Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Aruba

| Aruba |
| --- |
|
Flag

Coat of arms

 |
| **Anthem:Aruba Dushi Tera* *Aruba, Dear Country* |
| Location of  Aruba  (circled in red)in the Caribbean  (light yellow) |
| Capitaland largest city | Oranjestad ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Official languages | * Papiamento
* Dutch
* English
* Spanish
 |
| Religion  | 81% Roman Catholic |
| Demonym(s) | Aruban |
| Government | Constitutional monarchy |
|  |
| • Monarch  | Willem-Alexander |
| • Governor  | Alfonso Boekhoudt |
| • Prime Minister  | Evelyn Wever-Croes |
|  |
| Legislature | Estates of Aruba |
| Autonomy from the Netherlands Antilles |
|  |
| • Date  | 1 January 1986 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 178.91 km2 (69.08 sq mi) (214th) |
| • Water (%) | negligible |
| Population |
| • 2010 census | 102,484 |
| • Density | 567/km2 (1,468.5/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate |
| • Total | $2.400 billion (182nd) |
| • Per capita | $23,831 (32nd) |
| Currency | Aruban florin (AWG) |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AST) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +297 |
| ISO 3166 code | AW |
| Internet TLD | .aw |

**Aruba** is an island in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the Venezuelan Paraguaná Peninsula. It is a country inside of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, it has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism, because visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather.

Aruba broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, with plans of full independence by 1996. In 1990, that effort stopped at the request of the island people.

Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other nations are the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. The citizens of these countries all share a single nationality: Dutch.

About three quarters of the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities.

The island came into the news after U.S. high school student Natalee Holloway disappeared on a graduation trip on May 30, 2005. Today, some refer to Aruba as "One Happy Island".

## Geography

Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island. It is in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea. The western and southern beaches have white sandy beaches. They are generally protected from the ocean currents. This is one of the reasons Aruba is a popular tourist location.

Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.

Aruba has no administrative subdivisions. For census purposes, it is divided into eight regions. Its capital is Oranjestad.

## People

Aruba's population is about 75% mixed, 15% black, and 10% other ethnicities. The first inhabitants of Aruba were the Caquetío Indians of the Arawak tribe from Venezuela, with their ancestry still present in Aruba's population today.
# Leucippus

| Leucippus |
| --- |
| Leucippus |
| Born | Early 5th century BC Abdera or Miletus |
| Died | 5th century BC |
|  |
| Era | Pre-Socratic philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Pre-Socratic philosophy; Materialism |
| Main interests | Metaphysics |
| Notable ideas | Atomism |
|
Influences
* Zeno of Elea
 |
|
Influenced
* Democritus
 |
|  |

**Leucippus** or **Leukippos** (Ancient Greek: Λεύκιππος, first half of 5th century BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was an early philosopher of atomism, the idea that everything is made up of many tiny things which always continue to exist, which he called Atoms.

Leucippus was born at Miletus or Abdera, although apparently Epicurus said he never existed. There has long been a controversy about this.

Leucippus may have been the first person to suggest the idea of empty space (a vacuum). It is difficult to know which ideas come from him, and which come from Democritus.
# Work (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, **work transfer** is an energy transfer in which temperature is not considered during energy transfer. Unit is always in Joules. It is also a result of force acting through the distance.

 WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0

where WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2 is the work done, WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4 is the force acting, and WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_6 is the distance.

## History

### 1824

Work, i.e. "weight *lifted* through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in his famous paper *Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire*. Specifically, according to Carnot:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| “ | *We use here motive power (work) to express the useful effect that a motor is capable of producing. This effect can always be likened to the elevation of a weight to a certain height. It has, as we know, as a measure, the product of the weight multiplied by the height to which it is raised*. | ” |

### 1845

Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat.
In 1845, the English physicist James Joule wrote a paper *On the mechanical equivalent of heat* for the British Association meeting in Cambridge. In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, in which the work released through the action of a "weight *falling* through a height" was used to turn a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water.

In this experiment, the friction and agitation of the paddle-wheel on the body of water caused heat to be generated which, in turn, increased the temperature of water. Both the temperature change ∆T of the water and the height of the fall ∆h of the weight mg were recorded. Using these values, Joule was able to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat. Joule estimated a mechanical equivalent of heat to be 819 ft•lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal). The modern day definitions of heat, work, temperature, and energy all have connection to this experiment.

