most of these laws come from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Because most of the constitution is written down in this way, it is not technically correct to call it "unwritten" or "*de facto*". However, these words are still used. The Constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is even more different to most other constitutions in that it is just a normal set of laws, and not a "higher" law that the government cannot easily change. The constitution has no more authority than any other law in the UK, and the government can change it just by passing a new Act.

## Constitutional principles

### Parliamentary sovereignty

Parliamentary sovereignty means that the UK Parliament can pass, change and remove any law it wants. Countries with codified ("written") constitutions usually have a set of rules that make it harder for legislatures to change the constitution. In the UK, the constitution can be changed with a new Act.

### Rule of law

The United Kingdom has rule of law. This means that everyone, including important government officials, has to follow the law. The rule of law also means that people can't be punished for doing something that isn't illegal.

### Constitutional monarchy

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means it has a Queen or a King. The Queen or King is decided by whether or not their parents, or other close relative, were King or Queen. Oldest brothers used to get to be King first, then the next brother, and so on, turning only to daughters when there were no sons. Queen Elizabeth II changed this, however, and rewrote the law so that the eldest child now becomes the next monarch no matter what that person’s gender is.

## Related pages

* Constitution
* Constitutionalism
* Constitutional economics

## Other websites

* Ministry of Justice - Governance of Britain Archived 2009-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
* The Constitution Society - Charity founded in order to promote public understanding of the British Constitution Archived 2017-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
# Thameslink

| Thameslink |
| --- |
| A Class 700 Thameslink train at Blackfriars |
| Overview |
| Status | Operational |
| Owner | Network Rail |
| Locale | East of England Greater London South East England |
| Termini | Bedford/Luton/St Albans Brighton/Sutton/Sevenoaks Cambridge |
| Stations | 68 (additional stations at peaks) |
| Service |
| Type | Commuter rail, Suburban rail |
| System | National Rail |
| Services | 5 |
| Operator(s) | Thameslink |
| Depot(s) | Bedford Cauldwell Walk Bedford Carriage Sidings Cricklewood Three Bridges |
| Rolling stock | Class 700 *Desiro City* |
| History |
| Opened | 1988 |
| Technical |
| Number of tracks | 2–4 |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50hz AC OHLE 750 V DC third rail |
| Operating speed | 100 mph (160 km/h) maximum |

**Thameslink** is a route in the British railway system. It has 68 stations. It is 225 km (140 mi) long. It runs north to south through London from Bedford to Brighton. It goes to London Gatwick Airport and London Luton Airport. It has a suburban loop that goes to Sutton and Wimbledon. On weekdays a suburban line goes through Catford and Bromley South to Sevenoaks. A peak service also runs between Wewlyn and Orpington. It opened as a through service in 1988. By 1998, it was very overcrowded, carrying more than 28,000 passengers in the morning peak. Almost all the services are currently operated by Thameslink.

## Other websites

* Media related to Thameslink at Wikimedia Commons
* Official Thameslink Programme website Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Thameslink Programme - Network Rail

The interior of a Class 700 Thameslink train towards Bedford.
# Brick Lane

Brick Lane street sign in English and Bengali
Brick Lane
Curry restaurants in Brick Lane
**Brick Lane** is a street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. It is part of an old street which includes Bethnal Green, Whitechapel and Spitalfields.

Today, it is the heart of the city's British Bangladeshi community and is known to some as *Banglatown*. It is famous for its many curry houses.

## History

Brick Lane gets its name from former brick and tile manufacture, using the local brick earth deposits, that began in the 15th century.

Successive waves of immigration began with Huguenot refugees spreading from Spitalfields, where the master weavers were based, in the 17th century. This started a connection with clothing which lasted for over three centuries.

The Huguenots were followed by Irish, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the last century, Bangladeshis. The area became a centre for weaving, tailoring and the clothing industry, due to the abundance of semi- and unskilled immigrant labour.

Brewing came to Brick Lane before 1680, with water drawn from deep wells. One brewer was Joseph Truman, first recorded in 1683. His family went on to establish the sizable Black Eagle Brewery on Brick Lane.

The Brick Lane Market was developed in the 17th century for fruit and vegetables. The Sunday market, like the ones on Petticoat Lane and nearby Columbia Road, dates from a dispensation given to the Jewish community. The Brick Lane Farmers' Market opened 6th June 2010.

