Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# 2026 Venezuela earthquakes

Video of the earthquake
On 24 June 2026, two large earthquakes happened in northwestern and central Venezuela. At least 920 people were killed, more than 1,000 others were injured and over 14,000 were reported missing.

## Background

The first earthquake, which measured Mw7.2, happened in Yaracuy. This earthquake happened at 18:04 VET. It was classified as a foreshock, and was followed 39 seconds later by a Mw 7.5 mainshock. The larger earthquake's epicenter was also in Yaracuy. Both earthquakes caused damage across the country, mainly in La Guaira and Caracas, the capital.

The mainshock is the largest earthquake in Venezuela since the 1900 San Narciso earthquake. The earthquake was felt in several countries such as Brazil, Aruba, and parts of the Dominican Republic.
# Abelardo de la Espriella

| Abelardo de la Espriella |
| --- |
| De la Espriella in 2017 |
|  |
| President-elect of Colombia |
| **Assuming office** 7 August 2026 |
| Vice President | José Manuel Restrepo Abondano (elect) |
| Succeeding | Gustavo Petro |
| Leader of Defenders of the Homeland |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  5 August 2024 |
| President | Mauricio Gómez Amín |
| Preceded by | *Party established* |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Abelardo Gabriel de la Espriella Otero  (1978-07-31) 31 July 1978 Bogotá, Colombia |
| Citizenship | Colombia • United States • Italy |
| Political party | Independent (since 2002) Defenders of the Homeland (since 2024) |
| Spouse(s) |
Yoly Illidge
​ ​(m. 2001; div. 2004)​
Ana Lucía Pineda ​(m. 2006)​ |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | Sergio Arboleda University (LLB) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Defensores de la Patria - Political Movement Colombia Abelardista - Civilian Movement |
| Nickname(s) | The Tiger |

**Abelardo Gabriel de la Espriella Otero** (born 31 July 1978) is a Colombian lawyer, businessman, and far-right politician who is the president-elect of Colombia. He beat Senator Iván Cepeda by less than 1% in the 2026 presidential election.

## Early life

De la Espriella was born in Bogotá. He studied law at Sergio Arboleda University. He received his degree from Del Rosario University. In 2012 he obtained a master's degree in law from Nebrija University. He specializes in administrative law. He became a public figure for his defense of David Murcia during the D.M.G. Grupo Holding S.A. fraud scandal.

## 2026 presidential campaign

De la Espriella was a candidate in the 2026 Colombian presidential election. De la Espriella has been widely seen as right-wing or far-right. His presidential campaign was supported by Ecuadorian president Daniel Noboa, who said that if De la Espriella were elected, the Ecuadorian government would remove tariffs on Colombian products.

On 31 May 2026, he won 43.74% of the vote, winning a majority in the first round of voting. He advanced to the run-off, running against left-wing Senator Iván Cepeda. He beat Cepeda with 49.66% of the vote to Cepeda's 48.70%. With 12.9 million votes, De la Espriella is the presidential candidate with the most votes in the history of Colombia, followed by Cepeda who won 12.7 million votes.

## Personal life

De la Espriella was married to Yoly Illidge from 2001 until they divorced in 2004. He then married businesswoman Ana Lucía Pineda in 2006. They have four children.

After living in Miami, Florida for over ten years, he received United States citizenship in 2023.

## Other websites

* Defensores de la Patria - Political Movement
* Colombia Abelardista - Civilian Movement
* Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
# Belgrade

| Belgrade
Београд*Beograd* |
| --- |
| City |
| From top: Panorama of Belgrade, House of the National Assembly, New Palace, Avala Tower, Ušće Tower, Gardoš Tower, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts' building, Church of Saint Sava, Belgrade Fortress, Monument to the Unknown Hero |
| FlagSeal |
| Location in Europe and Serbia (dark blue) |
| Country | Serbia |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | Aleksandar Šapić (SNS) |
| Area |
|  • Urban | 1,035 km2 (400 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 117 m (384 ft) |
| Population (Census 2011.) |
|  • Urban | 1,344,844 |
|  • Metro | 1,687,132 |
|  • City proper | 1,166,763 |
|  • Demonym | Belgradian |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 11000 |
| Area code | +381(0)11 |
| www.beograd.rs |

**Belgrade** is the capital city of the country of Serbia. Before the wars of the 1990s, it was the capital of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1992 after the Kingdom of Serbia collapsed in 1918 along with Austria-Hungary after World War 1.