## Overview

According to the *First law of thermodynamics*, it is useful to separate changes to the internal energy of a thermodynamic system into two sorts of energy transfers. **Work** refers to forms of energy transfer which can be accounted for in terms of changes in the *macroscopic* physical variables of the system, for example energy which goes into expanding the volume of a system against an external pressure, by driving a piston-head out of a cylinder against an external force. This is in contrast to **heat** energy, which is carried into or out of the system in the form of transfers in the *microscopic* thermal motions of particles.

The concept of thermodynamic work is slightly more general than that of mechanical work because it includes other types of energy transfers as well. The electrical work required to move a charge against an external electrical field can be measured, as can the work required to move heat against a temperature gradient. Thermodynamic work need not have any mechanical component to be considered such.

## Related pages

* Thermodynamics
* Chemistry
# Cosmic microwave background radiation

**Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB radiation)** is radiation in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which comes from all directions in outer space. It is known to come from our earliest infant universe. Since the universe is very large, and the speed of light is constant, we know that when the CMB light arrives from the infant universe, it arrives as the oldest signal that we can detect.

During the Big Bang, a lot of high-energy radiation was created. Then, the universe became bigger and colder. Therefore, the high-energy photons lost most of their original energy. Now, as a result, that radiation is in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (the microwave part has quite low energy). The cosmic microwave background is the radiation that has been traveling without hitting anything ever since the time the universe became transparent, about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected the CMB radiation. Scientists think that the existence of CMB radiation is important evidence, with red shift, that the Big Bang theory is true.

Later data is based on the Planck spacecraft operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was designed to observe differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution. The spacecraft has finished its work, but researchers are still analyzing the data. The main interest is that there is:

"an asymmetry in the average temperatures on opposite hemispheres of the sky. This runs counter to the prediction made by the standard model that the Universe should be broadly similar in any direction we look. Furthermore, a cold spot extends over a patch of sky that is much larger than expected".
No explanation for this is known.
# Thought experiment

A **thought experiment** is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world. In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking. Anyone can do a thought experiment.

The usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: *if this were true, what would follow from it?*

The history of science has many thought experiments in it. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the German term **Gedankenexperiment** (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812.

Posing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers). However, people had no way of talking about it.

## Famous thought experiments

* Trolley problem
* Schrödinger's cat

## Related pages

* Paradox
* Zeno's paradoxes
# Carl Gustav Hempel

**Carl Gustav** "**Peter**" **Hempel** (January 8, 1905 – November 9, 1997) was a German mathematician and philiospher. In philiosphy, he was one of the proponents of logical positivism. He developed the Deductive-nomological model, which is also known as Hempel-Oppenheim model. He also formulated the Raven paradox.
# Financial technology

**Financial technologies(FinTech)* are technologies which people use in financial services to help companies manage the financial aspects of their business. Nowadays fintech is the basis for all online transactions – money transfers, loans and more. Many technology startups and large organizations that try to improve financial services are considered to be a part of fintech.

Or Fintech refers to the integration of technology into services offering by financial companies so as to improve their use and delivery to their consumers.

FinTech refers to new applications, processes, products or business models in the field of financial services that are provided through the Internet. Services may be provided by different independent providers at the same time. Usually it includes at least one licensed bank or insurance company. Their interaction is often regulated by special laws and regulations, such as the European Payment Services Directive.

FinTech companies are special because of the ability to create innovations.

## Meaning and history

It was said by the Professor of the School of Management in Friborg Patrick Schueffel that "*Fintech is a new financial industry that uses technology to improve its financial performance*". It is considered to be the meaning of the term.

The word fintech was first published in the 1980s: an article by Peter Knight entitled FinTech was published in the Sunday Times. It meant the bot that made the changes to his email.

The companies in the field of fintech began to grow rapidly and changed a lot after the global financial crisis in 2008. Large corporations began to invest in the fintech business, which was like an alternative to the old business models of the financial sector. Traditional banks, on the other hand, had millions of customers who wanted new service standards.

Lithuania is a leading hub for fintech-startups and crypto-companies in the EU. Thanks to a supportive regulatory environment and efficient licensing processes, the country has attracted a growing number of innovative financial and crypto businesses, positioning itself at the forefront of Europe's digital finance sector.

