Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# 1860s

The **1860s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1860 and ended on December 31, 1869. It is distinct from the decade known as the '''187st decade''' which began on January 1, 1861 and ended on December 31, 1870.

## The most important events

* The Civil War in the United States

## Sports

College football is first played in 1869.

## World leaders

* Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
* Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
* Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
* King William I, German Emperor (Germany)
* King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
* Pope Pius IX
* Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
* Queen Isabella II (Spain)
* Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
* President James Buchanan (United States)
* President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
* President Andrew Johnson (United States)
* President Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America)
* President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
* Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
* Emperor Kōmei (Japan)
* Emperor Meiji (Japan)
* Emperor Xianfeng (China)
* Emperor Tongzhi (China)
# Sturmabteilung

*Sturmabteilung*| SA insignia |
|  Adolf Hitler and Ernst Röhm inspecting the SA in Nuremberg in 1933 |
| Agency overview |
| Formed | 1920 |
| Dissolved | May 8, 1945 |
| Superseding agency | * *Schutzstaffel* (c. 1934 onwards)
 |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Jurisdiction | * Weimar Republic
* Nazi Germany
 |
| Headquarters | SA High Command, Barerstraße, Munich ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Ministers responsible | * Emil Maurice (1920–1921), *Oberster SA-Führer*
* Hans Ulrich Klintzsch (1921–1923), *Oberster SA-Führer*
* Hermann Göring (1923), *Oberster SA-Führer*
* Franz Pfeffer von Salomon (1926–1930), *Oberster SA-Führer*
* Adolf Hitler (1930–1945), *Oberster SA-Führer*
 |
| Agency executives | * Otto Wagener (1929–1931), *Stabschef-SA*
* Ernst Röhm (1931–1934), *Stabschef-SA*
* Viktor Lutze (1934–1943), *Stabschef-SA*
* Wilhelm Schepmann (1943–1945), *Stabschef-SA*
 |
| Parent agency | Nazi Party (NSDAP) |
| Child agency | * Schutzstaffel (until c. July 1934)
 |

The **Sturmabteilung** (listen; often shortened to **SA** or **Storm Division**) was the Nazi Party's paramilitary group (its militia). They were nicknamed "Brownshirts" for their uniforms. The SA was formed in 1920 and had several leaders, including Ernst Röhm.The SA helped Adolf Hitler rise to power in the 1930s. The Nazi *Schutzstaffel* (SS) replaced the SA in 1934 after the Night of the Long Knives (where Röhm was killed).

## Purpose

The SA's biggest purposes were to:

* Help the Nazis rise to power
* Protect Nazi rallies and gatherings
* Intimidate Jews, Roma people, and trade unionists
* Disrupt the meetings of other political parties
* Fight the paramilitary units of these other parties, especially the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party of Germany

The SA have been called "the gangsters of the early days of Nazi terrorism".

## The SS replaces the SA

*Main article: The Night of the Long Knives*

The SS began as a small part of the SA but later replaced it. The Army and other conservatives disliked the SA. In 1934 Adolf Hitler launched the Night of the Long Knives, a purge that lasted from June 30 to July 2. In the purge, the SS arrested and killed the SA's leaders. Then the SS replaced the SA as the Nazi Party's paramilitary wing.

## Names

The word *Sturmabteilung* was used even before the Nazi Party was founded in 1919.

Literally, it means “assault detachment” or “assault section”. The word "assault" here means "military attack." *Sturmabteilung* originally described Germany's specialized assault troops in World War I, who used *Hutier* infiltration tactics. The name is often translated to English as "Storm Troopers" or "Storm Division".

During their time, the SA were often called the *Braunhemden* (Brownshirts) because they wore brown uniforms. (Similarly, Mussolini's paramilitary wing were nicknamed the *Camicia Nera* - the "Blackshirts" - because of their black uniforms.)

