Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Data science

**Data science** is the study of the extraction of knowledge from data. It uses techniques from many fields, including signal processing, mathematics, probability, machine learning, computer programming, statistics, data engineering, pattern matching, and data visualization, with the goal of extracting useful knowledge from the data. With computer systems able to handle more data, big data is an important aspect of data science.

A person that does data science is called a data scientist. Data scientists solve complicated data problems using mathematics, statistics and computer science. However, a data scientist is most likely to be an expert in only one or two of these disciplines, meaning that cross disciplinary teams can be a key component of data science.

Good data scientists are able to apply their skills to achieve many kinds of purposes. Their skills and competencies vary widely.

* *Data Science for Business* by Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett
* *The Art of Data Science* by Roger D. Peng and Elizabeth Matsui
* *Machine Learning Yearning* by Andrew Ng
# Formal language

In mathematics, computer science and linguistics, a **formal language** is one that has a particular set of symbols, and whose expressions are made according to a particular set of rules. The symbol WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 is often used as a variable for formal languages in logic.

Unlike natural languages, the symbols and formulas in formal languages are syntactically and semantically related to one another in a precise way. As a result, formal languages are completely (or almost completely) void of ambiguity.

## Examples

Some examples of formal languages include:

* The set of all words over WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2
* The set WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4 , where WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_6 is a natural number and WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_8 means WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_10 repeated WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_12 times
* Finite languages, such as WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_14
* The set of syntactically correct programs in a given programming language
* The set of inputs upon which a certain Turing machine halts

## Specification

A formal language can be specified in a great variety of ways, such as:

* Strings produced by some formal grammar (see Chomsky hierarchy)
* Strings described or matched by a regular expression
* Strings accepted by some automaton, such as a Turing machine or finite state automaton
* Strings indicated by a decision procedure (a set of related yes/no questions) where the answer is 'yes'

## Related pages

* Language for languages in general
* Syntax for the form of a language in general
* Semantics for the meanings in a language
* Natural language for languages that are not formal
* Computer language for application of formal languages in computing
* Programming language for the application of formal languages to program computers

* Hopcroft, J.; Ullman, J. (1979). *Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation*. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-02988-X.
* Rasiowa, Helena; Sikorski, Roman (1970). "Chapter 6. Algebra of formalized languages". *The Mathematics of Metamathematics* (3rd ed.). PWN.
* Rozemberg, G.; Salomaa, A., eds. (1979). *Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation*. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-3-540-61486-9.

## Other websites

*  Archived 2006-06-09 at the Wayback Machine ICALP 2006 33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming.
*  International Conferences on Developments in Language Theory
# Fred Brooks

| Fred Brooks |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. (1931-04-19)April 19, 1931 Durham, North Carolina |
| Died | November 17, 2022(2022-11-17) (aged 91) Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| Alma mater | Duke University (undergraduate) Harvard University (postgraduate) |
| Known for | OS/360 *The Mythical Man-Month* |
| Awards | * IEEE John von Neumann Medal (1993)
* Turing Award (1999)
* Computer History Museum Fellow (2001)
* Turing Lecture (2005)
 |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | Computer Science Operating systems Software engineering |
| Institutions | IBM University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Duke University Harvard University |
| Thesis | *The Analytic Design of Automatic Data Processing Systems* (1956) |
| Doctoral advisor | Howard Aiken |
| Doctoral students |
List
* Luv Kohli
Jeremy Wendt
Jason Jerald
Eric Burns
Sharif Razzaque
Paul M. Zimmons
Alexandra Bokinsky
Ben Lok
Brent Insko
Michael Meehan
Kevin Arthur
Rui Bastos
David Luebke
Mark R. Mine
Richard L. Holloway
Jeffrey P. Hultquist
Elton P. Amburn
Russell M. Taylor II
Amitabh Varshney
Lawrence D. Bergman
James Che-Ming Chung
Penny L. Rheingans
Mark C. Surles
John M. Airey
Ming Ouh-young
Russell Tuck
Mark C. Davis
Andrew S. Glassner
Thomas V. Williams
James S. Lipscomb
F. Donelson Smith
Thomas H. Dunigan, Jr.
Edward G. Britton
Paul J. Kilpatrick
Cheryl C. Sneeringer
James W. Sneeringer IV
Craig J. Mudge
William V. Wright
Jan S. Prokop
Alfred Paul Oliver
William Y. Stevens
 |
|  |
| Website | www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks |

**Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr.** (April 19, 1931 – November 17, 2022) was an American computer architect, software engineer, and computer scientist.

He is best known for managing the development of IBM's System/360 family of computers alongside Gerrit Blaauw and Gene Amdahl and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book *The Mythical Man-Month*. Brooks has received many awards, including the National Medal of Technology in 1985 and the Turing Award in 1999.

Brooks was born in Durham, North Carolina. He studied Duke University, graduating in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics, and he received a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics (Computer Science) from Harvard University in 1956, supervised by Howard Aiken.

## Other websites

 Media related to Fred Brooks at Wikimedia Commons
# Project management

**Project management** is the way a person organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project. People that manage projects are known as Project Managers.

A project is a piece of work which is not a process or an operation. It has a start, an end, and goals. Projects can be very simple, like organizing a party, or very complex, like building a satellite.

The management of a project requires special skills. Project managers must ensure that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. These limitations can be time, cost, people, risk, and many more. Project managers must also ensure the best possible distribution of resources. A project manager works mainly with people. They need to have people management skills, a good understanding of the tasks and skills needed on a project, an understanding of how long tasks will take, good organizing skills, good communication skills, and good efficiency skills.

Project managers do not need to know how to do all of the work that may be needed in a project. For instance, a building project manager does not need to know how to pour concrete. However, they need to know how to manage people that pour concrete, and they need to know how long concrete takes to pour, how much it costs, what needs to happen before concrete is poured, and what needs to happen after concrete is poured.

## Other websites

* History of Project Management
# Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque

**Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque** (built 1192 - 1316) Quwwat-ul-Islam was sponsored by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of the Delhi Sultanate. The Quwwat-ul-Islam is best known for its tower of victory, celebrating the Islamic conquest of India. 27 Jain and Hindu temples were dismantled and their stonework salvaged into the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. It consists of a rectangular courtyard enclosed by cloisters. Perhaps it was the first monument of iconoclast in India. It is in contradiction to Hasan Nizami's account of Aibak as peaceful and 'Lakh Baksh' or 'giver of lakhs' in his book Taj-ul-Masir. It is said he was generous and spent huge sums in charity. But it may also be that the monument was hurriedly built with the building material from the temple as Aibak had not established himself firmly in India at that time.

Quwwat-ul-Islam, the "Glory of Islam," was hastily erected by the young amir, who conscripted an army of local craftsmen, presumably Hindus, to assemble the structure thought there is no evidence to confirm the religious demography of the craftsmen

The Qūwat-ul-Islām mosque (completed 1196), consisting of cloisters around a courtyard with the sanctuary to the west, was built in Delhi from the remains of demolished temples celebrating the Muslim conquest of India. It is built of red sandstone, gray quartz, and white marble, but is probably inspired by the “Iron Pillar " that stands on the site. Built in the Gupta dynasty in the 6th century, it is the only piece of the temple that stands in its original location. Qutb built around it when he constructed the mosque. Although made of iron, it has resisted rust for over 1,500 years.

