# June 28

**June 28** is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 186 days remaining until the end of the year.

## Events

### Up to 1900

* 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
* 1243 – Innocent IV becomes pope.
* 1360 – Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada becomes the 10th Nasrid King of Granada after killing his brother, Ismail II, Sultan of Granada.
* 1389 – Ottoman Empire defeats Christian Europe army in Kosovo, opening the way for the Ottoman conquest of Southeastern Europe (see Vidovdan).
* 1461 – King Edward IV of England is crowned.
* 1519 – Charles V elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
* 1575 – The Battle of Nagashino takes place in Japan.
* 1635 – Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.
* 1651 – Battle of Beresteczko between Poles and Ukrainians, the biggest battle in the 17th century, starts.
* 1709 – Tsar Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava.
* 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession: A New England colonial army captures Louisbourg, New France, after a 47–day siege.
* 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Sullivan's Island becomes the first decisive US victory of the war, over Great Britain.
* 1807 – Second British Invasion of Rio de la Plata: John Whitelock lands at Ensenada in an attempt to recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the locals.
* 1811 – Napoleonic Wars: French troops storm the city of Tarragona, Spain and carry out a massacre on citizens who offer strong resistance.
* 1838 – In the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria is officially crowned.
* 1841 – Giselle, a ballet by French composer Adolphe Adam, is first performed in Paris.
* 1859 – The first dog show is held in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
* 1865 – In the US, the Army of the Potomac is disbanded.
* 1880 – Ned Kelly, the Australian bushranger, is captured at Glenrowan.
* 1882 – The Anglo–French Convention of 1882 marks the territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
* 1886 – The first passenger train of the Canadian Pacific Railway leaves Montreal, Quebec.
* 1887 – Minot, North Dakota is incorporated as a city.
* 1894 – Labor Day becomes an official US holiday.
* 1895 – El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua form the Central American Union.
* 1896 – An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pattston City, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave–in that kills 58 miners.

### 1901 – 2000

* 1902 – United States Congress passes the Spooner Act, allowing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal.
* 1904 – The Danish ship SS *Norge* runs aground and sinks off Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean; 625 people are killed.
* 1904 – Helen Keller completes her studies at Radcliffe College.
* 1914 – Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophia are killed by a Serbian nationalist, the *casus belli* of World War I.
* 1919 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I with Germany.
* 1921 – King Alexander I of Serbia proclaims the new constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
* 1922 – The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Irish Free State forces.
* 1926 – Mercedes-Benz is formed by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merging their two companies.
* 1936 – The Japanese puppet state of Mengjiang is formed in northern China.
* 1938 – A 450–tonne meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania
* 1940 – Romania cedes Bessarabia (current–day Moldova) to the Soviet Union.
* 1948 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Fukui, Japan, kills 5,390 people.
* 1950 – Seoul is captured by troops from North Korea.
* 1960 – US–owned oil refineries in Cuba confiscated and nationalised.
* 1960 – A gas explosion in a coal mine in Monmouthshire, Wales, kills 37 miners.
* 1964 – Malcolm X forms the Organization of Afro–American Unity.
* 1967 – Israel annexes East Jerusalem.
* 1969 – Stonewall riots in New York City mark the beginning of the modern gay rights era.
* 1976 – An Angolan court sentences US and UK mercenaries to death sentences and prison terms in the Luanda trial.
* 1978 – The United States Supreme Court, in *Regents of the University of California v. Bakke* 438 US 265 1978, bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms constitutionality of programs giving advantage to minorities.
* 1981 – A powerful bomb explodes in Tehran, killing 73 officials of the Islamic Republic Party.
* 1983 – The partial collapse of Connecticut's busy I–95 Mianus River Bridge, killing 3 people.
* 1987 – For the first time in military history a civilian population is targeted for chemical attack when Iraqi warplanes bomb the Iranian town of Sardasht.
* 1988 – Four workers are asphyxiated at a metal–plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined–space industrial accident in U.S. history. A fifth victim dies two days later.
* 1990 – Paperback Software, a company founded by Adam Osborne, found guilty by a U.S. court of copyright violation for copying the appearance and menu system of Lotus 1-2-3 in its competing spreadsheet program.
* 1992 – The Constitution of Estonia is signed into law.
* 1994 – Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas in Matsumoto, Japan, killing 7 people and injuring 660.
* 1996 – The Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law.
* 1997 – Boxer Mike Tyson is disqualified for biting off part of the ear of his opponent Evander Holyfield.