## Related pages

* Nazi Germany
* Nazi Party
* Night of the Long Knives
* Ernst Röhm
* Paramilitary

## Other websites

* The night of long knives Archived 2004-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
# Walther Funk

Walther Funk (1945)
**Walther Emanuel Funk** (18 August 1890 in Trakehnen - 31 May 1960 in Düsseldorf) was a German journalist. During the time of the Third Reich he was a minister for economics and the president of the Reichsbank after Hermann Göring one of the Senior SA/Gestapo Officers became a Wehrmacht Military Officer in the Wehrmacht’s Luftwaffe (Air Force branch) which served alongside with the Regular German Army and the regular German Navy in the military. Walther Funk was born in Konigsberg, Prussia, Germany on 18 August 1890. Walther Funk never volunteered for military service in the Imperial German Army of Germany . Funk was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sent to prison for life, but was set free in 1958. And died in Düsseldorf in North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany in 1960 aged 69.
# Knight Bachelor

Knight Bachelor
In the United Kingdom, a **Knight Bachelor** is a man who is a knight, (has the title *Sir*) but who is neither a:

* senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
* a baronet.

In the 1920s, the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.

The title is not hereditary, so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.

Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)

Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc., or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.

The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul". They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney". The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").
# Tail

A dog with a raised tail
A **tail** is the section at the rear end of an animal's body. Most animals have tails, like cats, dogs, whales, fish, cheetahs, and monkeys. The official name, almost never used, is "caudal appendage".

Many animals on land have a tail, even though they evolved in different lines of descent like reptiles and mammals did.

Signalling to each other is one function (see dogs for example). Balance, especially in trees, is another. Another thing to think about is the change from dinosaur tails to bird tails. Bird tails directly steer flying. They also have a signalling function. Don't forget insect tails. In flying insects they do help steering, much as bird tails do. In fish it's all about propulsion.

Humans don't have a tail. That puts us in a minority of simians which are tailless. It's not obvious why, though it perhaps has something to do with our upright stance. Unlike monkeys, apes have no tail. It's certainly seems easier to sit down with no tail, but monkeys manage with tails pretty well.

Some species of lizard can detach (drop off) their tails from their bodies. This can help them to escape predators. The predator is either distracted by the wriggling, detached tail or left with only the tail while the lizard escapes.
# Emerson, Lake & Palmer

| Emerson, Lake & Palmer |
| --- |
|  |
| Background information |
| Origin | Croydon, London, England |
| Genres | Progressive rock, psychedelic rock |
| Years active | 1970–1979, 1991–1998, 2010 |
| Labels | Manticore, Atlantic, Cotillion, Island, Sanctuary, Rhino, Shout! Factory, Victor, Sony Music, Orizzonte, Razor & Tie, Victory, Eagle |
|  |
| Past member(s) | Keith Emerson Greg Lake Carl Palmer |
| Website | www.emersonlakepalmer.com |

**Emerson, Lake & Palmer** were an English progressive rock group. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 30 million albums and headlining huge concerts.

## Members

* Keith Emerson: keyboards
* Greg Lake: vocals, bass, guitars, production
* Carl Palmer: drums, percussion

## Discography

Studio albums
1. *Emerson, Lake & Palmer* (1970)
2. *Tarkus* (1971)
3. *Trilogy* (1972)
4. *Brain Salad Surgery* (1973)
5. *Works Volume 1* (1977)
6. *Works Volume 2* (1977)
7. *Love Beach* (1978)
8. *Black Moon* (1992)
9. *In the Hot Seat* (1994)
# COVID-19 pandemic in Austria

| COVID-19 pandemic in Austria |
| --- |
|
Cumulative cases by district, per 100k    300 to < 350 per 1.000.000
   350 to < 400 per 1.000.000
   400 to < 450 per 1.000.000
   450 to < 500 per 1.000.000
   500 to < 550 per 1.000.000
   550 to < 600 per 1.000.000
   600 to < 650 per 1.000.000
   650 to < 700 per 1.000.000
   700 to < 750 per 1.000.000
   750 to < 800 per 1.000.000
COVID-19 Deaths in Austrian states (per 1m) |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Austria |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | Ischgl |
| Arrival date | 8 February 2020 (6 years, 4 months, 1 week and 6 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 6,083,790 |
| Deaths | 22,534 |
| Fatality rate | 0.37% |
| Vaccinations | * 6,899,873 (total vaccinated)
* 6,683,263 (fully vaccinated)
* 20,468,732 (doses administered)
 |
| Government website |
| Ministry of the Interior (in German) |

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic spread to Austria on 25 February 2020, when a pair of cases were confirmed.

