Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Political science

**Political science** is a branch of social science that is concerned with theory, description, analysis and prediction of political behavior, political systems and politics.

Political scientists study the allocation and transfer of power in decision-making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace.

## Related pages

* Law
* Constitutional economics
* Constitutional law
* Debate
* Diplomacy
* Freedom of speech
* Government
* International relations
* Jurisdiction
* Civics
* Nation
* Political economy
* Political philosophy
* Politics
* Policy
* State
* War

* *American Political Science Review* - The Evolution of Political Science Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. APSR Centennial Volume - Special Issue - November 2006

## Other websites

* American Political Science Association
* International Political Science Association
* Political Studies Association of the UK
# Body

A **body** is the physical material of a person or organism. It is only used for organisms which are in one part or whole. There are organisms which change from single cells to whole organisms: for example, slime moulds. For them the term 'body' would mean the multicellular stage. Other uses:

* Plant body
* Cell body: here it may be used for cells like neurons which have long axons (nerve fibres). The cell body is the part with the nucleus in it.

The body of a dead person is also called a corpse or *cadaver*. The dead bodies of vertebrate animals and insects are sometimes called *carcasses*.

The human body has a head, neck, torso, two arms, two legs and the genitals of the groin, which differ between males and females.

The study of the body is anatomy.

The study of the workings of the body is physiology.

The word body is sometimes used in other ways. For example, a lake is a body of water. The laws on a topic are a "body of law". An astronomy object is a "celestial body".

## Related pages

* Human body
# Philosophical logic

Philiosophers use arguments to talk about the concepts and ideas they have. In order to connect these arguments and ideas, and to be able to convince people, they need logic. This kind of logic is known as **philosophical logic**. The logic can be what is called classical logic, but it can also be more complex, such as modal logic. What is commonly used is propositional logic, which extends the classical logic and introduces quantifiiers.

There is also a philiosophy of logic, which is slightly different.

The term philosphical logic is often used to contrast it with mathematical logic, which is used in the natural sciences.
# Tokusatsu

**Tokusatsu** is a Japanese word that means "special effects". It is used to talk about television shows and movies that have superheros, giant monsters, and other science fiction and fantastic themes. Some famous tokusatsu features include Godzilla, *Ultra Series*, *Kamen Rider* and *Super Sentai*.
# Science fiction movie

**Science fiction movies** are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.

Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about the survival.

## Important science fiction novels and films

All written as books, most later filmed.

* *The Time Machine* (1895), a book by H.G. Wells
* *A Trip to the Moon* (French: *Le Voyage dans la lune*) was made by Georges Méliès in 1902. It was one of the first SF films.
* *The Lost World* by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912. Dinosaurs still alive on large plateau in South America.
* *Metropolis* is a silent film about a society in the future. That society has two groups: rich thinkers and poor workers. Fritz Lang made the film in 1927.
* *I, Robot* by Isaac Asimov. 1950.
	+ The *Foundation* series: 1951 to 1986.
* *Jurassic Park* was originally a novel by Michael Crichton in 1990.
* *2001: A Space Odyssey* is a film by Stanley Kubrick. The film shows ideas about human evolution and artificial intelligence. It was released in 1968.
* *Star Wars* movies are amongst the highest grossing science fantasy movies of all time.
* Many works in print by Isaac Asimov are science fiction rather than fantasy.

## Science fiction movies and other genres

Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too.

* *Alien* is also a horror movie.
* *The Road Warrior* is both a science fiction movie and an action movie.
* *Men in Black* is comedy and science fiction.
# Saitama Seibu Lions

| Saitama Seibu Lions |
| --- |
| 埼玉西武ライオンズ |
|  |
| Information |
| League | **Nippon Professional BaseballPacific League (1950–present)** |
| Location | Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan |
| Ballpark | Belluna Dome |
| Year founded | November 26, 1949 (1949-11-26) |
| Nickname(s) | *Shishi* (獅子, lion) |
| PL pennants | **23** (1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2018, 2019) |
| Japan Series championships | **13** (1956, 1957, 1958, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2004, 2008) |
| Former name(s) | * Seibu Lions (1979–2007)
* Crown Lighter Lions (1977–1978)
* Taiheiyo Club Lions (1973–1976)
* Nishitetsu Lions (1951–1972)
* Nishitetsu Clippers (1950)
 |
| Former ballparks | * Heiwadai Stadium (1950–1978)
 |
| Colors | Legend Blue, Lions Blue, Black, Red, White           |
| Mascot | Leo and Lina |
| Playoff berths | **13** (1982, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022) |
| Retired numbers | * 24
 |
| Ownership | Takashi Goto |
| Management | Seibu Railway |
| Manager | Fumiya Nishiguchi |