Emma Elizabeth Smith was viciously assaulted and robbed in Osborn Street, the part of Brick Lane that meets Whitechapel High Street, in the early hours of 3 April 1888. It was one of the first of the eleven Whitechapel Murders, some of which were done by the serial killer, Jack the Ripper.

In 1742, La Neuve Eglise, a Huguenot chapel, was built on the corner of Brick Lane and Fournier Street. By 1809, it had become The Jews’ Chapel, for promoting Christianity to the expanding Jewish population, and became a Methodist Chapel in 1819 (John Wesley having preached his first covenant sermon at the nearby Black Eagle Street Chapel). In 1898, the building was consecrated as the Machzikei HaDath, or Spitalfields Great Synagogue. In 1976, it became the London Jamme Masjid (Great London), to serve the expanding British Bangladeshi community. The building is Grade II\* listed. Many Bangladeshi immigrants to Brick Lane were from the Greater Sylhet region. These settlers helped shape Bangladeshi migration to Britain; families from Jagannathpur and Bishwanath tend to dominate in the Brick Lane area today.
# Ben Jonson

Ben Jonson (circa 1617)
**Ben Jonson** (11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was a major poet and playwright in English Renaissance drama. Many critics consider Jonson to be among the best playwrights of his time, a time when William Shakespeare also lived.

Jonson was classically educated. He was a well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy of all kinds.

He is best known for satirical plays *Every Man in His Humour* (1598), *Volpone, or The Fox* (c. 1606), *The Alchemist* (1610) and *Bartholomew Fair* (1614); also his lyric and epigrammatic poetry' he was a young and upcoming author who change the poetry indistary for the bets.
# Abbey Road Studios

The outside of **EMI'**s **Abbey Road Studios**, London, England
**Abbey Road Studios**, usually called just "Abbey Road", are the recording studios in EMI's headquarters in St. John's Wood, London, England.

Abbey Road had three different studios for most of its history. Other space was turned into a fourth studio later. Studio One is large, and used to be a ballroom. Symphony orchestras and very large bands and groups are recorded there. Studio Two is smaller, and works best for small combos or groups of musicians. Studio Three is much smaller, and is meant for soloists and duos. Studio Four is mostly for post-production, where changes are made to earlier recordings.
# Gorillaz

| Gorillaz |
| --- |
| Gorillaz, Brixton Academy, London, 2017 |
| Background information |
| Origin | Essex, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Alternative rock, trip hop, electronica, alternative hip hop, experimental rock |
| Years active | 1998-present |
| Labels | Parlophone, Virgin, EMI |
|  |
| Members | 2-D Noodle Russell Hobbs Murdoc Niccals |

**Gorillaz** are an animated British rock band. The band was invented by Damon Albarn, a member of the band Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, who has worked on the comic book series *Tank Girl*. Even though the band members are fictional, they have released a large number of albums and music videos. The band's animated members are 2-D, Noodle, Russel Hobbs, and Murdoc Niccals.

The band's genre is mostly a combination of alternative rock, alternative hip hop, and electronica. It also has elements of experimental, trip hop, dub, and psychedelic rock.

## Live performances

Since they are an animated group, they cannot perform live, like other bands can. At Gorillaz concerts, the real members of the band stand behind screens which show computer-generated images of the animated group performing.

Despite the animated performances, the actual band members did go on tour as the Gorillaz (which the animated band referred to as *that Gorillaz tribute band*), playing at various venues across the states, headlining at Coachella. The live Gorillaz band played at the 2010 Glastonbury Festival, performing in place of u2 due to Bono's emergency back surgery.

## List of albums

### Studio albums

* *Gorillaz* (2001)
* *Demon Days* (2005)
* *Plastic Beach* (2010)
* *The Fall* (2010)
* *Humanz* (2017)
* *The Now Now* (2018)
* *The Song Machine, Season 1: Strange Timez* (2020)
* *Cracker Island* (2023)
* *The Mountain* (2026)

### Compilation albums

* *G-Sides* (2002)
* *Laika Come Home* (with Spacemonkeyz) (2002)
* *D-Sides* (2007)
* *The Singles Collection 2001–2011* (2011)
# East of England

The East of England region
The **East of England** is a region in England. There are nine regions of England. It was made in 1994 and was used as a category for statistics in 1991. The counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk are in the region. Also Peterborough is in the region.

