Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# John Paul Getty Jr.

| SirPaul GettyKBE |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Eugene Paul Getty (1932-09-07)7 September 1932 near Genoa, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 17 April 2003(2003-04-17) (aged 70) Westminster, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | St. Ignatius College Preparatory |
| Alma mater | University of San Francisco |
| Spouses | * Abigail Harris
​ ​(m. 1956; div. 1964)​
* Talitha Pol
​ ​(m. 1966; died 1971)​
* Victoria Holdsworth ​(m. 1994)​
 |
| Children | John Paul Getty III Mark Getty Aileen Getty Ariadne Getty Tara Gabriel Getty |
| Parents | * J. Paul Getty (father)
* Ann Rork Light (mother)
 |
| Family | Getty |

**Sir Paul Getty** KBE (/ˈɡɛti/; born **Eugene Paul Getty**; 7 September 1932 – 17 April 2003), was known widely as **John Paul Getty Jr.**.

He was a British philanthropist and book collector. He was the third of five sons born to J. Paul Getty (1892–1976), one of the richest men in the world at the time. His mother was J. Paul Getty's fourth wife, Ann Rork. The Getty family's wealth was the result of the oil business. One of his sons, Mark Getty, co-founded the visual media company Getty Images.

At birth, he was given the name Eugene Paul Getty, but in later life, he adopted other names, including Paul Getty, John Paul Getty, Jean Paul Getty Jr. and John Paul Getty II.

In 1973, his son John Paul Getty III was held captive in Italy, as J. Paul Getty refused to pay a ransom. In 1986, he was awarded an honorary knighthood for services to causes ranging from cricket, to art and to the Conservative Party. His honorary knighthood would eventually become substantive when he became a British citizen.

A long-time Anglophile, he became a British citizen in 1997. In 1998, he changed his name by deed poll when he renounced the first name Eugene and wished to be known as Sir Paul Getty, KBE.
# The Sports Network

**The Sports Network** (commonly known as **TSN**) is a Canadian English language cable television specialty channel and is Canada's first English language sports television channel. TSN started in 1984, in the second group of Canadian specialty cable channels. TSN is owned by CTV Speciality Television Inc; a division of Bell Media (80%) and ESPN (20%).

## Programming

**TSN features a variety of live sports programming, such as**:

* NHL hockey
* CFL football
* NFL football
* Curling
* NBA basketball
* IIHF Hockey Events
* Olympics
* NASCAR, along with other automobile competitions
* PGA Tour
* NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, along with other NCAA basketball
* NCAA and CIS football
* Miscellaneous soccer

**TSN also features original TV shows about sports, including: *SportsCentre* *(not to be confused with ESPN's SportsCenter)*
* *Off the Record*
* *That's Hockey*
* *That's Hockey 2nite*

**TSN also airs non-original TV shows centred around sports, including ESPN's *Pardon the Interruption*
* ESPN's *Around The Horn*
# ESPN Classic

**ESPN Classic** was an American multinational pay television network. It owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and Hearst Communications. It was originally launched as the Classic Sports Network in 1995. The channel ceased operations on December 31, 2021.
# ESPN College Football

ESPN College Football is an American sports television series that was both originally aired on ESPN since December 11, 1982 and ABC since September 2, 2006.
# Monday Night Football

**ESPN Monday Night Football** is a television show about the NFL which is broadcast on the channel ESPN and ABC and is on every Monday during the NFL season. Monday Night Football's first run was on September 21, 1970. It is currently airing.
# ESPNews

**ESPNews** (pronounced "ESPN News", stylized ESPNEWS) is an American multinational digital cable and satellite television network owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company (which owns a controlling 80% stake) and Hearst Communications (which owns the remaining 20%).