### From 2001

* 2004 – Estonia, Lithuania and Slovenia join the ERM II
* 2004 – Sovereign power is handed to the interim government of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority, ending the U.S.–led rule of that nation.
* 2006 – Montenegro becomes a member of the UN.
* 2009 – A political crisis lasting several months begins in Honduras, as President Manuel Zelaya is overthrown by Roberto Micheletti.
* 2011 – Google launches Google+.
* 2016 – At least 41 people are killed in a terrorist attack on Istanbul's Atatürk International Airport.
* 2018 – Five people are shot dead in the Capital Gazette shooting at a newspaper office in Annapolis, Maryland, United States.
* 2019 – 100th anniversary of the signing the Treaty of Versailles.
* 2019 – France records its hottest–ever temperature, at 45.9 degrees Celsius.
* 2019 – The European Union and Mercosur agree a trade deal.

## Births

### Up to 1900

* 1170 – King Valdemar II of Denmark (d. 1241)
* 1243 – Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan (d. 1304)
* 1444 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)
* 1476 – Pope Paul IV (d. 1559)
* 1490 – Albert of Mainz, bishop and elector of Mainz (d. 1545)
* 1491 – Henry VIII, King of England (d. 1547)
* 1503 – Giovanni della Casa, Italian author and poet (d. 1556)
* 1547 – Cristoforo Malvezzi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1599)
* 1577 – Peter Paul Rubens, German painter (d. 1640)
* 1653 – Muhammad Azam Shah, Mughal ruler (d. 1707)
* 1692 – Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (d. 1718)
* 1703 – John Wesley, English founder of Methodism (d. 1791)
* 1712 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (d. 1778)
* 1719 – Etienne François, duc de Choiseul, French general and politician (d. 1785)
* 1734 – Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier, French organist and composer (d. 1778)
* 1794 – John Biscoe, English explorer (d. 1843)
* 1806 – Napoléon Coste, French guitarist and composer (d. 1883)
* 1807 – Anton Philipp Reclam, German publisher (d. 1895)
* 1819 – Carlotta Grisi, Italian ballerina (d. 1899)
* 1824 – Paul Broca, French physician (d. 1880)
* 1831 – Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
* 1835 – John Young Brown, American politician, 31st Governor of Kentucky (d. 1904)
* 1836 – Lyman J. Gage, American politician (d. 1927)
* 1847 – Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson, Icelandic composer (d. 1927)
* 1852 – Charles Cruft, English businessman (d. 1938)
* 1867 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist and narrator, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1936)
* 1871 – Sergei Bulgakov, Russian theologian and philosopher (d. 1944)
* 1873 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon, won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1944)
* 1875 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941)
* 1876 – Robert Guérin, French sports official, 1st President of FIFA (d. 1952)
* 1883 – Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
* 1884 – Lamina Sankoh, Sierra Leonean banker and politician (d. 1964)
* 1888 – George Challenor, Barbadian cricketer (d. 1947)
* 1890 – Howard Drew, American sprinter (d. 1957)
* 1891 – Carl Panzram, American serial killer (d. 1930)

### 1901 – 1950

* 1902 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979)
* 1906 – Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German–American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1972)
* 1912 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, German physicist and philosopher (d. 2007)
* 1913 – Franz Antel, Austrian movie maker (d. 2007)
* 1914 – Lester Flatt, bluegrass musician (d. 1979)
* 1915 – David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues musician (d. 2011)
* 1917 – Albert De Cleyn, Belgian footballer (d. 1990)
* 1918 – William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1999)
* 1921 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India, 1991 – 1996 (d. 2004)
* 1923 – Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
* 1923 – Conte Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2001)
* 1923 – Pete Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2008)
* 1925 – Giselher Klebe, German composer (d. 2009)
* 1926 – Mel Brooks, American actor, director and filmmaker
* 1927 – Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist (d. 2012)
* 1928 – Hans Blix, Swedish politician and diplomat
* 1930 – Itamar Franco, former President of Brazil (d. 2011)
* 1930 – Jack Gold, British movie director (d. 2015)
* 1930 – William C. Campbell, Irish–American biologist and parasitologist
* 1931 – Hans Alfredsson, Swedish actor, movie director, writer and comedian
* 1932 – Pat Morita, American actor (d. 2005)
* 1934 – Carl Levin, United States Senator (d. 2021)
* 1934 – Georges Wolinski, French cartoonist (d. 2015)
* 1934 – Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell, Irish lawyer and judge
* 1935 – John Inman, English actor and singer (d. 2007)
* 1936 – Chuck Howley, American football player
* 1938 – Moy Yat, martial artist
* 1938 – Leon Panetta, American politician
* 1940 – Karpal Singh, Malaysian lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
* 1940 – Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi banker and economist, Nobel Peace Prize winner
* 1941 – David Lloyd Johnston, 28th Governor General of Canada
* 1941 – Joseph Goguen, American scientist (d. 2006)
* 1942 – Chris Hani, South African politician (d. 1993)
* 1942 – Rupert Sheldrake, British writer, biochemist and parapsychologist
* 1943 – Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
* 1945 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (d. 1989)
* 1946 – Gilda Radner, American actress and comedienne (d. 1989)
* 1946 – Jaime Guzman, Chilean politician (d. 1991)
* 1946 – John Michael Lounge, American astronaut (d. 2011)
* 1947 – Mark Helprin, American writer
* 1948 – Kathy Bates, American actress
* 1948 – Clarence Thomas, United States Supreme Court justice
* 1948 – Robin Dunbar, British anthropologist and evolutionary biologist