Later, a lofty arched screen was erected and the mosque was enlarged by later Delhi sultans Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish (A.D. 1210 - 1235) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Pillar in the courtyard bears an inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi script of fourth century A.D., according to which the pillar was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra. A deep socket on the top of the ornate capital indicates that probably an image of Garuda was fixed into it.This was congregational mosque of the first city built by sultans, described in chronicles as Dehli-i-Kuhna (the old city).
# Kauravi dialect

| Kauravi |
| --- |
| Khaṛībolī |
| کھڑی بولی कौरवी |
| Native to | India, Pakistan |
| Region | Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh (Rohilkhand), Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Karachi |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Indo-Iranian
	+ Indo-Aryan
		- [[|Western zone]]
			* Jatri
				+ **Kauravi**
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| *Glottolog* | *None* |
| Linguasphere | `59-AAF-qd` |

**Kauravi** is a group of dialects of Jatri that originated in the city of kuru region, India. Nowadays it is spoken around India like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Punjab and even in Karachi, Pakistan. It is Sister dialect of Haryanvi.
# Primary sector of the economy

The **primary sector of the economy** of a country is the first division of the economic sector. It includes agriculture, farming, mining, and fishing.
# Restaurant

Restaurant in Paris
The Palm Court at the Ritz Hotel, London
Typical hotel restaurant
A **restaurant** (sometimes known as a **diner**) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. It is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal.

Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. At some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-throughs.

There are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. They are called fast casual restaurants. Applebee's and Perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.

Haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the *Michelin Guide*, the most famous restaurant guide in the world. Their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. Interestingly, the Guide gives more 3-stars to Tokyo and Kyoto than to Paris, London and New York together. Traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo or the Hôtel Ritz Paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. Today, most Michelin Guide restaurants are separate establishments.

## Ancient history

A Roman thermopolium in Pompeii
In Ancient Greece and Rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. They were called *thermopolia* (singular *thermopolium*). Many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 *thermopolia* with service counters have been found. They were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.

## Related pages

* Menu
* Fast food
* Fast casual restaurant
* Buffet
# Confectionery

M&Ms, chocolate with a shell of coloured sugar.
**Confectionery** or **sweets** is a type of food that has a lot of sugar in it and is very sweet. It often includes things that are rich in artificial sweeteners, flavours and colourings. The words **candy** (North America), **sweets** (UK and Ireland) and **lollies** (Australia and New Zealand) are also used for the many kinds of confections. Confections are usually low in nutrients but rich in calories. Sweets can come from anywhere.

## Other websites

 Media related to confectionery at Wikimedia Commons
# Flake (chocolate bar)

Flake|  |
| Product type | Confectionery |
| Owner | Cadbury |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Introduced | 1920 (1920) |
| Related brands | List of Cadbury products |
| Markets | United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand |

**Flake** is a British brand of chocolate bar. It is currently manufactured by Cadbury, a British company owned by Mondelez International. The bar consists of thinly folded milk chocolate. It has a unique crumbly texture and softens but does not melt when heated.
# Roald Dahl

Dahl in 1954
**Roald Dahl** (13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a Welsh-born English novelist, poet, screenwriter, short-story writer and wartime fighter pilot. He was best known for his children's novels and his children books.

## Early life

Dahl was born on 13 September 1916 in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales to Norwegian parents. He was educated in England, Llandaff Cathedral School, and then worked in Africa for the Shell Oil Company. In the Second World War, he was an RAF fighter pilot. It was after an air-crash and "a monumental bash on the head" that he began to write. The crash was the subject of his first published story, "Shot Down Over Libya". He wrote Matilda and The Twits.

## Writing

He wanted to become an adult book writer but ended up as a children's book writer. He had a tragic life since his father and oldest sister both died when he was young. Roald Dahl said that the key to his success rested in sympathising with children and realising that to children, parents and school teachers are the enemy.

Dahl wrote many famous children's stories and adult horror stories. Many of his books and stories have been made into films and television shows all over the world. Among his most popular books are *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory*, *James and the Giant Peach*, *Matilda*, *The Witches*, *The BFG*, and *Kiss Kiss*. Many of his children's books have pictures drawn by Quentin Blake.