ESPNews|  |
| Country | United States |
| Broadcast area | Nationwide |
| Headquarters | Bristol, Connecticut |
| Programming |
| Language(s) | English |
| Picture format | 720p (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed |
| Ownership |
| Owner | ESPN Inc. (The Walt Disney Company (80%) Hearst Communications (20%)) |
| History |
| Launched | November 1, 1996 (1996-11-01) |
# Parag Agrawal

| Parag Agrawal |
| --- |
| Agrawal in 2005 |
| Born |  (1984-05-21) 21 May 1984 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (B.Tech) Stanford University (MS, PhD) |
| Title | Former CTO and later CEO of Twitter |
| Predecessor | Jack Dorsey |
| Children | 1 |

**Parag Agrawal** is an Indian-American technologist. He was the chief technology officer (CTO) of Twitter.
# Vine (service)

**Vine** (/vaɪn/) was an American short-form video hosting service where users shared six-second-long, looping video clip's. It was founded in June 2012. Twitter bought it in October 2012, before its launch on January 24, 2013.

Videos were published through Vine's social network, and could be shared on other platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. The Vine app could be used to browse videos, along with groups of videos by theme, and "trending" videos. Vine competed with other social-media services such as Instagram and Mobli.

By December 2015, Vine had 200 million active users. On October 27, 2016, Twitter announced it would disable uploads, but viewing and download would continue to work.

On January 20, 2017, Twitter launched an Internet archive of all Vine videos, allowing people to watch previously uploaded videos. The archive was discontinued in 2019.
# Water table

Cross section showing the water table varying with surface topography as well as a perched water table
The **water table** is the level where the ground will be filled with water if you go any lower.

The water table is the top of an underground surface where the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water.

The groundwater (fresh water found underground) may come from precipitation or from water flowing into the aquifer.
# White-collar worker

Office workers are an example of white-collar workers
A **white-collar worker** is a worker who has a high salary for doing a job that needs a lot of skill but do not do jobs that need a lot of labor like a blue-collar worker. They are also called "shirt and tie" workers and got the name "white-collar worker" because many of them would wear good clothes with white collars. An example of a white-collar worker is a person who works at an office or at a desk. White collar workers usually make more money then blue-collar workers.
# iPadOS

iPadOS| Logo |
| Developer | Apple Inc. |
| Written in | C, C++, Objective-C, Swift, assembly language |
| OS family | Unix-like, based on Darwin (BSD), iOS |
| Working state | Current |
| Source model | Closed source |
| Initial release | September 24, 2019 (2019-09-24) |
| Latest release | iPadOS 18.6.2 released August 20, 2025 (2025-08-20) |
| Marketing target | Tablet computers |
| Available in | 40 languages |
| Update method | OTA, Software Update, App Store |
| Platforms | * iPad Air 2
* iPad Air (3rd generation)
* iPad Air (4th generation)
* iPad Air (5th generation)
* iPad (5th generation)
* iPad (6th generation)
* iPad (7th generation)
* iPad (8th generation)
* iPad (9th generation)
* iPad Mini 4
* iPad Mini (5th generation)
* iPad Mini (6th generation)
* iPad Pro 9.7-inch
* iPad Pro 10.5-inch
* iPad Pro 11-inch (2018) (1st generation)
* iPad Pro 11-inch (2020) (2nd generation)
* iPad Pro 11-inch (2021) (3rd generation)
* iPad Pro 12.9-inch (2015) (1st generation)
* iPad Pro 12.9-inch (2017) (2nd generation)
* iPad Pro 12.9-inch (2018) (3rd generation)
* iPad Pro 12.9-inch (2020) (4th generation)
* iPad Pro 12.9-inch (2021) (5th generation)
 |
| Kernel type | Hybrid (XNU) |
| Default user interface | Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI) |
| License | Proprietary software except for open-source components |
| Preceded by | iOS 12 |
| Official website | www.apple.com/ipados/ |
| Support status |
| Articles in the series |
| iOS 13 (comes from) |

**iPadOS** is a mobile operating system made by Apple Inc. for iPad tablet computers. It was released on September 24, 2019. It replaced iOS 12.
# COVID-19 misinformation

The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 has caused a large number of conspiracy theories and misinformation about where the pandemic started, how serious it is and the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

## Background

According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was also an *infodemic*, with misinformation spreading like disease. This was because social media let information spread quickly, because celebrities sometimes repeated conspiracy theories, and because many people were locked down at home without much else to listen to. When doctors or government officials went on television to say these conspiracy theories were wrong, that only made people think the conspiracy theories were important enough for doctors and officials to talk about. One group of scientists said governments could use conspiracy theories to distract people from real problems.