In 2001 the census in England found that 5,388,140 persons lived in the region. The land is mostly low. The highest place is the hill of Ivinghoe Beacon, near Tring in the county of Hertfordshire. The top of the hill is 249 metres above the level of the sea. It is an informal region, serving as the area of land between Southern England and The Midlands.
# Stirling (council area)

| Stirling
*Sruighlea Stirlin* |
| --- |
|  |
| Admin HQ | Stirling |
| Government |
|  • Body | Stirling Council |
|  • Control | SNP + Lab (council NOC) |
|  • MPs | * Stephen Kerr
 |
|  • MSPs | * Keith Brown\*Bruce Crawford
 |
| Area |
|  • Total | 844 sq mi (2,186 km2) |
|  • Rank | Ranked 9th |
| Population (2022) |
|  • Total | 93,800 |
|  • Rank | Ranked 24th |
|  • Density | 110/sq mi (42/km2) |
| ONS code | S12000030 |
| ISO 3166 code | GB-STG |
| Website | www.stirling.gov.uk |

**Stirling** (*Sruighlea* in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary local government council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 85,000.

## Towns and villages

* Aberfoyle
* Ardchyle
* Ardeonaig
* Arnprior
* Balmaha
* Bannockburn
* Blair Drummond
* Boreland
* Bridge of Allan
* Brig o' Turk
* Buchlyvie
* Callander
* Cambuskenneth
* Campsie
* Cowie
* Craigdownings
* Craigruie
* Crianlarich
* Croftamie
* Dalmary
* Doune
* Drymen
* Dunblane
* Fallin
* Fintry
* Gargunnock
* Gartmore
* Gartness
* Inversnaid
* Killearn
* Killin
* Kinbuck
* Kinlochard
* Kippen
* Lecropt
* Lochearnhead
* Mid Lecropt
* Milton
* Mugdock
* Port of Menteith
* Plean
* Raploch
* Rowardennan
* Strathyre
* Stronachlachar
* Thornhill
* Throsk
* Torbrex
* Tyndrum
* St Ninians
* Stirling
* Strathblane
# Rifle

Modern hunting rifle
The **rifle** is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves. The grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder. Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Others are made for police to have in case they need them. Some rifles are made for target shooting.

## Types

diagram of a bolt action (about to load a bullet)
Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action. A small handle is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". By moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. It also ejects any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. The automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.

## Related pages

* Assault rifle
* Battle rifle
* CornerShot

## Other websites

* Quick Guide to Olympic Shooting
* Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Bolt Action Rifles Archived 2006-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Automatic Rifles Archived 2006-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
* UK Air Rifles Archived 2007-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Israeli Special Forces Rifles at isayeret.com
* On the AK-47's social and military effect on history Archived 2016-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
* WW2-era Small Arms
* ShootingWiki.org Competition Arms Database Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
# Google I/O

| Google I/O |
| --- |
|  |
| Date(s) | May–June (1–3 days) |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Venue | Various |
| Location(s) | Various |
| Founded | May 28, 2008 (2008-05-28) |
| Most recent | May 19, 2026 |
| Previous event | May 20, 2025 |
| Attendance | 5000 |
| Organized by | Google |
| Website |
| io.google |

**Google I/O** is a conference for web developers that happens each year, since 2008. Google uses it to talk about new web technologies. Google Android, Google Chrome and Google Wave are technologies that have been shown there.
# Android 13

Android 13| Version of the Android operating system |
|  |
| Screenshot |
| Developer | Google |
| OS family | Android (operating system) |
| General availability | August 15, 2022 |
| Latest release | Android 13 |
| Kernel type | Monolithic Kernel (Linux Kernel) |
| Preceded by | Android 12 |
| Succeeded by | Android 14 |
| Official website | developer.android.com/about/versions/13 |
| Support status |
| Unsupported as of December 1, 2025 |

**Android 13** is the thirteenth major release mobile operating system developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google. It was released to the public and the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) on August 15, 2022.

## adrod 13 trend

There used to be a trend on TikTok where people tried to get "Adrod 13" on their phones using a bad app written on MIT App Inventor, and clicking the install button that will cause a fake "brick" error screen appearing on their device along with a toast prompt. Videos with this app got millions of views on TikTok.
# AlphaZero

**AlphaZero** is the computer program developed by artificial intelligence research company DeepMind. It plays the games of chess, shogi and go better than humans can.