Belgrade is also one of the most popular travel destinations in Southeastern Europe. It is famous for a very busy nightlife and a lot of entertainment activities.

The main tourist attractions in Belgrade are:

* Kalemegdan Fortress
* Knez Mihailova Street
* Belgrade Zoo
* Memorial Complex "Josip Broz Tito"

## History

The first settlements on the city's territory date back to Vinča cutlure. The city itself (under the name Singidunum) was founded by the Celtic Scordis tribe in the 3rd century BC. Then it was owned by the Romans, Byzantines, Avars, Slavs, etc. In 878 it was first mentioned as Belgrade. In 1403 it became the Serbian capital. In 1521, the city was conquered by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. In 1815 it again became the capital of Serbia. From 1918 to 2003 it was the capital of Yugoslavia. In 2003-2006, Belgrade was the unofficial capital of the confederal union of the two states of Serbia and Montenegro.

## Related pages

* Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra

## Other websites

* WorldFlicks in Belgrade: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
# Gynoecium

*Amaryllis* style and stigmas
Flowers and fruit of the ground orchid, *Spathoglottis plicata*: its 'inferior' ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts
Parts of a *Ranunculus* (buttercup) flower
A large stigma with anthers in the background
The gynoecium of an apple has five carpels
A **gynoecium** (from Ancient Greek *gyne*, "woman") is the female reproductive parts of a flower. The male parts are called the androecium. Some flowers have both female and male parts, and some do not.

Another key term is **carpel**. Carpels are the building blocks of a **pistil**. The gynoecium may have one pistil or more. A pistil may have one carpel or more than one stuck together ("fused"). Carpels and pistils have three parts: a stigma at the top where the pollen lands; a **style** and an **ovary**. In the case of a pistil, the stigma, style, and ovary may be made up of those parts of more than one carpel, fused.

Plant ovaries are the parts of the gynoecium which (much like animal ovaries) contain ovules. The style is generally stalklike. It is between the ovary at the bottom and the stigma at the top. In some plants, there are no styles in the pistils. The stigma is the pollen receptor at the top of the carpel. Stigmas may be separate or they may be in a region called the "stigmatic region".

## Carpel anatomy

A **carpel** is the basic unit of the female reproductive organ of a flower (the gynoecium). The parts of the carpel are:

* the **stigma**: the end portion which receives the pollen. It is usually sticky;
* the **style**, a stalk connecting the stigma with the ovary. It has a tract, which helps the growth of the pollen tube so the male gamete gets to the ovule; and
* the **ovary** has the female reproductive cell or ovule.

## The ovule

The **ovule**, when mature, has one or two coats round the central **nucellus**, except at the top where there is an opening, the **micropyle**. The nucellus is a tissue round one large cell, the megaspore. The one large cell divides, giving the egg and some other cells.

An example of a simple carpel is that of a pea, bean or *Arabidopsis*: the fruit develops from the single carpel consisting of two rows of ovules aligned beside one another along the *placental* margin.

## Pistil

An alternative term for the female parts. This table shows how it is used:

Comparison of gynoecium terminology using *carpel* and *pistil*| Gynoecium composition | *Carpel* terminology | *Pistil* terminology | Examples |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Single carpel | Monocarpous (unicarpellate) gynoecium | A pistil (simple) | Avocado (*Persea* sp.), most legumes (Fabaceae) |
| Multiple distinct (unfused) carpels | Apocarpous (choricarpous) gynoecium | Pistils (simple) | Strawberry (*Fragaria* sp.), Buttercup (*Ranunculus* sp.) |
| Multiple connate
("fused") carpels | Syncarpous gynoecium | A pistil (compound) | Tulip (*Tulipa* sp.), most flowers |

* Esau K. 1965. *Plant anatomy*. 2nd ed,. John Wiley.
# Radiolaria

A group illustration of one of the
Radiolarian superfamilies (from Haekel).
**Radiolaria** are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO2), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called *endoplasm* and *ectoplasm*.

Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as **radiolarian ooze**. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

## Structure

The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or *test*. Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.

* Radiolarian shells are extremely varied. This is just one family, the Cyrtoidea.
* Shows the cells inside the shells (Report of the Challenger Expedition 1873-76)
* Important fossils in marine sediments are the hard parts of single celled organisms. Their shells are made out of silica (**radiolaria** (a, 350µm) and diatoms (b, 50µm); or out of calcium carbonate (foraminifera (c, 400µm) and coccoliths (d, 15µm).

