Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Controlling behavior

**Controlling behavior** refers to the behavior of a person to control someone else. In relationships, abusers employ a range of ways, such as coercion and intimidation, to control others. Victims are often subject to physical, financial, sexual and psychological abuse.

## Characteristics

Abusers employ a range of ways to control another person, some of which look positive, making their victims less likely to know that they are being abused.

### Positive ways

* Praise
* Love bombing
* Superficial charm

### Negative ways

* Threats
* Guilt trip
* Gaslighting
* Victim blaming

## Causes

Controlling behavior can be caused by different factors. Many abusers have personality disorders they are not aware of.

## Law

### United Kingdom

#### England and Wales

The **Serious Crime Act 2015** created a criminal offence for controlling behavior in a family or an intimate relationship. The Act requires the following criteria to be met in order for someone to be convicted:

The controlling behavior must have

* had a "serious effect" on the victim
* been carried out "repeatedly or continuously"
* caused the victim to fear violence at least twice
* been carried out with the intent to control or coerce the victim in *some* manner

#### Scotland

Controlling behavior is also a criminal offence in Scotland under the **Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2018**, with largely the same criteria.

### United States

Several states have passed laws to require those in certain professions, including doctors, teachers and caregivers, to report domestic violence against children to the authorities. Family law mostly comes under the jurisdiction of local and state governments, leading to differences in handling controlling behavior in relationships.

#### Examples

The **Jennifers' Law** of Connecticut is a law in the U.S. state of Connecticut including coercive control within the definition of domestic violence. The law is named after two women, both victims of domestic violence: Jennifer Farber Dulos and Jennifer Magnano, which came into effect in 2021.

## Related pages

* Extortion
* Antisocial personality disorder
* Borderline personality disorder
* Narcissistic personality disorder
# Pediatrics

Pediatric Patient
**Pediatrics** is the specialty of medicine that cares for infants, children, and adolescents. The ages can vary from the early months until 18-21 months. A doctor that works with pediatrics (children) is called a **pediatrician**.

Pediatricians can be primary care doctors or they can be specialists.

Pediatricians take care of diseases that children get. They also make sure that children develop normally, and prevent or treat illness. One of the most important ways that children's diseases can be prevented is by immunization. Immunization is also called vaccination.

In the nineteenth century, one in five children died before the age of five. Most of these deaths were from infectious diseases. Today, in developed countries, some of these deaths are prevented by treating disease when it happens. Most of it is from preventing disease with immunizations.

Pediatricians also try to prevent other diseases and injury before they happen. They teach parents about safety and nutrition. They may teach older children (adolescents) about avoiding injury or addiction to alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. Because childhood is such a time of change, prevention is a major part of pediatrics.

## Types

Many pediatricians work as primary care doctors. This type of pediatrician conducts regular health and wellness checkups. They also diagnose and treat a wide range of common health conditions, give vaccinations, and provide appropriate health advice to young people and their parents or caregivers.

* Adolescent medicine specialists focus on care during adolescence around age 11 to 21
* Pediatric oncologist specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancer in children
* Pediatric cardiology refers to cardiac irregularities in children or young adults. It also covers all types of heart conditions and diseases that occur in childhood
* Pediatricians treat children and adolescents who have musculoskeletal disorders, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain
* Neonatologists look after new born babies who need hospital care
# Gaslighting

Ingrid Bergman from the 1944 movie *Gaslight*
**Gaslighting** is slang for "making someone question their own reality".

A "gaslighter" is a person who uses words and sometimes tricks to make others unsure of what is real and what is not real. This can be very upsetting.

Gaslighting is only possible when the victim is a vulnerable person - for example, when the gaslighter is a powerful person, or if the victim fears that not believing the gaslighter will bring them grief. Sometimes, people don't know they are gaslighting others.

The term "gaslighting" comes from a play that was first performed in 1938 and made into a movie in 1944. The movie was called *Gaslight*, and it was a story about a husband who tries to make his wife believe that she is going crazy by constantly dimming the gas lights in their home, while telling her that they were just as bright as usual.

Nowadays gaslighting is used to describe a type of psychological abuse where the abuser makes their victim doubt their own sanity. This manipulative abuse ranges from subtle tactics such as contradicting everything the victim says, to more aggressive tactics like outright lies. The result is a total destruction of the victim's trust in their own ability to recognise reality.
# Human development (biology)

**Human development** begins with the fertilization of a female's egg.

The resulting zygote develops through mitosis and cell differentiation. The resulting embryo then sticks (implants) in the uterus.

