Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Warren Commission

Final report cover
**The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy**, known unofficially as **the Warren Commission**, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963. Its purpose was to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963.

## Commission report

The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published Transcripts of Johnson's presidential telephone conversations, some major officials did not want to form this commission. Also that several commission members took part only reluctantly. One of their chief reservations was that a commission would create more controversy and people's fears would be proved valid.

The 88th U.S. Congressional session passed Senate joint resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Its 889-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. It was made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. They also stated that Oswald acted entirely alone. The commission said that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial. They have been both challenged and supported by later studies.

## Members

Committee
* Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (chairman) (1891–1974)
* Richard Russell, Jr. (D-Georgia), U.S. Senator, (1897–1971)
* John Sherman Cooper (R-Kentucky), U.S. Senator (1901–1991)
* Hale Boggs (D-Louisiana), U.S. Representative, House Majority Whip (1914–1972)
* Gerald Ford (R-Michigan), U.S. Representative (later 38th President of the United States), House Minority Leader (1913-2006)
* Allen Welsh Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence and head of the Central Intelligence Agency (1893–1969)
* John J. McCloy, former President of the World Bank (1895–1989)

General counsel
* J. Lee Rankin (1907-1996)

## Other websites

* Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
* The Truth Behind JFK's Assassination, Newsweek
# The Pink Panther Strikes Again

The Pink Panther Strikes Again is a 1976 British American comedy movie directed by Blake Edwards and is the fifth movie in *The Pink Panther* series. It stars Peter Sellers, Herbert Lom, Leonard Rossiter, Lesley-Anne Down, Colin Blakely, Burt Kwouk, Michael Robbins, Briony McRoberts, Omar Sharif, Dudley Sutton and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1977. It was distributed by United Artists.

## Other websites

* *The Pink Panther Strikes Again* on IMDb
* *The Pink Panther Strikes Again* at the TCM Movie Database
* *The Pink Panther Strikes Again* at AllMovie
# Possession

**Possession** usually means to have some sort of ownership over something else. A person may be in possession of some property, which is legal ownership, under property law.

There are some other related uses of the term. When English explorer, Captain James Cook, claimed the country of Australia as a British country, he took "possession" of the land. The spot where he made his claim on 22 August 1770, a small island in the Torres Strait, is now called Possession Island.

In some beliefs, to be possessed is to be under the control of devils, demons, or evil spirits. These people may do evil or terrible things because of their *possession.*
# Law of the United States

The **law of the United States** is made up of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law. The most important these is the United States Constitution. This established the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law. This consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promoted by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism states are the plenary sovereigns. Each state has its own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority given by the Constitution. States may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law) experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States is largely based on the common law system of English law. This was the system of law that was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. However, American law has changed from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure. American law also borrows ideas from civil law.
# Fee

A **fee** is the price someone pays for services, especially the honorarium paid to a doctor, lawyer, consultant or member of a learned profession. Traditionally, a fee is different to a *payment*, salary, or wage, because the fee usually is paid only once for the professional's services.
# Elinor Ostrom

Elinor Ostrom, 2009
**Elinor Claire "Lin" Ostrom** (*née* **Awan**; August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American political economist. She won the Nobel Prize 2009 in Economic Sciences which she shared with Oliver Williamson. Ostrom became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in this category. Her work said that the idea of the *Tragedy of the Commons* was too simple. Some communities do share common resources in a positive way and do not waste or destroy them.

Ostrom was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

Ostrom taught at both Indiana University and Arizona State University. She was born in Los Angeles, California. She was married to political scientist Vincent Ostrom (born 1919) from 1963 until she died. She was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in October 2011 and died of the disease in Bloomington, Indiana at age 78.
# Urban decay

Urban decay in Camden, New Jersey
**Urban decay** is the process in which a city or area goes into conditions of disrepair or becomes decrepit or filled with blight. Urban decay involves white flight, population changes, depopulation, economic troubles, high local unemployment, higher than usual crime and political issues. Blight is associated with condemned properties, empty lots and deserted areas that often attract criminal activity. That includes squattiing in these buildings/homes,

## Related pages

* Rust Belt
* Deindustrialization
* Ruins
* Ghost town
# Aflac

**Aflac** (also known as **Aflac Incorporated**) is an American insurance company headquartered in Columbus, Georgia.

## Advertising

Aflac’s mascot is a domestic duck known as the Aflac Duck. Comedian Gilbert Gottfried voiced the Aflac Duck from his debut in 2000 until 2011, when he was fired by Aflac for joking about the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake online. Daniel McKeague, a sales manager from Hugo, Minnesota, was picked to be the new voice of the Aflac Duck in April 2011. Character actor Earl Billings has appeared in many of the commercials.