## Other websites

* NHM rotating glass model
# Index (publishing)

The first page of the Index to the Book of Knowledge, 1919 Vol 20
An **index** is a detailed list of information in a printed publication. This information can include names of people, places, things, events, or ideas that a reader may want to find. Next to each name is a page number.

In a printed book, the index is found at the end. It should not be mixed up with the table of contents, which is placed near the beginning of the book. The table of contents gives the order of chapters within the book. The index is different from the table of contents because it gives the page location of detailed information inside the book.

The words in an index are given in alphabetical order, first words beginning with A, then with B, then with C, and so forth.

Indexing as we know it today had to grow over a long time of history. It depended on the invention of the alphabet. It depended on the invention of the book (or codex, at first). And, as we have it today, it depended on the invention of the printed book. Gutenberg's printing press of around 1440 made this possible. The first printed index is found in St. Augustine's *De arte praedicandi*. This book was made in the early 1460s in Mainz, Germany by the printers of the Gutenberg bible.

Indexes today are usually made by paid professionals who are hired by the publisher when the book is ready to be printed. Often these indexers are members of professional groups, such as the Society of Indexers in Britain or the American Society for Indexing.

## Related pages

* Book
* Page
* Bible
* Chapter (books)
# World Spider Catalog

The **World Spider Catalog** (WSC) is a website dedicated to taxonomy of spiders.

World Spider Catalog| Type of site | Database |
| Available in | English |
| Owner | Natural History Museum of Bern |
| URL |  |
# Encoding method

In computers, encoding is the process of putting a sequence of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation, and certain symbols) into a specialized format for efficient transmission or storage. Decoding is the opposite process -- the conversion of an encoded format back into the original sequence of characters.
# Neotropic

In context of biogeography, **Neotropic** or **Neotropical** means one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.

This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.

It is sometimes used as a synonym for the tropical area of South America, although the ecozone also includes temperate southern South America.
Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents 2 to 3 million years ago.

The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest than any other ecozone. They extend from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil and include the Amazon Rainforest. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. Extensive deforestation in the late 20th century has reduced this diversity to a degree.

## Other websites

* Map of the ecozones
* Eco-Index, a bilingual searchable reference of conservation and research projects in the Neotropics; a service of the Rainforest Alliance

* Cox, C. Barry; Peter D. Moore 1985. *Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach.* 4th ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
* Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. 1995. *A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean*. World Bank, Washington DC.
* Schultz J.: 2005. The Ecozones of the World. 2nd ed, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. ISBN 3-540-20014-2
* Udvardy M.D.F. 1975. *A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world*. IUCN Occasional Paper #18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
# Okinawan Japanese

| Okinawan Japanese |
| --- |
| 沖縄和大和口 |
| Native to | Japan |
| Region | Okinawa Islands |
| Ethnicity | Ryukyuan |
| Language family | Japonic
* Japanese
	+ Ryukyuan Japanese
		- **Okinawan Japanese**
 |
| Writing system | Kana, Kanji (Japanese) |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | – |

**Okinawan Japanese** (沖縄和大和口, *Uchinaa-yamatuguchi*) is a form of the Japanese language in the islands of Okinawa. It comes from Standard Japanese, but many words are taken from the Okinawan and Kunigami languages. It is spoken by much of Okinawa and is used a lot by younger people.

Okinawan Japanese formed because of language mixing between Okinawan and Japanese. This happened because the Okinawa Islands were being assimilated by mainland Japan. The same thing also happened in the Amami Islands, causing Amami Japanese to form.
# Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

| Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
| --- |
| dʑ |
| Audio sample |
| Duration: 2 seconds.0:02
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `dz\` |

The **voiced alveolo-palatal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
# Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Ginza Line
The **Ginza Line** (銀座線, ぎんざせん, Ginza-sen) is the oldest metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan. It was built in the 1920s and 1930s.

## Station

| Station | Japanese | Transfers | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G-01 | Shibuya | 渋谷 | * Tokyo Metro:
	+ **○**Hanzōmon Line (Z-01)\*
	+ **○**Fukutoshin Line(F-16)
* East Japan Railway Company
	+ Yamanote Line
	+ Saikyō Line
	+ Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
* Tokyu Corporation
	+ Den-en-toshi Line\*
	+ Tōyoko Line
* Keiō: Inokashira Line
* \*The Ginza and Hanzōmon/Den-en-toshi lines at Shibuya are far apart, thus transfer is announced at Omotesandō
 | Shibuya |
| G-02 | Omotesandō | 表参道 | * Tokyo Metro:
	+ **○**Chiyoda Line (C-04)
	+ **○**Hanzōmon Line (Z-02, cross-platform interchange)
 | Minato |
| G-03 | Gaienmae | 外苑前 |   |
| G-04 | Aoyama-itchōme | 青山一丁目 | * Tokyo Metro: **○**Hanzōmon Line (Z-03)
* Toei: **○**Ōedo Line (E-24)
 |
| G-05 | Akasaka-mitsuke | 赤坂見附 | * Tokyo Metro: **○**Marunouchi Line (M-13, cross-platform interchange)