The embryo continues development after birth. This includes both physical and psychological development. It is influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental, and other factors.

Above all, humans have a brain which continues to grow after birth. That is how the species differs from the apes. It is the "solution" to the fact that a fully grown babies' heads would be too large to pass through the mother's birth canal.

It may be that the drying of the African climate played a part because it presented grassland instead of forests in many areas. Starting towards the end of the Miocene, African climate (which had been wet) became much drier. That offered a chance to proto-humans to move out of the forests onto the grassland. We know the climatic change took place because all the animals changed with it. Older types of (for example) elephants were replaced by elephants which had teeth suitable for eating grass. The change to a dryer climate happened more widely than just Africa. The Americas and Asia were also drier, and had faunal replacement also.
# Home education

Reading in a family
**Home education** or **homeschooling** is a form of education where the parent or guardian is the teacher. The reason for this form of education is usually that the guardian is not happy with the nearby schools, or sometimes for religious or moral purposes. Many people also want to protect children from bullying and violence. In recent years, it became popular in many countries.

Before starting homeschooling, it can be a good idea to deschool first. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, any homeschool arrangement must by law satisfy inspectors that the children's education is sound. This is because, under the Education Act of 1944, parents or guardians are legally obliged to send children to school. The possibility of other methods has been added as a possibility, subject to certain checks.

Often, several families come together to provide the skills needed. This serves two purposes. First, the range of knowledge and skills is wider. Second, the schooling has a more social angle, which promotes the development of social skills.

In most countries, homeschooling is a legal alternative to going to a school.

Unschooling has (much) freedom in its homeschooling.

Unschooling is a very free type of homeschooling.

## History and publications

The idea of home schools came to life in the 1960s, when the effectiveness of classroom education was challenged. There were a number of critical publications:

* Skinner B.F. 1968. *The technology of teaching*. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. The book has discussion of the weaknesses of classroom teaching.
* Illich, Ivan 1971. *Deschooling society*. ISBN 0-06-012139-4. In the book, one of his main objections to traditional schooling was its tendency to train young people to fit in to the existing society. Illich was motivated by leftist political ideas.
* Holt, John 1963. *How children fail*. 2nd ed 1982. According to him, schooling does more harm than good to a child's ability and desire to truly learn.
* Holt, John 1963. *How children learn*. 2nd ed 1983.

## Alternatives and dangers

Some private schools try to achieve similar objectives by other means. Some private schools attempt to make a school more flexible and responsive to the needs of individual children.

Dangers of home education include the possibility of it being used for religious and political propaganda, and the vulnerability of children to unsupervised adults. Education may be uneven, leaving children with a patchy grasp of many subjects. The children would also get to know fewer other children than they would ordinarily. Also, it is obvious that some parents are better placed to organise home education than others.

In theory, visits by the inspectors of schools might be able to identify problems. However, at least in the United Kingdom, schools are not inspected every year. If we cannot inspect all schools annually, how can we expect to monitor individual families?

## Related pages

* Deschooling
* Unschooling
* Fushūgaku

## Other websites

* National Home Education Research Institute
# Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)

| Kingdom of Israelממלכת ישראל |
| --- |
| 1117 BCE - 937 BCE |
| Kingdom of Israel during King Solomon's rule |
| Capital | Jerusalem 31°47′N 35°13′E |
| Official languages | Hebrew Aramaic |
| Religion  | Judaism Ancient Semitic religions |
| Demonym(s) | Israelite |
| Government | Hereditary theocratic absolute monarchy |
| Kings |   |
|  |
| • 1117-1077 BCE  | Saul |
| • 1077-1039  | David |
| • 1039-998 BCE  | Solomon |
| • 998-978  | Rehoboam |
| • 998-937  | Abijah |
|  |
| Establishment | 1117 BCE |
| History |   |
|  |
| • Established  | 1117 BCE |
| • King Abijah's death  | 937 BCE |
|  |
| Currency | Shekel |
| Time zone | UTC+2:00 |
| Today part of |  Israel  Palestinian National Authority  Jordan  Cyprus  Lebanon  Syria  Egypt  Saudi Arabia |

**The Kingdom of Israel** was an ancient Israelite kingdom during the Iron Age.

It was a kingdom in which all the tribes of Israel were united under one rule in the Land of Israel, and it existed for about a hundred years, from the anointing of Saul of the Tribe of Benjamin as king until the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon into two separate kingdoms: Israel and Judah.