## Other websites

* Corporate website
# Prudential Financial

**Prudential Financial, Inc.** is an American Fortune Global 500 and Fortune 500 company. Its subsidiaries provide insurance, retirement planning, investment management, and other products and services to both retail and institutional customers throughout the United States and in over 40 other countries. It was founded in 1875.
# Bill Lipinski

| Bill Lipinski |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 3rd district |
| **In office** January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2005 |
| Preceded by | Marty Russo |
| Succeeded by | Dan Lipinski |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 5th district |
| **In office** January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 |
| Preceded by | John G. Fary |
| Succeeded by | Dan Rostenkowski |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | William Oliver Lipinski  (1937-12-22) December 22, 1937 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Rose Marie (Lapinski) |

**William Oliver Lipinski** (born December 22, 1937) is an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 2005, representing a district in Chicago.

His son is Dan Lipinski, the congressman who replaced him in 2005.

## Other websites

* Appearances on C-SPAN
# Barter

In 1769 a Maori gave an English sailor a crayfish and got a piece of European clothing for it
**Barter** is trading one thing for another without using money.

Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on stuff to trade and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.

Barter and money have been around longer than recorded history has, so we don't know which came first.

The traditional idea has been that barter came earlier, and money arose to solve a problem: One person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money would become useful, because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.
# Peter Jennings

Peter Jennings
**Peter Jennings** (29 July 1938 – 7 August 2005) was a Canadian journalist, born in Toronto, Ontario.

He was a journalist and news anchor for *World News Tonight* on ABC from 1983 until his death in 2005.

He died in Manhattan, New York City, in 2005 of complications from lung cancer.
# Royal charter

A **royal charter** is a legal document issued by the monarchy which gives certain rights to an organization.

When an organization, for example: a university, is founded there has to be an official document which lists the basic laws (the constitution) of the organization. If this document is given to the organization by the king or queen it is called a Royal charter.

In Europe Royal charters have been used to create towns ever since the Middle Ages. The date when the charter was made is thought of as the date when the town was founded (started), even if there had been people living there many years before.

Many groups such as the British East India Company were formed by Royal charter. Most British university operate under Royal Charters. This gives them the right to give degrees to the students at the end of their studies.

The BBC operates under a Royal Charter which lasts for a limited period of ten years, after which it is renewed.

Charities may also have Royal charters. They do not need to have one, but they are likely to be more successful if they have a Royal charter.
# John Ruskin

| John Ruskin |
| --- |
| John Ruskin in 1863 |
| Born | (1819-02-08)8 February 1819 54 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, England |
| Died | 20 January 1900(1900-01-20) (aged 80) Brantwood, Coniston, Lancashire, England |
| Occupation | Writer, art critic, draughtsman, watercolourist, social thinker, philanthropist |
| Citizenship | English |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, University of Oxford King's College London |
| Period | Victorian era |
| Notable works | *Modern Painters* 5 vols. (1843–60), *The Seven Lamps of Architecture* (1849), *The Stones of Venice* 3 vols. (1851–53), *Unto This Last* (1860, 1862), *Fors Clavigera* (1871–84), *Praeterita* 3 vols. (1885–89). |
| Spouse | Effie Gray (1828–1897) (marriage annulled) |
|

---

 |
| Signature |  |

**John Ruskin** (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era. He was also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He was hugely influential in the last half of the 19th century, up to the First World War.

Ruskin wrote on a wide range of subjects. These included geology, architecture, myths, ornithology, literature, education, botany, and political economy. In all his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.

Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of *Modern Painters* (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner. He argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature". From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas.

In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, where he established the Ruskin School of Drawing. He founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that still exists.

## Other websites

* Ruskin at Victorian web
# Grant (money)

A **grant** is money given by a government, company, foundation, or trust to a group, school, business, or person. Unlike a loan, a grant does not need to be paid back. Grants help with a specific project or goal and often have rules about how the money can be used.

People may need to write applications or proposals to get a grant. They might also have to follow rules and report on how they use the money.

## Types of grants

Grants can be categorized into types based on their source, purpose, and requirements. Grants are divided into, among others:

1. Government grants
2. Foundation grants
3. Corporate grants
4. Research grants
5. Educational grants
# Concord, Massachusetts

Walden Pond in Concord
The Wayside House in Concord
**Concord** is a town in east-central Massachusetts, not that far away from Boston. The population for Concord in the 2020 Census was nearly 18,500. The town is extremely notable for playing significant roles in the history of America. The town was the primary battle scene during the American Revolutionary War. Concord was established around 1635.

* Related page: Battles of Lexington and Concord
# Protest

A protest against the Iraq War in Montreal.
A **protest** is when a number of people come together in public to show others that they strongly like or dislike a social condition or a government policy. For example, some people protest racism or war.

A protest against insecticide poisoning in Martinique.
There are many ways in which people can protest. Protesters can do things like write letters, not eat food, sing songs, or riot. Protesters sometimes hold signs and political art.

Protests can be dangerous. For example, protesters within the United States Civil Rights era faced police brutality. Many protests today have been met with oppressive government tactics.

## Related pages

* Demonstration
* Self-immolation
* Sit-in
* Social movement
# Infotainment

**Infotainment** (**info**rmation and enter**tainment**) is a type of media and therefore a type of communication. This media is designed to inform the media's recipient with information but at the same time to entertain them. It is often used to novels to explain scientific things like the greenhouse effect easily and mixed with entertainment.
# Local election

In most countries **local elections** take place to elect people in local government, such as mayors and councillors. Elections to positions within a city or town are often known as "municipal elections". The way these elections are done varies.

