Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Jurisdiction

In law, **jurisdiction** is the authority given to a judge to take decisions in matters concerning the law. The word comes from the Latin *jus, juris* meaning "law" and *dicere* meaning "to speak": and literally means: telling the law. Jurisdiction may be legally restricted to a certain period of time called a statute of limitations.

It also includes the authority a of formally constituted legal body or a political leader to deal with legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. Jurisdiction relies on public International Law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to give resources to best serve the needs of its society.

## Other websites

* LII Law about... Jurisdiction
* Supreme Court Decision on Guantánamo Bay jurisdiction
* Jurisdiction As Property Archived 2009-10-01 at the Wayback Machine on franchise jurisdiction
# Trust (law)

In law a **trust** is a relationship where property is held by one party for the benefit of another party. A trust is created by the owner, also called a "settlor", "trustor" or "grantor" who transfers property to a trustee. The trustee holds that property for the trust's beneficiaries. Trusts exist mainly in common law jurisdictions. They have existed since Roman times.

## Basics of trusts

When an owner of property places that property into trust, he or she turns over part or all of his or her rights to the trustee. This separates the property's legal ownership and control from its settlor's ownership and benefits. This controls the property and its benefits if the settlor is absent, incapacitated, or dead. Trusts are frequently created in wills, defining how money and property will be handled for children or other beneficiaries.

The trustee is given legal title to the trust property, but has an obligation to act for the good of the beneficiaries. The benefits of the trust belong to the beneficiary. The trustee may be compensated and have expenses reimbursed. But the trustee must otherwise turn over all profits from the trust properties. Trustees who don't do this are self-dealing. Courts can reverse self dealing actions, order profits returned, and impose other sanctions.

The trustee may be either a individual, a company, or a public body. There may be a single trustee or multiple co-trustees. The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created. In most jurisdictions, this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed.

Advantages of a trust may include:

* Avoiding probate or court intervention with regard to a person's assets;
* Planning for future events that may affect property;
* Control of what happens to assets after death;
* Possible reduction of future tax liability;
* Keeping financial affairs confidential when they might otherwise have to be disclosed in probate court; and
* Planning for your own disability or incapacity, or providing support for a disabled family member.

## Testamentary trusts

Testamentary trusts transfer property into the trust after the death of the settlor. The trust allows the settlor to specify any conditions and may spread payments from the trust over a period of time. Testamentary trusts are not automatically created when the settlor dies but may be specified in will. Because a testamentary trust is created by a provision of a will, it is necessary for the estate to go through probate.

## Living trusts

A living trust may be more complicated than a testamentary trust. Many people use a living trust to avoid probate, although even with a trust a deceased person's estate will often still include assets that must be probated. You also cannot use living trusts to name guardians for your children, but may designate a guardian in your will.

Living trusts may be used to manage property both during the settlor's lifetime and after death. If the settlor becomes incapacitated, disabled by an accident or illness, or is unavailable to manage the property the trustee may manage the property on behalf of the settlor in a manner consistent with the terms of the trust.
# Habitat for Humanity

**Habitat for Humanity International** (**HFHI**), generally known as **Habitat for Humanity** or **Habitat**, is an international, non-governmental, and nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1976 by Linda and Millard Fuller. The organization focuses on building homes for refugees, natural disaster locations, and the homeless.

Habitat for Humanity is a Christian organization. The international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta.

As of 2020, Habitat for Humanity operates in all 50 U.S. states and more than 70 countries.
# American Red Cross

American Red Cross|  |
| Formation | May 21, 1881 (1881-05-21) |
| Founder | Clara Barton |
| Legal status | Instrumentality of the United States and a body corporate and politic |
| Purpose | Humanitarian aid |
| Headquarters | American Red Cross National Headquarters Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Region served  | United States |
| President | Gail J. McGovern |
| Main organ | Board of Governors |
| Revenue  | US$2,714,189,000 (2017) |
| Website | www.redcross.org |

The **American Red Cross** (**ARC**), also known as **The American National Red Cross**, is a humanitarian group that gives emergency assistance, disaster relief, and teaches people how to prepare for disasters in the United States. It is the official US group related to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the United States movement to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

The groups offers services and developments programs.