In Ukraine, the state promotes the development of fintech in accordance with the Strategy approved by the National Bank of Ukraine in July 2020.

Currently more than 100 fintech companies are working in Ukraine and their amount is increasing.

## Types of financial projects

There are more than 10,000 different fintech companies operating in different fields in the world.

* Personal finance management;
* Payments;
* Lending;
* Investment platforms;
* Collective financing (Crowdfunding);
* Security;
* B2B fintech;
* Money transfers;
* Big Data Analysis;
* RegTech;
* InsureTech;
* Artificial Intelligence;
* Neobanks (banks-challengers);
* Cryptocurrencies;
* Blockchain.

## Fintech ecosystem

It is a set of tools that a financial institution provides to third-party business structures to create and develop its own innovative services. It includes a processing center, acquiring and billing system.
# Journalism

**Journalism** is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine.

There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

## Related pages

* Mass media
# Luxor Temple

Entrance of Luxor Temple
The mosque that was built inside Luxor temple
**Luxor Temple** is an Ancient Egyptian temple, located in modern-day Luxor, which was known as Thebes at the time. The temple was dedicated to the god Amun, his wife Mut, and their son Chons. The temple was built during the time of the New Kingdom. Because some of the stones were re-used, an older monument was probably there beforehand, during the 12th dynasty. Some of the stones of the temple were later re-used to build Abu el-Haggag mosque.

Together with the Temple at Karnak, Luxor Temple is on the list of World Heritage Sites.

Note that Luxor Temple is different from the necropolis of Hatshepsut, located in Deir el-Bahari, which is also near Luxor.
# Ezra

**Ezra** (/ˈɛzrə/; Hebrew: עזרא, *Ezra*; fl. 480–440 BC), is a highly respected figure in Judaism.

## Name

He is called **Ezra the Scribe** (Hebrew: עזרא הסופר, *Ezra ha-Sofer*) and **Ezra the Priest** in the Book of Ezra. In an early Greek translation of the bible, the Septuagint, the name is written as *Esdras* (Greek: Ἔσδρας), from which comes Latin: *Esdras*. His name may be an abbreviation of **Azaryahu**, "God-helps".

In Islam he is known as Uzair (Arabic: عزير). He was mentioned in the Qur'an.

## Early bible history

The *Book of Ezra* and *Book of Nehemiah* are the oldest sources for the history of Ezra,. Many of the other books they say are written by Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are written after that. Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezra was a member of the family of Seraiah the high priest. He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year (~ 457 BCE) of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them.

Ezra led a large group of exiles back to Jerusalem. He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He worked to stop this from happening again.

Some years later the king Artaxerxes sent a Jewish nobleman, Nehemiah, to Jerusalem. He had to rebuild the city walls. Once this was done, Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses (the Torah) to the people. The people and priests agreed to keep to this law and to separate themselves from all other peoples.

## Later literature

The second book of Esdras was written a lot later, c. AD 100. In this book, Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions. At the end, he is taken up to heaven like Enoch and Elijah. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.

## Ezra in rabbinic literature

Woodcut for *Die Bibel in Bildern*, 1860, by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld.
Judaism believes Ezra started the Great Assembly of scholars and prophets. Later, this would become the Sanhedrin, the authority when it comes to religious law.

It is said that Ezra was the writer of the Books of Chronicles.

## Ezra's tomb

His tomb at Al-ʻUzair on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.

## Related pages

* Esdras - about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
* Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah - the non-rabbinical tradition
* 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras - the Greek version of the texts

## Other websites

* Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras
# Abraham Maslow

| Abraham Maslow |
| --- |
| Born | (1908-04-01)April 1, 1908 Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. |
| Died | June 8, 1970(1970-06-08) (aged 62) Menlo Park, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| Known for | Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | Psychology |
| Institutions | Cornell University Brooklyn College |
| Influences | Alfred Adler, Kurt Goldstein, Henry Murray |
| Influenced | Douglas McGregor, Roberto Assagioli, Colin Wilson, Abbie Hoffman, Wayne Dyer, Elliot Aronson |
|  |

**Abraham Maslow** (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist. He is considered by other psychologists to be one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century. He was ranked 10th among psychologists nominated for being well-known or influential. He is known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Maslow died of a heart attack.
# Amateur

The word **amateur** is normally used to mean: somebody who does something (e.g. a job) without being paid for it.