In some places the mayor is elected by votes of all the people in the area. Those directly elected mayors often have a lot of power. In other places the councillors choose one of them to be the mayor, often for just a year.

The elections of councillors generally happen every three or four years. Sometimes all the councillors are elected at the same time. In other places some of them are elected each year. There may be more than one council covering an area, with some very local and others covering a wider area. The rules about who can vote and how the votes are counted may be different.

There may be separate elections for organisations running particular services, like the Water board.

Political parties often are involved in the elections, but in the most local elections there are more independent politicians than there are in national elections.
# Outline of political science

## History of politics

* History of political science
* History of political thinking
* Political history
* List of years in politics

## Political parties by continent

## Related pages

* Anthropology
* Constitutional economics
* Debate
* Food politics
* Government simulation game
* Music and politics
* Music and politics
* Policy
* Rule According to Higher Law
* Office politics
* Official statistics
* Organizational politics
* Political activism
* Political corruption
* Political criticism
* Political economy
* Political fiction (list)
* Political movement
* Political party (list by country)
* Political power
* Political psychology
* Political spectrum
* Theories of Political Behavior

## Footnotes
# Bob Hawke

| The Honourable Bob Hawke |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 23rd Prime Minister of Australia |
| **In office** March 11, 1983 – December 20, 1991 |
| Preceded by | Malcolm Fraser |
| Succeeded by | Paul Keating |
| Constituency | Wills (Victoria) |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1929-12-09)December 9, 1929 Bordertown, South Australia |
| Died | May 16, 2019(2019-05-16) (aged 89) Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Political party | Labor |
| Spouse(s) |
Hazel Masterson
​ ​(m. 1956; div. 1994)​
Blanche d'Alpuget ​(m. 1995)​ |

**Robert James Lee Hawke** AC GCL (December 9, 1929 – May 16, 2019) was an Australian politician. From March 11, 1983 to December 20, 1991, he served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia as leader of the Australian Labor Party. He was the third longest serving Prime Minister of Australia.

## Political career

He was a union leader before he entered parliament in 1980. He became leader only a little while before the 1983 election but he defeated Malcolm Fraser. His government made many changes, like the Whitlam government, but did it more slowly and with more planning. His government moved Labor to the right economically. His leadership was challenged twice by Paul Keating. He lost the second time and retired.

By July 1990, Hawke had overtaken Malcolm Fraser as the second longest-serving Australian Prime Minister but on 21 December 2004 the record was overtaken by John Howard, making Hawke the third longest serving Prime Minister.

## Personal life and death

Hawke has been married twice. During office, he was married to Hazel Hawke (*née* Masterson), a respected "first lady". Just before Hawke became prime minister, author Blanche d'Alpuget wrote a biography about him. Hawke married d'Alpuget in 1995.

In late December 2018, Hawke revealed that he was in "terrible health". He supported Labor in the upcoming 2019 election and said he "may not witness the party's success". He died on 16 May 2019 in Sydney, at the age of 89. His death happened two days before the election.

## Other websites

* Hawke Swoops into Power Archived 2013-05-26 at the Wayback Machine – Time 14 March 1983
* Robert Hawke Archived 2010-11-17 at the Wayback Machine – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
* Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre
* Bob Hawke at CricketArchive (subscription required)
* Video of Hawke campaigning for McKew in Bennellong in late 2007 on YouTube
* Video of Hawke campaigning for an Australian republic on YouTube
* Video of Norman Gunston, Gough Whitlam, Bill Hayden and Bob Hawke at 'The Dismissal' on YouTube
* Appearances on C-SPAN

| Prime Ministers of Australia |  |
| --- | --- |
| Barton | Deakin | Watson | Reid | Fisher | Cook | Hughes | Bruce | Scullin | Lyons | Page | Menzies | Fadden | Curtin | Forde | Chifley | Holt | McEwen | Gorton | McMahon | Whitlam | Fraser | Hawke | Keating | Howard | Rudd | Gillard | Abbott | Turnbull | Morrison | Albanese  |
# Consumption (economics)

**Consumption** is a major concept from economics. Consumers spend all their income. Some of this income is spent on buying the products and services they need - this is called consumption. John Maynard Keynes talked about consumer spending and a **consumption function** which expresses how households spend their income. Different schools of economics define this consumption function differently, but they agree on the basic mechanism how consumption works.
# Grey market

Parallel goods (grey market) traders selling goods
A **grey market** (or **parallel market**) is a market where goods are sold legally, but outside the commonly-used channels and at lower prices. They are sold without the permission of the manufacturer. Consumers buying grey market goods risk not having warranties honored. They risk getting user guides and software in the wrong language. Packages may not include all accessories needed for a particular market. Sometimes grey market goods are sold without packaging, user guides or needed accessories. There is usually no after-sale support for products. Grey market products are often sold via the Internet without charging customers any sales tax. Products sold by grey marketers generally sell for much less than authorized dealers. This causes a loss of tax revenue to governments.