The algorithm uses an approach similar to AlphaGo Zero. Within 24 hours of training it reached a superhuman level of play in all three games. It defeated the previous world-champion programs Stockfish, elmo, and the three-day version of AlphaGo Zero.
# Pixel 2

Pixel 2
Pixel 2 XL|  |
|  The front of the Pixel 2 left and front of the Pixel 2 XL right |
| Codename | * Walleye (Pixel 2)
* Taimen (Pixel 2 XL)
 |
| Brand | Google |
| Manufacturer | * HTC (Pixel 2)
* LG Electronics (Pixel 2 XL) (as contract manufacturers for both models)
 |
| Slogan | *Ask more of your phone.* |
| Series | Pixel |
| Model | * G011A (Pixel 2)
* G011C (Pixel 2 XL)
 |
| Compatible networks | * 2G
* 3G
* 4G
* LTE
 |
| First released | October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19) |
| Discontinued | April 1, 2019 (2019-04-01) |
| Units sold | 4.07 million (as of Oct. 2022) |
| Predecessor | Pixel 1 |
| Successor | Pixel 3 |
| Type | **Pixel 2:** Smartphone **Pixel 2 XL:** Phablet |
| Form factor | Slate |
| Dimensions | **Pixel 2:H**: 145.7 mm (5.74 in) **W**: 69.7 mm (2.74 in) **D**: 7.8 mm (0.31 in)
**Pixel 2 XL:H**: 157.9 mm (6.22 in) **W**: 76.7 mm (3.02 in) **D**: 7.9 mm (0.31 in) |
| Mass | **Pixel 2:** 143 g (5.04 oz) **Pixel 2 XL:** 175 g (6.17 oz) |
| Operating system | **Original:** Android 8.0 "Oreo"
**Last:** Android 11
**Unofficial:** Android 15 using 3rd party software. |
| System on chip | Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 |
| CPU | Octa-core (4 × 2.35 GHz, 4 × 1.9 GHz) Kryo |
| GPU | Adreno 540 |
| Modem | Qualcomm Snapdragon X16 LTE (integrated) |
| Memory | 4GB RAM |
| Storage | 64 or 128 GB |
| Battery | * **Pixel 2:** 2,700 mAh
* **Pixel 2 XL:** 3,520 mAh
 |
| Display | **Pixel 2:** 5 in (127 mm) FHD AMOLED, 1920 × 1080 (441 ppi) **Pixel 2 XL:** 6 in (152 mm) QHD P-OLED, 2880 × 1440 (538 ppi)
**All:** Gorilla Glass 5 |
| Rear camera | * Sony Exmor IMX362
* 12.2 MP
* 1.4 μm pixel size
* f/1.8 aperture
* Phase-detection autofocus and laser autofocus
* HDR+ processing
* Night Sight
* Dual pixel
* HD 720p (up to 240 FPS)
* FHD 1080p video (up to 120 FPS)
* 4K 2160p video (up to 30 FPS)
* EIS
* OIS
 |
| Front camera | 8 MP Sony Exmor IMX179 1.4 μm pixel size f/2.4 aperture |
| Sound | Loudspeaker with stereo speakers |
| Connectivity | GSM, LTE, LTE Advanced, Voice over LTE, HSDPA, CDMA, TD-LTE, TD-SCDMA |
| Water resistance | IP67 |
| Website | store.google.com/product/pixel\_2 |
| References |  |

The **Pixel 2** and **Pixel 2 XL** are Android smartphones developed by Google. They were announced on October 4, 2017. They were released on October 17, 2017.

## Features

The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL runs Android 8, they can upgrade to other versions like Android 9, Android 10 and Android 11 when they come out. They have a 4GB RAM. Both models have a 64GB storage options and 128GB storage options. The Pixel 2 has a 5.0 inch AMOLED display and the Pixel 2 has a 6.0 inch pOLED display. The Pixel 2 has a 2700mAh battery capacity and Pixel 2 XL has a 3520mAh battery capacity.