The opposite of an amateur is a **professional**. He (or she) will expect to be paid a professional fee for the job.

The word “amateur” comes from a French word meaning: "lover of". An amateur is someone who does something (e.g. play the piano, football) because they enjoy doing it. They are not doing it in order to be paid. It is not how they earn money to live.

People often forget the real meaning of the word “amateur”. It is often mistakenly used to mean: someone who is not good at something. On the other hand, an amateur might be described as having done a very “professional” job, i.e. done it as well as someone who is paid.

Although one might expect a professional to be better than an amateur, this is not always the case. Someone might be a very good amateur pianist, possibly better than some professionals.

In some jobs it would be impossible for amateurs to be allowed to work. One cannot have amateur doctors or lawyers. In some areas, however, amateurs have been very useful in fields including computer programming and astronomy and birdwatching. Wikipedia, for example, is written by amateurs.

## Sport

In some sporting events, all players are professional or all are amateur. Many events mix professional and amateur participants.

In some sports (e.g. tennis or football) in the past, amateurs and professionals would not compete against one another. This was not always because amateurs were thought to be not as good as professionals. In some countries, such as Great Britain in Victorian times, this was because of social class distinction. Amateur cricketers were rich gentlemen from the upper classes who did not want to associate with people from lower classes. This attitude slowly changed during the 20th century.

Until the 1970s most Olympic events were for amateurs. Athletes were disqualified if they received money for the event, or in some cases even if they had been paid for sporting events outside the Olympics.

## Related pages

* Hobbies and volunteering
* Amateur radio
# Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation *Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif* *Parti social démocratique du Canada* |
| --- |
| Chairman | J. S. Woodsworth, M. J. Coldwell, F. R. Scott, Percy Wright, David Lewis |
| Secretary | M. J. Coldwell, David Lewis, Lorne Ingle, Carl Hamilton |
| Founded | 1932 (Revived 2018) |
| Dissolved | 1961 |
| Preceded by | Ginger Group, Independent Labour Party, United Farmers of Alberta |
| Succeeded by | New Democratic Party |
| Headquarters | Ottawa, Ontario |
| Ideology | Social democracy Democratic socialism Agrarianism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| International affiliation | Socialist International |
| Colours | Green and Yellow |
| * Political parties
 |

The **Co-operative Commonwealth Federation** (**CCF**) (French: *Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif*, from 1955 the *French: *Parti social démocratique du Canada**) was a political party in Canada. It was a social-democratic and democratic-socialist party. Multiple groups helped form the CCF in 1932, in Calgary, Alberta. In 1961, it was succeeded by the New Democratic Party.
# Cemetery (disambiguation)

A **cemetery** is land reserved for human or animal (pet) remains.

**Cemetery** or **cemetary** may also refer to:

* *Cemetery* (album), an album by Deja Voodoo
* "Cemetery" (Silverchair song), 1997
* "Cemetery" (Charlie Simpson song), 2011
* "Cemetery" (Missy Higgins song), 2018
* Cemetary (band), a Swedish metal band
* Cemetery Reach, a reach of the Brisbane River in Queensland, Australia
# Kavala

| Kavala
Καβάλα |
| --- |
| Settlement |
| View of Kavala. |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | East Macedonia and Thrace |
| Regional unit | Kavala |
| Area |
|  • Municipal unit | 112.6 km2 (43.5 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 53 m (174 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2001) |
|  • Municipal unit | 70,360 |
|  • Municipal unit density | 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
|  • Community | 60,802 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 65x xx |
| Area code(s) | 2510 |
| Vehicle registration | KB |
| Website |  |

Kavala
**Kavala** is one of the biggest cities in Macedonia. It is the capital of Kavala prefecture. It is in the northeastern part of Greece, in the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery. It is on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos. According to the 2001 census, 63,293 people lived there.
# Norwich

Coat of arms of Norwich
**Norwich** is the county city of Norfolk, a county in the East of England. In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich. It is one of the oldest cities in England.

Norwich International Airport provides many flights out of the city, internationally to places such as Amsterdam, Spain and also other locations within the United Kingdom.

Norwich is the biggest settlement in East Anglia, after Ipswich, located in Suffolk.