The **Saitama SEIBU Lions** (Japanese: 埼玉西武ライオンズ, \*Saitama Seibu Raionzu\*) are a Japanese professional baseball team in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball. Since 1978, the club has been owned by Prince Hotels, a subsidiary of the Seibu Railway transport group, and plays its home games at the Seibu Dome in Tokorozawa, Saitama. The team’s mascot is inspired by Leo, the hero of Osamu Tezuka’s manga Kimba the White Lion.

## History

The club was founded in 1950 during the reorganization of Japanese professional baseball into two separate leagues. A founding member of the Pacific League, it was originally known as the *Nishitetsu Clippers* and based in Fukuoka, owned by the Nishi-Nippon Railroad (nicknamed Nishitetsu). The team finished sixth in its inaugural season, then merged with the Nishi-Nippon Pirates to become the *Nishitetsu Lions* in 1951. Over the next decade, the Lions won four Pacific League titles and three consecutive Japan Series championships against the Yomiuri Giants.

The 1960s saw only one league title, and after finishing sixth three years in a row from 1970 to 1972, the club was sold to Fukuoka Baseball Corporation in November 1972. The naming rights were then sold to Taiheiyo Club, the owner of a Fukuoka golf course, becoming the *Taiheiyo Club Lions*, but the team never finished higher than third place. After the 1976 season the naming rights passed to Crown Gas Lighter, and following two disappointing seasons, the franchise was sold to a Seibu Group subsidiary at the end of 1978.

Relocating to Tokorozawa, the team adopted its current name upon the 1979 season. Since then, the Lions have captured 16 Pacific League pennants and ten Japan Series titles.

## Season-by-season record

Team standings since 1950.
## Related pages

* Pacific League
# 1297

1297 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1297 *MCCXCVII* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2050 |
| Armenian calendar | 746 ԹՎ ՉԽԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6047 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1218–1219 |
| Bengali calendar | 704 |
| Berber calendar | 2247 |
| English Regnal year | 25 Edw. 1 – 26 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1841 |
| Burmese calendar | 659 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6805–6806 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙申年 (Fire Monkey) 3993 or 3933     *— to —* 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 3994 or 3934 |
| Coptic calendar | 1013–1014 |
| Discordian calendar | 2463 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1289–1290 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5057–5058 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1353–1354 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1218–1219 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4397–4398 |
| Holocene calendar | 11297 |
| Igbo calendar | 297–298 |
| Iranian calendar | 675–676 |
| Islamic calendar | 696–697 |
| Japanese calendar | Einin 5 (永仁５年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1208–1209 |
| Julian calendar | 1297 *MCCXCVII* |
| Korean calendar | 3630 |
| Minguo calendar | 615 before ROC 民前615年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −171 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1839–1840 |
| Tibetan calendar | མེ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Fire-Monkey) 1423 or 1042 or 270     *— to —* མེ་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Bird) 1424 or 1043 or 271 |

**1297** (MCCXCVII)
was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1297th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 297th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 13th century, and the 8th year of the 1290s decade. As of the start of 1297, the Gregorian calendar was
7 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

## Events

* 8 January – Monaco gains independence.
* English Church refuses to pay taxes, resulting in crisis.
* William Wallace begins his revolt against the English.
* Canonization of Louis IX, King of France
* August 28 – Edward I unsuccessfully invades Flanders.
* September 12 – King Diniz of Portugal and King Fernando IV of Castile signed the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently, with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801.
* September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots of Andrew de Moray and William Wallace defeat English.

## Births

* March 25 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (d. 1364)
* August 14 – Emperor Hanazono of Japan (died 1348)
* Abu al-Hasan 'Ali, Sultan of Morocco (died 1351)
* Charles II of Alençon,Count of Alençon and Perche 1325–1346, Count of Joigny 1335–1336. (Died August 26, 1346)
* Kęstutis, Grand Prince of Lithuania (died 1382)
* Thomas Wake, English baron (died 1349)

## Deaths

* August 19 – Saint Louis of Toulouse, French Catholic bishop (born 1274)
* September 11 – Hugh de Cressingham English Treasurer
* December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English soldier (born 1249)