Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Paul Dukas

Paul Dukas
**Paul Abraham Dukas** (October 1, 1865 – May 17, 1935) was a French composer and teacher of classical music.

## Early life

Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. He was taught music by Théodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy. He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.

## Early works

Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them. Only a few are left. His first important surviving work is the *Symphony in C* (1896). This is in the style of Beethoven and César Franck. Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso.

In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, *L'apprenti sorcier* (English: *The Sorcerer's Apprentice*) based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling". A short version of *The Sorcerer's Apprentice* was used in the Walt Disney film *Fantasia*. Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the *Symphony in C* and *The Sorcerer's Apprentice*.

Paul Dukas and students of his composition class at the Paris Conservatoire, 1929.
## Piano works

For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and *Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau* (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck. The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-André Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts. There are also two smaller works for piano solo.

## Opera

The opera *Ariane et Barbe-Bleue* ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's *Pelléas et Mélisande*. This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck. Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet *La Péri* (1912). This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.

Because the opening of the ballet is very quiet, Dukas later added a short 'Fanfare pour preceder La Peri' which gave the usually noisy audiences time to settle in their seats before the main opera began.

## Teacher

In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquín Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Duruflé, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chávez, and David Van Vactor. After Dukas died he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

## Music

### Piano

* *Piano Sonata* (1900)
* *Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau* (1902)
* *Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn* (1906)
* *La Plainte, au loin, du Faune* (1920)

### Orchestra

* *Symphony in C Major* (1896)
* *The Sorcorer's Apprentice*, a symphonic scherzo (1897)
* *Villanelle for Horn & Orchestra* (1906)
* *Ariane et Barbe-bleue* (1907)
* *La Peri* (1912)
* *Sonnet de Ronsard*, for Voice & Piano (1924)
# Aviation

**Aviation** refers to flying using an aircraft, like an aeroplane. It also includes the activities and industries related to flight, such as air traffic control. The biggest of the many uses of aviation are in air travel and military combat.

## History

First powered heavier-than-air flight, December 17, 1903
Humans first built devices to fly in the air a long time ago. In the sixth century, Yuan Huangtou from China created a kite. Some primitive types of parachutes and gliders were also created in North Africa.

The modern age of aviation started on November 21, 1783, when the Montgolfier brothers flew in their hot air balloon. Airships followed. On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first flight in an aeroplane which was heavier than air; their invention is known as the first aeroplane.

Military aircraft became somewhat important in World War I. In the 1930s airliners began carrying many passengers. Jet engines began flying in fighter aircraft in World War II and in airliners in the 1950s.
# Hudson River

Photograph of the Hudson River looking north from the Bear Mountain Bridge
The **Hudson River** is in the State of New York and New Jersey in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson.

The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now.

The lower part of this river is the border between New York from New Jersey and is sometimes called the **North River**.

## Bridges that cross the Hudson River

* George Washington Bridge
* Tappan Zee Bridge
* Bear Mountain Bridge
* Hamilton Fish Newburgh-Beacon Bridge
* Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge
* Kingston Rhinecliff Bridge
* Rip van Winkle Bridge
* New York Thruway (Interstate 90-Interstate 87) Bridge
* Interstate 90 Bridge
# Clambake

The **clambake** or **clam bake**, also known as the **New England clambake**, is a traditional method of cooking seafood, such as lobster, mussels, crabs, scallops, soft-shell clams, and quahogs. The food is traditionally cooked by steaming the ingredients over layers of seaweed in a pit oven. The shellfish can be supplemented with vegetables, such as onions, carrots, and corn on the cob. Clambakes are usually held on festive occasions along the coast of New England, and at fundraisers and political events. Some restaurants and caterers offer clambake-style food.
# Food and Agriculture Organization

The **Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations** (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to stop hunger established on 16 October 1945.

It serves both developed and developing countries and acts as a neutral form where all nations meet as equals. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.

## FAO offices

### Regional offices

* Regional Office for Africa in Accra, Ghana
* Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean Archived 2009-10-07 at the Wayback Machine in Santiago, Chile
* Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Archived 2009-11-09 at the Wayback Machine in Bangkok, Thailand
* Regional Office for the Near East in Cairo, Egypt
* Regional Office for Europe at FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy

### Subregional offices

* Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine in Harare, Zimbabwe
* Subregional Office for the Pacific Islands Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine in Apia, Samoa
* Subregional Office for Central and Eastern Europe in Budapest, Hungary
* Subregional Office for the Caribbean Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine in Bridgetown, Barbados
* Subregional Office For North Africa Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine in Tunis, Tunisia

### Liaison offices

* Liaison Office with the United Nations in Geneva Archived 2009-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Liaison Office for North America in Washington D.C.
* Liaison Office with the United Nations in New York
* Liaison Office with Japan in Yokohama Archived 2007-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Liaison Office with the European Union and Belgium in Brussels Archived 2007-08-04 at the Wayback Machine

## Related pages

* World Food Programme

## Other websites

* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
	+ Fact sheets / features / press releases
	+ FAO Statistics Division Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
	+ FAOSTAT website
	+ TeleFood Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
	+ World Food Day
	+ Avian Flu Archived 2006-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
# Tandoor

Tandoors.
Flatbread being cooked in a tandoor.
A **tandoor** is a cylindrical vertical clay or metal oven used in baking. It has been known to be used in some cuisines such as India.