Fake information has been spread through social media, text messages, and mass media, including the state media of countries such as China, Russia, Iran, and Turkmenistan.

It has been spread by celebrities, politicians (including leaders in countries such as the United States, Iran, and Brazil), and other important public figures. Commercial scams have claimed to offer at-home tests and "miracle" cures.

Other claims include that the virus is a bio-weapon with a patented vaccine, a population control scheme, or the result of a spy operation. Many theories say that there is a link between the virus and Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). They believe that the virus escaped from the WIV by accident.

## Origins of the virus

One survey by Pew Research showed 29% of Americans who answered thought SARS-CoV-2 could have been made in a lab on purpose and 23% thought it could have been made in a lab by accident.

In early May 2020, United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said there was "enormous evidence" that the virus was from a laboratory in Wuhan. but he said it could have been an accident. Intelligence officials and virus scientists said it was more likely that the virus had not come from a lab.

A survey of people in the United Kingdom showed many of them thought COVID-19 was caused by 5G wireless networks.

When the leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, said that he did not want the United States to help his country against coronavirus, he named the idea that Americans had made the virus on purpose to harm Iranians as one of his reasons: "I do not know how real this accusation is but when it exists, who in their right mind would trust you to bring them medication?"

### Scientific studies on the origins of the virus

On March 17, 2020, scientists from Columbia University and other places published a paper in *Nature Medicine* showing that SARS-CoV-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory. They did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other. The scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use. Within a few weeks, this became one of the most cited scientific papers in history, meaning other scientists were reading it and using its information.
# Recommender system

A **recommender system** is usually a computer system which makes suggestions to the user about how to do a task.

What they do is make suggestions rather than actually solve problems. One key objective is to make sure the user has considered standard issues in the domain of choice. By domain is meant subject or topic. It is a weakness of regular AI software that it is not good for problems which involve personal preference or choice. The key concept for a recommender system is "relevance".

It is already clear that many data bases have so much material that manual searches are bound to miss some important items. The first actual mention of the term "recommender system" was in a technical report as a "digital bookshelf" in 1990 by Jussi Karlgren at Columbia University.
# Security hacker

A **security hacker** is a person who looks for ways to break or bypass defenses in a computer system or computer network.
People hack for money, protest, challenge, fun, research, or to make systems stronger.

There is long debate about the word *hacker*. Some programmers say a hacker is just someone who knows computers very well, and that *cracker* should be used for people who break into systems.
However, in common media use, *hacker* often means someone who breaks into computers in a bad way.

## History

Bruce Sterling, author of *The Hacker Crackdown*
### 1960s–1980s

Hacker culture started in the 1960s with phreaking (telephone hacking). It grew in the 1980s with BBS communities. Magazines like *2600: The Hacker Quarterly* and online groups like *alt.2600* became part of this culture.

In 1982, the film *Tron* used the word "hacking". In 1983, *WarGames* made many people think teenage hackers could be a danger to national security. That same year, a group called *The 414s* from Milwaukee broke into important computer systems, including Los Alamos National Laboratory and banks.
The U.S. government soon started working on laws against computer hacking and held hearings about the problem.
By the late 1980s, the Morris worm and books like *The Cuckoo's Egg* made the word *hacker* widely linked to computer crime.

## Classifications

In computer security, people often talk about different "hat colors":

### White hat

A white hat hacker (ethical hacker) uses hacking to test systems and improve security for owners or clients.

### Black hat

A black hat hacker breaks into systems for personal gain or to cause damage.

### Grey hat

A grey hat is between white and black. They may break in without permission to show problems or ask for a reward to fix them. This can still be illegal or unethical in many places.

### Script kiddie

A script kiddie uses ready-made tools written by others and may not fully understand how they work.

### Other groups

* **Crackers** – people who break into computers for crime or to cause harm.
* **Elite hackers** – very skilled hackers who find new exploits.
* **Neophytes** – new or inexperienced hackers.
* **Blue hat** – people invited to test systems before release.
* **Hacktivists** – hackers who promote political or social causes.
* **Nation state hackers** – hackers working for governments.
* **Criminal gangs** – organized groups that do cybercrime for profit.