The Pixel 2 has three colors such as black, blue and white, The Pixel 2 has two colors such as back and black & white.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Pixel Watch 3

Pixel Watch 3|  |
| Type | Smartwatch |
| Operating system | Wear OS 6 |
| System-on-chip used | Qualcomm SW5100 |
| CPU | ARM Cortex M33 |
| Memory | 2 GB SDRAM |
| Storage | 32 GB eMMC flash |
| Predecessor | Pixel Watch 2 |
| Successor | Pixel Watch 4 |

The **Pixel Watch 3** is a Wear OS smartwatch designed and developed by Google.
# Nexus 10

**Nexus 10**|  |
| Nexus 10 |
| Also known as | manta GT-P8110 |
| Developer | Google, Samsung Electronics |
| Manufacturer | Samsung Electronics |
| Product family | Google Nexus |
| Type | Tablet computer |
| Release date | Expand
November 13, 2012
* Australia
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* United States

Expand
February 5, 2013
* Japan
 |
| Introductory price | **16 GB**: US$399 **32 GB**: US$499 |
| Operating system | **Original:** Android 4.2 "Jelly Bean" **Current:** Android 5.1.1 "Lollipop" |
| System-on-chip used | Samsung Exynos 5250 |
| CPU | 1.7 GHz Dual-core Cortex-A15 |
| Memory | 2 GB 12.8 GB/s LPDDR3 RAM |
| Storage | 16GB or 32GB |
| Display | 10.1 in (260 mm) 16:10 aspect ratio, 300 ppi pixel density 2560×1600 WQXGA, 16M colors, Scratch resistant Corning Gorilla Glass 2 Capacitive touchscreen PLS-backlit LCD |
| Graphics | Mali T-604 |
| Sound | MP3, WAV, eAAC+, WMA |
| Input | Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Proximity sensor, Digital Compass, GPS, Magnetometer, Barometer, Microphone |
| Camera | **Rear:** 5 MP with flash HD (1080p) resolution **Front:** 1.9 MP HD (720p) resolution |
| Connectivity | 3.5 mm earphone jack, Bluetooth 3.0, Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n @ 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz Dual-band) (MIMO+HT40), Micro-HDMI, dual-side NFC, Micro USB 2.0, docking pins |
| Power | Internal non-removable rechargeable lithium-ion polymer 9000 mAh battery |
| Online services | Google Play |
| Dimensions | 263.9 mm × 177.6 mm × 8.9 mm (10.39 in × 6.99 in × 0.35 in) |
| Mass | 21.3 oz (603 g) |
| Successor | Nexus 9 |

**Nexus 10** is a tablet computer produced by Google and Samsung Electronics. It uses the Android operating system.
# Taoyuan City

Taoyuan City
Taoyuan City
**Taoyuan City** (Chinese: 桃園市; pinyin: *Táoyuán Shì*) is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.

"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.

## Administrative divisions

Taoyuan City controls 13 districts.

| Tongyong Pinyin | Hanzi | Wade–Giles | Hanyu Pinyin | Taiwanese |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Taoyuan District | 桃園 | T'ao-yüan | Táoyuán | Thô-hn̂g |
| Zhongli District | 中壢 | Chung-li | Zhōnglì | Tiong-le̍k |
| Pingzhen District | 平鎮 | P'ing-chen | Píngzhèn | Pêng-tìn |
| Bade District | 八德 | Pa-teh | Bādé | Pat-tek |
| Daxi District | 大溪 | Ta-hsi | Dàxī | Tāi-khe |
| Yangmei District | 楊梅 | Yang-mei | Yángméi | Iûⁿ-mûi |
| Luzhu District | 蘆竹 | Lu-chu | Lúzhú | Lô·-tek |
| Dayuan District | 大園 | Ta-yüan | Dàyúan | Toā-Hn̂g |
| Guishan District | 龜山 | Kuei-shan | Guīshān | Ku-soaⁿ |
| Longtan District | 龍潭 | Lung-t'an | Lóngtán | Liông-thâm |
| Xinwu District | 新屋 | Hsin-wu | Xīnwū | Sin-ok |
| Guanyin District | 觀音 | Kuan-yin | Guānyīn | Koan-im |
| Fuxing District | 復興 | Fu-hsing | Fùxīng | Hok-heng |

## Education

* Chien Hsin University

## Related pages

* List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites

* Official website Archived 2009-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
# Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan

At the end of the Chinese Civil War, in December 1949 the  Republic of China moved the capital (Headquarters) from the city of Nanjing to Taipei, in the island of Taiwan.

* Nanjing is a city in Mainland China. It was the headquarters of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1949.
* The Communist Party of China and the Nationalist Party of China were fighting the Chinese Civil War from 1927 to early 1950s
* In December 1949, the Republic of China, ruled by the Nationalist Party, moved the government to Taipei, Taiwan.

After the retreat, the Chinese Communist Party founded the modern  China, also known as "People's Republic of China".