## History

### Creators

#### Clara Barton

Clara Barton (1821–1912) created the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1869, she went to Europe and became involved with the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War. She wanted to bring the group to America.

### Leadership

Recent presidents and CEOs include Gail McGovern, Elizabeth Dole, Bernadine Healy, Mary S. Elcano, Mark W. Everson and John F. McGuire.

## Other websites

* official website
	+ American Red Cross at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
* *Clara Barton's House: Home of the American Red Cross,* a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
* American Red Cross Motor Service uniform, the 1940s, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
* American Red Cross Nurse's Aide uniform, the 1940s, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
* Red Cross posters from World War I from the Elisabeth Ball Collection
* Records of the American National Red Cross, 1881–2008 Archived 2016-02-10 at the Wayback Machine at the National Archives and Records Administration
* Works by American National Red Cross at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about American Red Cross at Internet Archive
# Norwegian Labour Party

| Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet Arbeidarpartiet |
| --- |
|  |
| Leader | Jonas Gahr Støre |
| Founded | 1887 |
| Headquarters | Youngstorget 2 A, 5th floor Oslo |
| Youth wing | Workers' Youth League |
| Membership | 200,500 (peak, 1950) 55,869 (2011) |
| Ideology | Social democracy |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists |
| International affiliation | Socialist International \* |
| Nordic affiliation | SAMAK |
| Colours | Red |
| Slogan | "Alle skal med" *("Everyone shall be included")* |
| Parliament | 53 / 169
 |
| County Councils | 273 / 728
 |
| Municipal / City Councils | 3,373 / 10,781
 |
| Sami Parliament | 14 / 39
 |
| Website |
| arbeiderpartiet.no |
| * Political parties

---

\* Formerly member of Comintern (1919–1923) and Labour and Socialist International (1938–1940). |

The **Norwegian Labour Party** (Bokmål: *Arbeiderpartiet*) is a social democratic political party in Norway. It is the main centre-left party in Norway and has been the country's largest party since 1927 and the ruling party since 2021.

The party has been led by Jonas Gahr Støre since 2014, who has also served as prime minister since 2021.

## Other websites

* (in Norwegian) Arbeiderpartiet - Official site
* (in English) - Information in English
* Election results for the Labour Party in the 2011 local elections
# Human rights in Tunisia

While the immediate months after the revolution were characterized by significant improvements in the status of human rights, some of those advances have since been reversed. The situation remains in a state of flux, with different observers providing virtually irreconcilable accounts of the current status of human rights in that country.

## LGBT rights

One group that has not benefited noticeably from the Tunisian revolution is LGBT people. "While the fall of Ben Ali has afforded a greater space to free expression, not all Tunisian homosexuals are convinced things are headed in the right direction," reported the Tunisia Live website in January 2012. "Homosexuals in Tunisia celebrated the ouster of dictator Ben Ali, hoping it would improve their situation," noted Deutsche Welle in November 2012, "But in nearly two years, little has changed for the country's gay and lesbian community." Under Article 230 of the penal code, anal intercourse can still be punished by up to three years in prison. In June 2012, Tunisia's Minister for Human Rights vehemently rejected a call by the United Nations Human Rights Committee to decriminalize same-sex acts, dismissing sexual orientation as a Western concept and insisting on its incompatibility with Islam. A large amount of anecdotal evidence suggests that harassment and assaults by police officers and others on LGBT persons continue to be widespread.

There is still no official LGBT rights organizations in Tunisia, although an online magazine for gays was established in March 2011.
# Term life insurance

Historical Life Insurance Policy
**Term Life Insurance** is life insurance that provides coverage for a specific period, or "term." Common terms might be 10, 20, or 30 years. Unlike other forms of life insurance, such as whole life or universal life, term insurance has no savings or investment component. It’s designed to pay out a death benefit if the insured person dies during the term.