## Cases

The first cases involved a 24-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman who were travelling from Lombardy, Italy, and were treated at a hospital in Innsbruck.

On 12 March 2020, Austria confirmed the first death of COVID-19, a 69-year-old man from Vienna died in Vienna's Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital.

## Response

On 10 March 2020, the government announced that all universities would close their classes at the latest by 16 March.

All outdoor events with more than 500 people and all indoor events with more than 100 people were cancelled. All children older than 14 years old were ordered to stay at home, starting 15 March, with the younger children starting 17 March. This applied until 4 April.

Travel restrictions for people coming from Italy are created. The government asked the general public to avoid social contact and announced even further restrictions to be made soon.
# Nina Hillman

| Nina Hillman |
| --- |
| 牧野ヒルマン仁菜 |
| Makino in May 2022 |
| Born | Nina Makino-Hillman  (2005-02-27) February 27, 2005 Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Other names | * Nina Hillman
* Nina
 |
| Occupations | * Actress
* Singer
* Model
* Rapper
 |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| **Musical career** |
| Genres | * J-pop
* K-pop
 |
| Labels | * JYP
* Sony Music
 |
| Member of | * NiziU
* JYP Nation
 |
|  |
| Signature |
|  |

**Nina Makino-Hillman** (牧野ヒルマン仁菜, *born February 27, 2005*), known professionally as **Nina Hillman**, is an American-Japanese actress, idol singer and model. She made her debut in the Japanese group NiziU in December 2020.

## Early life

Hillman was born on February 27, 2005 in Seattle, Washington, United States. She was born to a Japanese mother and an American father of French descent. She is the youngest of two siblings and has an older sister. Her family moved to Japan in 2018.

## Career

While at ACT (A Contemporary Theatre), Nina starred as Trixie in *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* (2015). Nina was the understudy for the musical theatre performance *The Secret Garden* for the role of Mary Lennox.
Nina participated in JYP Entertainment's reality survival program Nizi Project where she competed against 12 finalists to secure a spot in the label's next girl group. Coming in ninth place, she went on to join the new girl group, which was later revealed to be named NiziU.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *Bloody Friend* | Mai | Live-action film |  |
| 2019 | *Shiba Park* |  | Cameo |  |

### Series

| Year | Title | Role | Network | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Divine Shadow* | Mieu Everest | 4 Spot Television | Actress |  |
| 2020 | *Nizi Project* | Herself | Hulu Japan, Nippon TV | Reality competition show; finished in 9th place |  |
# NASDAQ

**NASDAQ** is a stock exchange in New York City. It stands for **National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations**. About 3,800 companies trade on it. It is owned by a company called Nasdaq, Inc.

NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD).

In 2023 it bought the financial software company Adenza, for $10.5 billion.

NASDAQ is a financial services corporation.
# Manga

A **manga** (Japanese: 漫画) is a Japanese comic book.

Manga is drawn by a *mangaka* (Japanese: 漫画家) (Japanese for cartoonist: an artist of comics). Manga is usually read from right to left.

The word manga can be both singular and plural, and mean both the medium of comics or a single comic. It is a form of art that is used to draw comics and develop anime (animation of manga art). Colors and symbols are important.