## Geography

### Borders according to the Tanakh

According to the Tanakh, the *Kingdom of Israel* in the days of Saul stretched from the Negev to the Golan and included most of the coastal plain (except for the southern part that was in the hands of the Philistines), the cities of Judaeo-Samaria and Gaza (with the very exceptions of Jerusalem and Beit She'an which were only conquered during the time of David), and areas past Eastern Jordan that are in the territory of the modern Kingdom of Jordan.

In the days of David and Solomon, the influence of the *Kingdom of Israel* expanded or included the *Kingdom of Aram Zoba* to the north/east and the kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and 'Edom' to south/east, some under its direct control and some as proteges. The northern border of the kingdom passed through the *City of Passover*, located on the west bank of the Euphrates River in Modern Syria.
# Dog fighting

**Dog fighting** is a blood sport that involves several dogs fighting at one time; sometimes many dogs are involved. The practice of dog fighting goes back to the ancient times. Dog fighting is forbidden in Australia, the United States and Canada. All fifty U.S. States classify dog fighting as a felony and attending a dog fight is not allowed in many US States.

Tosa Inu Japanese fighting dog
In dog fighting breeds, *gameness* is valued as it gives the dog the ability to maintain the attack in baiting, despite ripped flesh, dehydration, exhaustion or broken bones. As one writer describes it, "Game is the dog that won't quit fighting, the dog that'll die in the ring, the dog that'll fight with two broken legs." Training of a game dog varies depending on the level and experience of the dog-fighter. A famous American "gamebred" breed of dog is the American Pit Bull Terrier. A famous Irish "gamebred" breed of dog is the Kerry Blue Terrier. A famous English "gamebred" breed of dog is the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. A famous Japanese "gamebred" breed of dog is the Tosa Inu. A famous Argentinian "gamebred" breed of dog is the Dogo Argentino.
# Animal welfare

Cat rescued by the non-governmental organization GPA**Animal welfare** is the well-being of animals that are not humans. Animal welfare involves the care of animals that are not humans. These concerns can include how animals are killed for food, how they are used in scientific research, how they are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect the welfare and how wild animals live.

* "Canada Animal Welfare Scorecard 2021" (PDF). Mercy For Animals.

## Related pages

* Veterinary medicine

## Other websites

* Compassion in World Farming (YouTube)
# Battersea Dogs & Cats Home

Battersea Dogs & Cats Home|  |
| Company type | Charity |
| Industry | Animal welfare |
| Founded | 1860 |
| Founder | Mary Tealby |
| Headquarters | United Kingdom |
| Key people | Claire Horton, Chief Executive Heather Love, Chair |
| Revenue | 52,713,469 pound sterling (2020)  |
| Number of employees | 555 (2020)  |
| Website | battersea.org.uk |

**Battersea Dogs & Cats Home** is the United Kingdom's oldest and most famous home for dogs and cats. It is in the Battersea area of London, England. The home gets its money from donations.

## History

Battersea Dogs & Cats Home was started in Holloway in 1860 by Mary Tealby. Its name was Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs. In 1871 it moved to Battersea. Its name was changed because of this. In 1885, Queen Victoria became Patron of the home. The television show *For the Love of Dogs* is mostly filmed at Battersea. There are Battersea centres in Old Windsor, Berkshire and Brands Hatch, Kent as well as in Battersea.

## Mission

The home has a goal to never turn away a dog or cat in need of help. It reunites lost dogs and cats with their owners. When they can not do this, the home cares for them until a new home can be found for them. It also aims to educate the public about responsible pet ownership.

## Other websites

* Official Website
* Battersea Dogs & Cats Home, Registered Charity no. 206394 at the Charity Commission
* Independent – *The curious incident of the hungry dog in the night-time*
# Black Beauty

Front cover of the first edition.
Black Beauty is the name given to a children's book by Anna Sewell.

A horse named Black Beauty is the main character in the book. In this book, the horse tells a story about his own life and experiences.

The story begins with Black Beauty being a comfortable and free young horse living with his mother. When he is old enough, he is sold from farm to farm and is owned by different people. Through his adventures, Black Beauty meets many people, the kind and the cruel. He also makes new friends and experiences many difficulties. The book was published in 1877.