*Affordability*

1. No Cash Value Build-Up: One of the reasons term life insurance tends to be less expensive than other types of life insurance is because it doesn't accumulate cash value. Policies that build cash value, like whole life insurance, often come with higher premiums because they not only provide a death benefit but also function as a savings or investment vehicle.
2. Temporary Coverage: Since term life insurance only covers a specific period, there's a possibility the policy will expire before the policyholder dies. In such cases, the insurance company doesn't have to pay out any death benefits, making it less risky and therefore less expensive.

Because term life insurance is only death insurance, it is used to cover mortgages (guarantee that the bank will receive their money), payment to the families (upon death of insured person his family will usually receive repayment for funeral costs and in some cases will get some money), and repayment of debts.

**Term Insurance as Mortgage Protection: *Matching Term Lengths:* When buying term life insurance for mortgage protection, homeowners often choose a term that matches the length of their mortgage. For instance, if you have a 30-year mortgage, you might opt for a 30-year term life insurance policy. This ensures that the insurance will cover the mortgage duration.
* *Death Benefit Equals Mortgage Amount:* The death benefit (the payout amount if the insured dies) can be set to match the mortgage amount. If the policyholder passes away during the term, the beneficiaries can use the death benefit to pay off the remaining mortgage balance.
* *Decreasing Term Option:* Some term life insurance policies offer a "decreasing term" feature. In this structure, the death benefit decreases over time, generally in alignment with the decreasing outstanding mortgage balance. This can be a cost-effective option since the coverage reduces as the mortgage is paid down.
* *Financial Flexibility:* If the insured person passes away and the death benefit is paid out, the beneficiaries can use the funds as they see fit. However, the primary intention of getting the policy might be to ensure the mortgage is covered.

It's essential to regularly review the policy, especially if there are significant changes to the mortgage amount or structure. Refinancing, for instance, might extend the mortgage term, which could necessitate adjustments to the term life policy.
# Corpus Juris Civilis

A page from a print of 1663.
The **Corpus Iuris Civilis** (sometimes also called **Corpus Juris Civilis**) is a collection of laws regarding Roman civil law. It was first compiled in the 6th century, during the reign of Iustinan I. After the fall of the Roman empire it was mostly forgotten. It was re-discovered in the 11th century. During the Middle Ages it was an important source of civil law for most countries in Europe.

The corpus juris civilis has several parts:

* Institutiones Iustiniani: a work to teach about law, which was published with the corpus. Not to be confused with the Institutiones Gai, by Gaius
* *Digest* (Roman law): a summary of Roman law which was valid at the time
* Codex Iustinianus: a collection of laws by Iustinian (2nd century) which were still in use
* Novellae: Imperial laws, most of them in Ancient Greek. There was a Latin version, but it was lost for most texts.
# Secularism

**Secularism**, also called **Secularity,** is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church or other religious organization. An example of this is the government, which is independent of any religion in many states. In some countries, such as Pakistan, England (though not the rest of the UK), Greece, Iran or Saudi Arabia, there is a state religion. In that case, the government follows the state religion. In contrast, India, South Africa or the United States have laws that religion and government should stay separate.

In a theocracy like the Vatican City and Iran, the priests of religion are the rulers of the country.

## Related pages

* Secular humanism
* Secular state
* Separation of church and state
* State religion
* Theocracy
* Freedom of religion
# Freedom of religion

*Freedom of Worship*, a painting of Norman Rockwell of 1943
**Freedom of religion**, also known as **freedom of worship**, is the human right and civil liberty to be able to practice a religion without fear of being persecuted for it. The freedom means you can choose your religion or have no religion, and the government cannot force you to follow one religion. It usually involes tolerating religions that are not the majority religion and usually comes alongside a separation of church and state, although not always. According to the United Nations, freedom of religion is part of international law.

## By country

### United States

In the United States, freedom of religion is part of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states:

> Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
>
>

## Related pages

* Blasphemy
* Religious conversion
* Religious toleration
* Separation of church and state
* State religion
* Secularism

## Other websites

* Text of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
# Hate crime

Postcard of the Duluth lynchings of black men on June 15, 1920
A **hate crime** is when someone breaks a law by hurting another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to. Normally, a hate crime is not caused in any way by something the victim did or said, but just because of who they are. Hate crime is often in the form of physical violence, but can also be vandalism and damage to property, insults or other hurtful words, or other violations of human rights. People often commit hate crime because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them.