*At Nagatachō:** Tokyo Metro
	+ **○**Yūrakuchō Line (Y-16)
	+ **○**Hanzōmon Line (Z-04)
	+ **○**Namboku Line(N-06)
 |
| G-06 | Tameike-Sannō | 溜池山王 | * Tokyo Metro: **○**Namboku Line(N-06)

*At Kokkai-gijidōmae:** Tokyo Metro:
	+ **○**Marunouchi Line (M-14)
	+ **○**Chiyoda Line (C-07)
 | Chiyoda |
| G-07 | Toranomon | 虎ノ門 |   | Minato |
| G-08 | Shimbashi | 新橋 | * Toei:
	+ **○**Asakusa Line (A-10)
* JR East:
	+ Yamanote Line
	+ Keihin-Tōhoku Line
	+ Tōkaidō Main Line
	+ Yokosuka Line
* Yurikamome: Yurikamome
 |
| G-09 | Ginza | 銀座 | * Tokyo Metro:
	+ **○**Hibiya Line (H-08)
	+ **○**Marunouchi Line (M-16)
 | Chūō |
| G-10 | Kyōbashi | 京橋 |   |
| G-11 | Nihombashi | 日本橋 | * Tokyo Metro: **○**Tōzai Line (T-10)
* Toei: **○**Asakusa Line (A-13)
 |
| G-12 | Mitsukoshimae | 三越前 | * Tokyo Metro: **○**Hanzōmon Line (Z-09)

*At Shin-Nihombashi*:
* JR East: Sōbu Line (Rapid)
 |
| G-13 | Kanda | 神田 | * JR East:
	+ Chūō Main Line
	+ Keihin-Tōhoku Line
	+ Yamanote Line
 | Chiyoda |
| G-14 | Suehirochō | 末広町 |   |
| G-15 | Ueno-hirokoji | 上野広小路 | *At Naka-okachimachi:** Tokyo Metro: **○**Hibiya Line (H-16)

*At Ueno-okachimachi:** Toei: **○**Ōedo Line (E-09)
 | Taitō |
| G-16 | Ueno | 上野 | * Tokyo Metro: **○**Hibiya Line (H-17)
* JR East:
	+ Tōhoku Shinkansen
	+ Jōetsu Shinkansen
	+ Keihin-Tōhoku Line
	+ Yamanote Line
	+ Jōban Line
	+ Takasaki Line
	+ Tōhoku Main Line

*At Keisei Ueno:** Keisei Electric Railway: Main Line
 |
| G-17 | Inarichō | 稲荷町 |   |
| G-18 | Tawaramachi | 田原町 |   |
| G-19 | Asakusa | 浅草 | * Toei: **○**Asakusa Line (A-18)
* Tōbu Railway: Isesaki Line
 |

## Related pages

* Tokyo

1000 series
01 series
# Takarazuka, Hyōgo

| Takarazuka
宝塚市 |
| --- |
| Special city |
| Takarazuka City Hall |
| FlagSeal |
| Takarazuka in Hyōgo Prefecture |
| Country |  Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
| Prefecture |  Hyōgo |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | Harue Yamasaki |
| Area |
|  • Total | 101.8 km2 (39.3 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2020) |
|  • Total | 226,432 |
|  • Density | 2,224/km2 (5,760/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| Postal code | 665-8665 |
| Area code | 28214-6 |
| Phone number | 0797-71-1141 |
| Address | 1-1 Tōyōchō, Takarazuka-shi, Hyōgo-ken |
| Website | Official website |

**Takarazuka** (宝塚市, *Takarazuka-shi*) is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

## Geography

### Surrounding municipalities

* Hyōgo Prefecture
	+ Inagawa
	+ Itami
	+ Kawanishi
	+ Kōbe
	+ Nishinomiya
	+ Sanda

## Population

From Japanese census data,

| 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 202,544 | 213,037 | 219,862 | 225,700 | 224,903 | 226,432 |

## Other websites

* Official website
# Japanese railways

**Japanese railways** are used in Japan for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolian areas.

Area Map of JR.