### 1951 – 1975

* 1951 – Mark Shand, English conservationist and author, brother of Queen Camilla (d. 2014)
* 1951 – Lalla Ward, English actress
* 1951 – Walter Alva, Peruvian archaeologist
* 1952 – Ray Ashcroft, English actor
* 1952 – Pietro Mennea, Italian athlete and politician (d. 2013)
* 1952 – John Patrick Lowrie, American voice actor, actor, musician and author
* 1952 – Jean-Christophe Rufin, French physician and author
* 1953 – Gernot Rohr, German footballer and manager
* 1954 – A. A. Gill, British journalist, author and critic (d. 2016)
* 1954 – Alice Krige, actress
* 1957 – Georgi Parvanov, former President of Bulgaria
* 1957 – Jim Spanarkel, American basketball player and sportscaster
* 1958 – Donna Edwards, American lawyer, politician and writer
* 1959 – Clint Boon, English singer and keyboardist
* 1960 – John Elway, American football player
* 1961 – Jeff Malone, American basketball player and coach
* 1963 – Charlie Clouser, American musician (Nine Inch Nails)
* 1964 – Mark Grace, American Major League Baseball player
* 1964 – Sabrina Ferilli, Italian actress
* 1964 – Tommy Lynn Sells, American serial killer (d. 2014)
* 1966 – John Cusack, American actor
* 1966 – Mary Stuart Masterson, American actress, director and producer
* 1967 – Lars Riedel, German athlete
* 1967 – Leona Aglukkaq, Canadian politician
* 1967 – Gil Bellows, Canadian actor
* 1968 – Adam Woodyatt, English actor
* 1969 – Ayelet Zurer, Israeli actress
* 1969 – Stéphane Chapuisat, Swiss footballer
* 1971 – Sean Dyche, English football manager
* 1971 – Fabien Barthez, French footballer
* 1971 – Lorenzo Amoruso, Italian footballer
* 1971 – Bobby Hurley, American basketball player
* 1971 – Elon Musk, South African–American entrepreneur
* 1971 – Louise Mensch, English politician and author
* 1972 – Ngo Bao Chau, Vietnamese mathematician
* 1972 – Alessandro Nivola, American actor
* 1972 – Jon Heidenreich, American professional wrestler
* 1973 – Adrian Annus, hammer thrower
* 1973 – André Lange, German bobsledder
* 1974 – Rob Dyrdek, American skateboarder, actor and producer
* 1975 – Ning Baizura, Malaysian singer and producer

### From 1976

* 1977 – Mark Stoermer, American bass player (The Killers)
* 1978 – Simon Larose, tennis player
* 1979 – Felicia Day, American actress and writer
* 1979 – Randy McMichael, American football player
* 1982 – Ibrahim Camejo, Cuban long jumper
* 1982 – Irakli Garibashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia
* 1984 – Tamara Ecclestone, British model and television host
* 1985 – Phil Bardsley, British footballer
* 1986 – Kellie Pickler, American country music singer and songwriter
* 1986 – Suzuko Mimori, Japanese voice actress and singer
* 1987 – Terrence Williams, American basketball player
* 1988 – Kanon Wakeshima, Japanese singer and cellist
* 1989 – Lucy Rose, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1989 – Mark Edward Fischbach, American actor and comedian
* 1990 – Nick Purcell, American actor
* 1990 – Jasmine Richards, Canadian actress
* 1990 – Daisy Turner, English model and actress
* 1991 – Seohyun, South Korean singer, dancer and actress (Girls' Generation)
* 1991 – Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer
* 1993 – Bradley Beal, American basketball player
* 1994 – Anish Giri, Russian–Dutch chess player
* 1994 – Madeline Duggan, English actress
* 1994 – Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
* 1995 – Kare Hedebrandt, Swedish actor