Example of a manga
## Types

* Yōji (幼児向け漫画) - manga for children aged 1–4
* Kodomo (or Jidō) manga (児童漫画、子ども漫画) - manga that appeals to many small children
	+ *Doraemon (famous worldwide)*
	+ *Kureyon Shinchan*
* Shōnen (少年漫画) - A boy is usually the main character in these types of manga. The storyline is mostly about adventure/fighting.
	+ *Weekly Shōnen Jump* (published by Shueisha)
		- *Bleach*
		- *Naruto*
		- *Black Clover*
		- *One Piece*
		- *Dragon Ball*
		- *The Prince of Tennis*
		- *Gintama*
		- *Death Note*
	+ *Weekly Shōnen Sunday* (published by Shōgakukan)
		- *InuYasha*
		- *Detective Conan*
		- *Major*
		- *Magi*
	+ *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* (published by Kōdansha)
		- *Fairy Tail*
		- *Fighting Spirit (manga)*
	+ *Monthly GFantasy* (published by Square Enix)
		- *Black Butler*
* Shōjo (少女漫画) - Manga that features human emotions and relationships. Mostly for girls aged 13–17.
	+ *Ciao* (published by Shogakukan)
	+ *ChuChu* (published by Shogakukan)
	+ *Sho-Comi* (published by Shogakukan)
	+ *Ribon* (published by Shueisha)
	+ *Nakayoshi* (published by Kodansha)
		- *Sailor Moon* - an example of *shōjo* manga published by *Nakayoshi*
	+ *LaLa* (published by Hakusensha)
	+ *Hana to Yume* (published by Hakusensha)
* Seinen - manga that is written for college-aged young men
	+ *Young animal* (published by Hakusensha)
		- *Berserk*
		- *Nana to Kaoru*
		- *Futari Ecchi*
		- *Ai Yori Aoshi*
	+ *Young King OURs* (published by Shōnen Gahōsha)
		- *Hellsing*
	+ *Young Ace* (published by Kadokawa Shoten)
		- *Another*
* Seijin (成人漫画) - manga that might appeal to men more than women
* Josei/Redikomi (女性漫画　レディースコミック、レディコミ) - (abbreviation of English "LADIes' COMIc") manga that might appeal to women more than men
* Shōnen-ai (少年愛) - manga that features a romantic relationship between two male characters. Also known as Yaoi
* Shōjo-ai (少女愛) - manga that features a romantic relationship between two female characters. Also known as Yuri (百合).

## Related pages

* Anime
* Cosplay
* Mangaka
* Light novel
* Otaku
* Hentai
* Ecchi
* Manhwa – Korean comic books
# Mike Crapo

| Mike Crapo |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| United States Senator from Idaho |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  January 3, 1999Serving with Jim Risch |
| Preceded by | Dirk Kempthorne |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Idaho's 2nd district |
| **In office** January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 |
| Preceded by | Richard Stallings |
| Succeeded by | Mike Simpson |
| 37th President pro tempore of the Idaho Senate |
| **In office** December 1, 1988 – December 1, 1992 |
| Preceded by | Jim Risch |
| Succeeded by | Jerry Twiggs |
| Member of the Idaho Senate from the 32nd district |
| **In office** December 1, 1984 – December 1, 1992 |
| Preceded by | ??? |
| Succeeded by | Mel Richardson |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1951-05-20) May 20, 1951 Idaho Falls, Idaho |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Susan Hasleton (1974–present) |
| Children | 5 |
| Alma mater | Brigham Young University Harvard Law School |
| Website | Senate website |

**Mike Crapo** (born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1999. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1999.

Crapo was born on May 20, 1951 in Idaho Falls, Idaho. He studied at Brigham Young University and at Harvard Law School. He is married to Susan Hasleton. They have five children.

## Other websites

 Media related to Mike Crapo at Wikimedia Commons

* Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page
# Navratri

Navaratri is a Hindu festival in which the nine incarnations of goddess Durga are worshipped. Followers of Shaktism believe that Durga blesses her devotees during this festival. During this festival, people usually fast for nine days and each day people worship a different form of goddess Durga because this festival is all about honouring goddess Durga. The Gujrati people perform a very special dance called garba every night during this festival . Enormous garba nights are arranged not only in Gujarat but also in the other states of India.
# Bridge

The Iron Bridge, 1781, was the first cast iron bridge
Bridge crossing river d'Ebre, Catalonia.
The longest suspension bridge in the world connects Honshu to Shikoku, Japan.
A **bridge** is a structure to cross an open space or gap. Bridges are mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads. Nowadays most big bridges are made to carry vehicles but people have also walked across bridges for thousands of years. Bridges called highway overpasses carry a road over another road.

Military bridges are portable, so that they may be easily moved to where they are needed. This makes them much more complex than most civilian bridges.

The first man-made bridges were probably made from cut wood or stones. Some stone bridges have lasted thousands of years. In recent centuries large bridges are made mostly of steel. They do not last as long. Many bridges are in a state of disrepair.