## Other websites

* Media related to Hacking (computer security) at Wikimedia Commons
* CNN: Timeline—history of hacking
# Salon.com

*Salon*|  |
| Type of site | News website |
| Available in | English |
| Owner | * Find.co
 |
| Created by | * David Talbot
* Gary Kamiya
* Andrew Ross
* Mignon Khargie
* Scott Rosenberg
* Laura Miller
 |
| Editor | Erin Keane (Editor in Chief) |
| Key people | Drew Schoentrup (CEO) |
| URL | salon.com |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | April 18, 1995 (1995-04-18) |
| Current status | Online |
| OCLC 43916723 |

Salon is an American website that started in 1995. It has a liberal and progressive political viewpoint. The website shares articles about U.S. politics, culture, and what is happening now.
# Truth Social

Truth Social|  |
| Developer(s) | Trump Media & Technology Group |
| Initial release | February 21, 2022 (2022-02-21) |
| Platform | iOS, Android, Web |
| Type | Social networking service |
| Website | truthsocial.com |

**Truth Social** is a social media platform created by the Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), a company founded by U.S. President Donald Trump. The platform launched on February 21, 2022, initially for iOS users in the United States. Truth Social was marketed as a "free-speech alternative" to mainstream social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook.

## History

Truth Social was announced in October 2021 by Trump Media & Technology Group. The platform aimed to provide a space for users who felt their voices were being suppressed on mainstream platforms, particularly in the wake of Donald Trump's bans from major social media sites following the 2021 United States Capitol attack.

The app launched on the Apple App Store on February 21, 2022, coinciding with Presidents' Day in the United States. An Android version was later released on October 12, 2022, via the Google Play Store, after initially being available only through direct downloads and alternative app stores.

TMTG merged with a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC), Digital World Acquisition Corp. (DWAC), to go public. The merger and its financial implications have drawn significant scrutiny from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and other regulatory bodies.

## Features

Truth Social functions similarly to other microblogging platforms. Users can post "Truths" (analogous to tweets), "ReTruth" others’ posts (similar to retweeting), and engage with multimedia content. The interface closely resembles Twitter's layout, with timelines, user profiles, hashtags, and trending topics.

While it emphasizes free speech, Truth Social enforces its own content moderation policies, prohibiting illegal content, threats, and certain types of misinformation.

## Reception

Truth Social has received mixed reviews. Supporters of Donald Trump and conservative users have praised the app as a necessary alternative to platforms they consider biased against them. Critics, however, have questioned the app's moderation policies and its echo chamber-like environment.

Early technical issues, including waitlists and glitches, were widely reported. The platform's user base and engagement levels have fluctuated, and its reach remains limited compared to mainstream networks.

## Legal and Financial Issues

TMTG and the SPAC merger faced legal and regulatory scrutiny, delaying the completion of the public offering for over two years. In March 2024, TMTG finally became publicly traded under the ticker symbol "DJT". However, the company reported substantial losses and limited revenue from Truth Social.

## Related pages

* Donald Trump
* Parler
* Gab (social network)
* Gettr
* Censorship on social media
# Tuenti

**Tuenti** is a mobile operator brand owned by the Spanish company **Tuenti Technologies, S.L.U.** Telefónica bought 100% of the company back in 2011.

Tuenti Technologies, S.L.U.|  |
| Company type | Private, Limited |
| Industry | Internet Software Telecommunications |
| Founded | February 22, 2006 (2006-02-22) |
| Founder | * Zaryn Dentzel
* Félix Ruiz Hernández
* Kenny Bentley
* Adeyemi Ajao
* Joaquín Ayuso de Pául
 |
| Headquarters | Gran Vía, 28. Madrid, Spain. |
| Area served | Spain Peru Argentina Ecuador Guatemala |
| Key people | Pablo Ledesma (chief) |
| Net income | 21,000,000 EUR (2014) |
| Owner | Telefónica |
| Number of employees | 180 (2016, approximation) |

Before, Tuenti was also the most popular social network in Spain between 2009 and 2012 with up 15 million registered users.