## Management System of Japanese railways

There are two types of Japanese trains:

* Japan Railways Group (Japan Railway companies)
	+ JR is made up of seven companies in following areas: Hokkaido, Higashi-Nihon, Tokai, Nishi-Nihon, Shikoku, Kyushu and freight
* Private railway (私鉄 Shitetsu)
	+ Private railway can be classified as Shitetsu for narrow gauge railways (私鉄), and Koei (公営) for public railways, such as the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Transportation.

## Classification of Japanese railways by structure

Shinkansen 0 Series Mach Liner-class.
A train in Nagasaki.
The unique monorail of the world, in Osaka.
* Shinkansen（新幹線, meaning "New main line"）(width of rail track is Standard Gauge (1,435mm); speeds of up to 300km/h)
* Zairaisen（在来線, meaning "Older railway line"） (width of rail track is usually Cape gauge (1,067mm); slower speeds)
	+ Subway（地下鉄）
	+ Tram（路面電車）
	+ Monorail（モノレール）
	+ Trolley bus（トロリーバス)
	+ Funicular（ケーブルカー）
	+ Others

## History of Japanese trains

* 1872 - October, 14: The first Japanese train was started between Shinbashi and Yokohama.
* 1874 - Osaka-Kobe was opened.
* 1877 - Kyoto-Osaka was opened.
* 1880 - Temiya-Sapporo was opened.
* 1889 - Tōkaidō line is completed (Shinbashi-Kobe)
* 1927 - Subway (Ueno-Asakusa) was opened.
* 1964 - The Shinkansen was opened.
* 1975 - Tōkaidō-San'yō Shinkansen completed.
* 1976 - All steam locomotives were retired.
* 1982 - Tōhoku, Joetsu shinkansen opened.
* 1987 - Japan national railway was dissolved, when JR was created.
# Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)

The **Nissan Stadium** (previously called the **International Stadium of Yokohama**) is a sports stadium in Yokohama, Japan. It was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final.

## Events

* 2002 FIFA World Cup Final
* FIFA Club World Cup

## Other websites

* Official Site
# Gōjū-ryū

Gōjū-ryū techniques
**Gōjū-ryū** is Japanese for "hard-soft style." It is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate. Gōjū-ryū uses a combination of hard and soft techniques. Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the *Bubishi* (Chinese: 武備志; pinyin: *Wǔbèi Zhì*). **Gō**, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks. **Jū**, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. Gōjū-ryū uses both circular and linear movements. It combines hard striking attacks such as kicks. It also uses close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques. These are used for attacking, blocking, and controlling the opponent. This includes locks, grappling, takedowns and throws.
# Kata

**Kata** (型, 形 means: "the form") is a Japanese word which is used in some martial arts and theatre (as kabuki). In karate, this word describes a simulation of combat—the sequence of movements—which is given in detail and is trained individually or in group. Before learning it, the martial artist has to try the training of basic technique called *kihon*.

Such simulation represents a sequence of movements, the attack and the defence in an imagined combat. Every attack must be made as if there were an opponent in front of the karateka (the karate fighter) in order to reach him, and every defence must be made as if the opponent attacked in a real situation of danger. Every movement has an interpretation. The karateka has to show the consideration for its timing and ability to use it.

The goal of the *kata* is help in the development of the qualities and the abilities both psychological and of the body. These abilities are necessary for the real combat.
# 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

The **2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games**, officially known as the **III Olympic Youth Summer Games**, is an international summer sports event. It was held from 6 to 18 October 2018. The host city is Buenos Aires, Argentina.

|  Youth Olympic Games |
| --- |
|  |
| **Summer Games**: Singapore 2010, Nanjing 2014, Buenos Aires 2018, *Dakar 2026* |
| **Winter Games**: Innsbruck 2012, Lillehammer 2016, *Lausanne 2020*, *Gangwon 2024* |
| *Gangwon 2024* — *Dakar 2026* |
# Krav Maga

israeli paratrooper training in krav maga - 1955
**Krav Maga** /krɑːv məˈɡɑː/ (Hebrew: קרב מגע, *lit.* "contact combat") is a Jewish–Israeli martial art. It was developed by Hungarian-Israeli martial artist Imi Lichtenfeld in Slovakia. Today it is used by the Israeli Defense Forces.

## Other websites

* Brostoff, Marissa (2008-12-31). "Israeli Martial Arts Gurus Duke It Out For Real". Retrieved 2013-03-05.
* International Krav Maga Federation