The term "hate crime" was first used in the 1980s in the United States, when crimes caused by bias against certain types of people were being talked about in the media. Hate crime is sometimes a way to frighten other people who belong to the same group. This intimidation can be seen as terrorism when it is carried out on a large scale.

In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act has changed the definition of a hate crime in the law of the United States. It says that crimes which were committed because of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity or disability are hate crimes. It is the first law that protects transgender people.

## Effects of Hate Crimes

People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes. Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias. Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security. Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

## Related pages

* Hatred
* Hate group
* Xenophobia
* Transphobia
* Hate speech
* Violence against women
# Political corruption

**Political corruption** is using powers of government officials or their network contacts for inappropriate private gain.

Malaysia's former Prime Minister Najib Razak was found guilty in the 1MDB corruption trial. He is now serving his sentence in Kajang Prison.
The forms of corruption are very different between one another. Examples of political corruption are lobbying, bribery, extortion (which refers when to someone commits blackmail or bribery against or threatens other people through putting a feeling of fear by telling certain people something *will* happen if the victim does not comply), nepotism (the unfair use of power for receiving job employments or benefits by family or friends), patronage (improperly using state money/goods to reward families, certain groups or races in exchange for voting for certain political party members) and embezzlement. Corruption is often linked to human trafficking, money laundering and drug trafficking. But political corruptions are not limited to these illegal acts. Misuse of government power for certain other purposes, an example of which is police brutality is also classified as political corruption.

Political corruption hurts democracy by going against the formal process. Corruption in elections and in legislature reduces responsibility and falsely represents the related creations of policies.

Economies having a high level of political corruption tend to not be as financially successful as one that has low level corruption. Political corruption not only threatens justice and ethical values. Recalls of loans by international banks, along with massive selling of emerging market stocks from international mutual funds, is associated with (and can actually cause) crises in economics and currency problems in certain countries. Examples of these problems are in Asia, Africa and Central America.
# Children's rights

derechos del niño
Human rights apply to everyone, they also apply to children. Children also have other rights, which are related to them being vulnerable while they grow up. These rights are usually called **Children's rights.** They are provided by different treaties, such as the Hague Protection of Minors Convention, of 1961. Most countries have ratified these treaties. This means that they are part of international customary law: They apply to all children, in all countries; even in those countries which haven't ratified the treaties.

## Types

### UN classifications

United Nations educational guides for children classify the rights outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the "3 Ps": Provision, Protection, and Participation.

They are:

* **Provision:** Children have the right to an adequate standard of living, health care, education and services, and to play and recreation. These include a balanced diet, a warm bed to sleep in, and access to schooling.
* **Protection:** Children have the right to protection from abuse, neglect, exploitation and discrimination. This includes the right to safe places for children to play; constructive child rearing behavior. It is also about fact that children are still developing, and their abililties grow better when they grow older.
* **Participation:** Children have the right to take part in communities and have programs and services for themselves. This includes children's involvement in libraries and community programs, youth voice activities, and involving children as decision-makers.

### CRIN categories

In a similar fashion, the Child Rights International Network (CRIN) categorizes rights into two groups:

* Economic, social and cultural rights are about basic human needs: food, shelter, education, health care, and paid work are part of this group. The rights to education, adequate housing, food, water, the highest attainable standard of health, the right to work and rights at work, as well as the cultural rights of minorities and native peoples are also included.
* Environmental, cultural and developmental rights are sometimes called "third generation rights": They include the right to live in safe and healthy environments and that groups of people have the right to cultural, political, and economic development.

### Others

Amnesty International openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to children being imprisoned without parole, an end to the recruitment of children as soldiers, ending the death penalty for people under 21, and raising awareness of human rights in the classroom.

Human Rights Watch, an international advocacy organization, includes child labour, juvenile justice, orphans and abandoned children, refugees, street children and corporal punishment.

## Individual rights

Scholars usually look at individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":

* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of thought
* Freedom from fear
* Freedom of choice and the right to make decisions
* Ownership over one's body

## Related pages

* UNICEF
* Universal Children's Day