## Deaths

### Up to 1900

* 202 – Yuan Shao, Chinese warlord
* 548 – Theodora I, Byzantine Empress (b. 500)
* 572 – Alboin, Lombard King (b. 530)
* 683 – Pope Leo II (b. 611)
* 767 – Pope Paul I (b. 700)
* 928 – Louis the Blind, King of Provence and Holy Roman Emperor (b. 880)
* 1061 – Floris I, Count of Holland (b. 1020)
* 1175 – Andrey Bogolyubsky, Russian saint (b. 1111)
* 1189 – Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony (b. 1156)
* 1194 – Emperor Xiaozong of Song of China (b. 1127)
* 1385 – Andronikos IV Palaiologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1348)
* 1586 – Primoz Trubar, Slovenian author and reformer (b. 1508)
* 1598 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer (maker of maps) (b. 1527)
* 1716 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (b. 1665)
* 1757 – Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen of Prussia (b. 1687)
* 1813 – Gerhard Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755)
* 1834 – Joseph Bové, Russian architect (b. 1784)
* 1836 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (b. 1751)
* 1880 – Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne, Australian bushrangers, killed at Glenrowan, Victoria.
* 1880 – Texas Jack Omohundro, American cowboy and actor (b. 1848)
* 1881 – Jules Armand Dufaure, 33rd Prime Minister of France (b. 1798)
* 1889 – Maria Mitchell, American astronomer and Women's Rights activist (b. 1818)
* 1892 – Harry Atkinson, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1831)
* 1892 – Alexandros Rhizos Rhankaves, Greek poet and statesman (b. 1810)

### 1901 – 2000

* 1913 – Manoel Ferraz de Campos Sales, President of Brazil (b. 1811)
* 1914 – Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (assassination) (b. 1863)
* 1914 – Archduchess Sophie Chotek, wife of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (b. 1868)
* 1917 – Sven Berggren, Swedish naturalist and botanist (b. 1837)
* 1928 – Ida Ferenczy, lady–in–waiting to Elizabeth of Bavaria (b. 1839)
* 1929 – Edward Carpenter, English poet and philosopher (b. 1844)
* 1935 – Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople (b. 1871)
* 1940 – Italo Balbo, Italian general and politician (b. 1896)
* 1942 – Yanka Kupala, Belarussian writer (b. 1882)
* 1960 – Jake Swirbul, co–founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation
* 1962 – Mickey Cochrane, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1903)
* 1965 – Red Nichols, American jazz musician (b. 1905)
* 1971 – Franz Stangl, Nazi Concentration camp commandant (b. 1908)
* 1974 – Frank Sutton, American actor (b. 1923)
* 1975 – Rod Serling, American scriptwriter, host of *The Twilight Zone* (b. 1924)
* 1976 – Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and movie producer (b. 1927)
* 1978 – Clifford Dupont, President of Rhodesia (b. 1905)
* 1980 – José Iturbi, Spanish musician, conductor (b. 1895)
* 1981 – Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer activist (b. 1958)
* 1989 – Joris Ivens, movie maker (b. 1898)
* 1991 – Henri Lefebvre, French philosopher (b. 1901)
* 1992 – Mikhail Tal, Latvian chess player (b. 1936)
* 1993 – GG Allin, American punk rock singer (b. 1956)
* 1997 – Mrs. Miller, singer (b. 1907)

### From 2001

* 2001 – Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)
* 2001 – Joan Sims, actress (b. 1930)
* 2003 – Wim Slijkhuis, Dutch athlete (b. 1923)
* 2004 – Anthony Buckeridge, writer (b. 1912)
* 2007 – Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)
* 2008 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987)
* 2009 – Billy Mays, American pitchman (b. 1958)
* 2010 – Robert Byrd, American politician, longest–serving United States Senator (b. 1917)
* 2011 – Michael Wenning, American minister (b. 1935)
* 2013 – Peter Lehmann, Australian winemaker (b. 1930)
* 2014 – Meshach Taylor, American actor (b. 1947)
* 2014 – Brian Roe, English cricketer (b. 1939)
* 2014 – Jim Brosnan, American baseball player (b. 1929)
* 2014 – Julio Silva Solar, Chilean lawyer and politician (b. 1926)
* 2015 – Todor Slavov, Bulgarian rally driver (b. 1984)
* 2015 – Jack Carter, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
* 2015 – Wally Stanowski, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1919)
* 2016 – Scotty Moore, American guitarist (b. 1931)
* 2016 – Buddy Ryan, American football coach (b. 1931)
* 2016 – Pat Summitt, American basketball coach (b. 1952)
* 2016 – Zurlon Tipton, American football player (b. 1990)
* 2017 – John Higgins, Scottish footballer (b. 1930)
* 2017 – Wally O'Connell, Australian rugby league player (b. 1923)
* 2017 – Ola Mildred Rexroat, American World War II military official (b. 1917)
* 2018 – Domenico Losurdo, Italian philosopher (b. 1940)
* 2018 – Rob Hiaasen, American journalist and newspaper editor (b. 1959)
* 2018 – Denis Akiyama, Canadian actor (b. 1952)
* 2018 – Christine Nöstlinger, Austrian author (b. 1936)
* 2019 – Willie Frazer, Northern Irish activist (b. 1960)

## Observances

* International LGBT Pride Day
* Saint Irenaeus
* Soviet Occupation Day in Moldova
* Observed as Tau Day by opponents of Pi (Mathematics)