It was banned in South Africa during the Apartheid era because of the title, even though it was about a horse. (The validity of this statement is questionable as the TV series "The adventures of Black Beauty" was aired on SABC television in the 1980's and the book was available in libraries and for purchase)

## Other websites

* Works related to Black Beauty at Wikisource
* Media related to Black Beauty at Wikimedia Commons
# Running of the Bulls

The **Running of the Bulls** (in Spanish **el encierro**, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a dangerous activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.

w:en:Template:Attached KML/Running of the bullsKML is from Wikidata
# Ahimsa

The hand with a wheel on the palm is a symbol for Ahimsa. The word in the middle is "ahimsa"
**Ahimsa** (also ahiṃsā, ahinsa, Sanskrit:अहिम्स) is a Sanskrit word which means "non-violence” or "non-injury". The practice of ahimsa is an important aspect of religions like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. A person who practices ahimsa generally eats vegetarian foods. A religious person who practices ahimsa does not take part in animal sacrifice.

In twentieth century, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King each followed a path of Ahimsa, though in different ways. They struggled without fighting, while asking for the rights of their followers.

## Buddhism

The concept of ahiṃsā forms the base of Buddhism. In Buddhism, the first of the five basic vows (*precepts*) that are undertaken voluntarily by those who practice, is "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing". In Buddhism, killing any living being out of passion is considered 'hiṃsā' (injury) and abstaining from such act is 'ahiṃsā' (non-injury or nonviolence).

* Vijay K. Jain (Ed.), Foreword by Acharya Vidyanand Muniraj (2012). *Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation*. Vikalp Printers. ISBN 978-81-903639-4-5.
# Animal trapping

Wolf caught by foothold trap
Coyote in trap, 1909-1918
Cage trap with shade cloth to protect animal from heat.
**Animal trapping**, or simply **trapping**, is the use of a device to catch an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, hunting and pest control. Each year, over 5 million wild animals, including coyotes, foxes and bobcats, are caught and killed in wild traps, mainly in the US, Canada and Russia, although trapping does occur in other countries too on a smaller scale. Traps are indiscriminate, catching the first animal to step on them. Countless dogs and cats, deer, birds and other animals—including threatened and endangered animals—are also injured and killed each year by the traps. Trap checking times range from once every 24 hours to once every 14 days. The regulations on trapping are weak and extremely difficult to enforce, which means untold amounts of animal suffering goes undocumented and uninvestigated.

Many animals die trying to free themselves, next to dehydration, blood loss and hypothermia. Often animals become so desperate, they resort to chewing or wringing off their own trapped limb in order to escape, breaking teeth and bones in the process. Some may die from blood loss or shock but most animals will be trapped for days before the trapper returns to kill them.

There are many kinds. For a deadfall trap, a trapper digs a deep hole in the ground and hides it so the animal falls in the hole and can not get out. A snare is a noose that tightens around the neck or other part of the animal.

Over 100 countries, including the EU and China, have prohibited the use of the steel-jaw leghold trap. But in the United States, steel-jaw traps are not only legal, they are the go-to tool for trappers who capture and kill millions of wild animals a year for the global fur market. In September 2019, California became the first state in the US to ban trapping for commercial and recreational purpose.
# Waterfowl hunting

**Waterfowl hunting** (also called **wildfowling** or **waterfowl shooting** in Britain) is the act of hunting ducks, geese, or other waterfowl for food and sport. In many western countries, waterfowl hunting is illegal, and duck hunting is mostly an outdoor sporting activity.

Many types of ducks and geese share the same habitat, have overlapping or same hunting seasons, and are hunted the same. Thus it is possible to hunt different species of waterfowl in the same trip. Waterfowl can be hunted in crop fields where they eat, or, more often, on or near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, sloughs, or oceanic coastlines.

## Reference
# Melanie Joy

| Melanie Joy |
| --- |
| Melanie Joy on TEDx in 2015 |
| Born |  (1966-09-02) September 2, 1966 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Harvard University (M.Ed.) Saybrook University (Ph.D.) |
| Occupation(s) | Social psychologist, non-fiction author, President of Beyond Carnism |
| Website | www.melaniejoy.org |

**Melanie Joy** (born September 2, 1966) is an American social psychologist and author. She is known for creating the term carnism, which is the study and research about human relationships with animals and pets. She is the founding president of nonprofit advocacy group Beyond Carnism. She was a professor of psychology and sociology at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
# Ingrid Newkirk

Ingrid Newkirk in 2007
**Ingrid Newkirk** (born June 11, 1949) is an animal rights activist. She started People For the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in 1980 with Alex Pacheco. It is the world's biggest animal rights organization. In 2007 HBO showed a documentary called *I Am an Animal: The Story of Ingrid Newkirk and PETA*.
In 2010 Jezebel called Newkirk 'The Worst Person in the World'.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Monism

**Monism** is the thinking that there is only one thing. All things are not separate but work together as one. The opposite thinking is dualism.

## Related pages

* Advaita Vedanta
* Philosophy of mind