## Types of bridges

There are five major structural types of bridges:

* Beam bridges
* cantilever bridges,
* arch bridges
* suspension bridges and
* cable-stayed bridges

 Media related to Bridges at Wikimedia Commons
# Alloy

Astrolabe of brass alloy (Copper and zinc).
An **alloy** is a uniform mixture. It is made up of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal. An alloy has properties different from the metals it is made of.

Most alloys are made by melting the metals, mixing them while they are liquid to form a solution, then leaving them to cool and turn solid again.

## Theory

Combining a pure metal with one or more other metals or non-metals often makes it better. For example, steel is an alloy made from iron but it is stronger than iron. Physical properties like density, reactivity and electrical and thermal (heat) conductivity may not be much different than the elements (substances) which make the alloy. But, properties like strength can be very much different.

The first alloy to be discovered was Bronze. Bronze is made from copper and tin. Bronze was discovered a very long time ago in the prehistoric period. Then, bronze was being used for making tools and weapons. This period was known as Bronze Age. But, later better alloys were discovered which replaced bronze for making tools and weapons. Now, bronze is used for making ornaments, statues, and bells. Brass is another alloy made from copper and zinc.

Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to liquid. Most alloys do not have a single melting point. They have a melting range in which the alloy is a mixture of solid and liquid stages. The temperature at which melting just starts is called solidus and the temperature at which the melting is just finished is called liquidus.

## Terms related to alloys

The term alloy means a mixture of atoms in which the main substance or the primary constituent is a metal. This primary metal is called the *base* or *matrix*.

If an alloy has only two types of atoms, like copper-nickel alloy, then such an alloy is called *binary alloy*. If an alloy has three types of atoms, like iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a *ternary alloy*. An alloy with four types of atoms is called a *quaternary alloy* and an alloy with five types of atoms is called a *quinary alloy*.

Different varieties or forms of alloys can be made from the same constituent materials (substances from which the alloy is formed). These different forms or varieties can be formed by using different amounts of the constituents.

## Some common alloys

There are some common **alloys**:

* Brass is made of 35% zinc and 65% copper and is used for musical instruments, jewellery, faucets and decorative hardware.
* Stainless steel is mostly iron, plus more than 11% chromium, and various amounts of nickel and carbon and is used for tableware, cookware and surgical tools.
* Steel is made of 99% iron and 1% carbon and is used for tools, car bodies, machinery, girders and rails.
* Bronze is made of mostly copper and some tin and is used for boat hardware, screws and grill work.
* Alnico is a mix of aluminium, nickel and cobalt, and it is used to make permanent magnets.
* Amalgams are alloys of mercury with another metal, and are used in dental fillings.
* Electrum is a natural mix of gold and silver.
# Project Gutenberg

**Project Gutenberg** (PG) is an online project that offers a digital archive of copyright-free e-books in the public domain. It was started in 1971 by Michael S. Hart. The purpose of the Project is to collect in and make available cultural work (like books) using computers. These are generally free and may be used on most computers. The project gets its name from Johannes Gutenberg, a German publisher who made the first European printing press in 1439.

As Project Gutenberg continued to grow, in 2000, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was created. It is a non-profit organization with main office in Mississippi, United States.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Albrandswaard

| Albrandswaard |
| --- |
| Municipality |
| View of Albrandswaard |
| FlagSeal |
| Albrandswaard |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Country |  Netherlands |
| Province |  Zuid-Holland |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | Jolanda de Witte |
| Area |
|  • Total | 21.69 km2 (8.37 sq mi) |
| Population (January 1, 2001) |
|  • Total | 17,719 |
|  • Density | 816.9/km2 (2,116/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Postal code(s) | 3160–3162, 3165, 3170–3176 |
| Area code(s) | 010 |
| CIN | 0613 |
| Website | Official website |

**Albrandswaard** is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 25,271 people lived there.

Albrandswaard has two settlements: Rhoon and Poortugaal.
# Nocturne

A **nocturne** is a form of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night (“nocturnal” means “of the night”). The Italian term *Notturno* has appeared in 18th-century music, but the Irish composer John Field was the first person to use the name *Nocturne* for his music. He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century). His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over. Frédéric Chopin expanded the form.

## Related pages

* Nocturnes (Debussy)
* Serenade