Tuenti works in Spain as a full virtual mobile operator (MVNO) using Telefónica's mobile network. Tuenti was launched by Telefónica in Latin-America in 2014 as a whole new brand.
# Musical.ly

Musical.ly|  |
| Original author(s) | Alex Zhu, Luyu Yang |
| Developer(s) | Musical.ly Inc. (April 2014–November 2017) ByteDance (November 2017–August 2018) |
| Initial release | August 2014 (2014-08) |
| Operating system | iOS, Android |
| Available in | 35 languages |
| List of languagesArabic, Bengali, Burmese, Cebuano, English, French, German, Gujarati, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Korean, Malay, Malayalam, Marathi, Persian, Odia, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese |
| Type | Video sharing |
| License | Freeware |
| Website | www.tiktok.com |

**Musical.ly** was a mobile app available for phones where users could make short videos with music and slow motion. The videos would be sped up by the app to be at a normal speed. This allowed for lip syncing to be popular on the app. In November of 2017, Musical.ly was bought out by ByteDance. It is now known as TikTok.
# Fediverse

A logo that represents the fediverse
The **fediverse** is many social media and internet software that can talk with each other. Its name comes from the words "federation" and "universe," because each server is independent from the others. Federated social media allow people on different social media to like, follow, and comment on each other's profiles.

Similar to e-mail, the fediverse is not owned by one person or company. Any person or company can make social media instances (servers) on the fediverse. And similar to email, these instances can connect and talk with each other.

For example, Mastodon gGmbH has the fediverse instance “mastodon.social”, and Gmail has the email address “gmail.com”. A person on “mastodon.social” has the fediverse identity “@ username @mastodon.social”, and a person on “gmail.com” has the email address “ username @gmail.com”. But a “gmail.com” user can send an email to someone who uses a different email provider, like “hotmail.com”. Similarly, a “mastodon.social” user can comment on a post by someone who uses a different fediverse instance, like “mozilla.social”.

## Federated networking services

Fediverse software, and other federated networks, visualized in a tree figure
Different fediverse software have different kinds of content. Some are for images, while others are for videos. Fediverse software have multiple instances. Some fediverse software, like Mastodon, have hundreds of instances that can connect with each other. Usually, people can use federated social media software by opening one of the software's instances in their web browser (Google Chrome, Firefox, Edge...), by using phone apps, or by using a web app.

Popular fediverse software| Networking service | Similar networking service | Popular instances | Instance operator | Open sign-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mastodon | Twitter | mastodon.social | Mastodon gGmbH, a German nonprofit | Yes |
| mstdn.social | “stux”, a man from the Netherlands | Yes |
| Lemmy | Reddit | lemmy.world | Ruud Schilders, from the Netherlands | Yes |
| lemmy.ml | Lemmy's developers | No |
| Kbin | Reddit | kbin.social |  | Yes |
| fedia.io |  | Yes |
| Misskey | Twitter | misskey.io | MisskeyHQ, a Japanese company | Yes |
| misskey.design |  | Yes |
| PeerTube | YouTube | the.jokertv.eu |  | Yes |
| Pixelfed | Instagram | pixelfed.social | Daniel Supernault, Pixelfed's main developer | Yes |
# Restrictions on TikTok in the United States

The video service TikTok was banned in the United States on January 19, 2025, due to data collection and influence operations by China. The ban took effect after refusal to sell TikTok before the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act.

On the day before the deadline, TikTok closed its services in the United States. President Trump signaled that he would grant a 90-day extension to TikTok and the ban was lifted.

Messages displayed to US users who search for TikTok on the Google Play Store (top), Apple App Store (middle), and website (bottom) while the ban is in effect
TikTok users began planning on switching apps incase the ban went through. Many TikTok users began switching to the app Xiaohongshu in protest of the ban.

On January 18, 10:30 p.m. EST, TikTok closed services in the United States. Users received an error message informing them that the service is no longer accessible in the US.

Message displayed to US users on the TikTok app after the resumption of services on January 19, 2025
Hours after the closure, Donald Trump indicated that he would issue an order "to extend the period of time before the law takes effect". On January 19, TikTok began restoring service. In a post on X, they stated that Trump provided "assurance to our service providers that they will face no penalties".