## Personal life and death

Dahl was married to Patricia Neal from 1953 until they divorced in 1983. They had four daughters (one of whom died before them) and a son. Dahl was married to Felicity Crosland from 1983 until his death. He lived in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. He died on 23 November 1990 in Oxford, from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 74.

Model Sophie Dahl is his granddaughter.

There is a Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden.

## Books

| Title | Year | Scope | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The Gremlins | 1943 | Children |  |
| *Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen* | 1948 | Adult |  |
| *James and the Giant Peach* | 1961 | Children |  |
| *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* | 1964 | Children |  |
| *The Magic Finger* | 1966 | Children | Short book |
| *Fantastic Mr Fox* | 1970 | Children | Short book |
| *Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator* | 1972 | Children | Sequel to *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* |
| *Danny, the Champion of the World* | 1975 | Children |  |
| *The Enormous Crocodile* | 1978 | Children | Short book |
| *My Uncle Oswald* | 1979 | Adult |  |
| *The Twits* | 1980 | Children | Short book |
| *George's Marvellous Medicine* | 1981 | Children | Short book |
| *The BFG* | 1982 | Children |  |
| *The Witches* | 1983 | Children |  |
| *The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me* | 1985 | Children | Short book |
| *Matilda* | 1988 | Children |  |
| *Esio Trot* | 1990 | Children | Short book |
| *The Vicar of Nibbleswick* | 1991 | Children | Short book |
| *The Minpins* | 1991 | Children | Short book |

## Poems

* *Revolting Rhymes*
* *Dirty Beasts*
* *Rhyme Stew*

## Non-fiction

* *Boy: Tales of Childhood*
* *Going Solo*

## Other websites

* Official website
# Almond Joy

A broken chocolate bar with shredded coconut and almonds covered in chocolate.
Logo
**Almond Joy** is a chocolate bar made by The Hershey Company. It has sweetened, shredded coconut topped with whole almonds and covered in chocolate. It was introduced in 1946 as a replacement for the Dreams Bar, which was introduced in 1934.
# Gummy candy

Gummy candy| Collection of gummy candies at a market |
| Alternative names | Gummies, jelly sweets |
| Type | Confectionery |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Created by | Fryers of Lancashire |
| Main ingredients | Gelatin or Agar |
| Variations | Gummi bear, Jelly Babies, gummi worms |
| * Cookbook: Gummy candy
* Media: Gummy candy
 |

**Gummies**, **gummy candies**, or **jelly candies** are a broad category of gelatin-based or agar-based chewable sweets.

## Related pages

* Jelly bean
* Gummy bear
* Gummy worm
* Haribo
* Trolli
* Welch's
# Halls (cough drop)

Packages of Halls in a store
**Halls** is a brand of cough drops that are popular in Canada and the United States. They come in multiple flavors and were first made in the Halls Brothers company in Britain.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Crowdfunding

**Crowdfunding** is where anyone can fund into projects.

This is where individuals provide capital to businesses in exchange for equity,debt,or revenue sharing,expecting a financial return,so in most cases this is considered investing. However,in some cases such as "donation-based" or "Reward-based" funding is actually not an investment as backers receive a product or service,not a financial return.

## Popular types of Crowdfunding

These are some notable types of Crowdfunding:

### Equity crowdfunding

Investors receive shares (equity) in a startup or small business.

### Debt-Based crowdfunding(aka PTP lending)

Investors lend money to a business and receive interest payments over time.

### Real Estate crowdfunding

Investors pool money to invest in property, seeking returns from rent or appreciation.

## Conclusion

There are more types of crowdfunding and some don't even have to do with investing.
# Côte d'Or (brand)

**Côte d'Or** is a producer of Belgian chocolate, owned by Kraft Foods.

Côte d'Or was founded in 1883 by Charles Neuhaus. He was a chocolate manufacturer who used the name Côte d'Or which was French for Gold Coast. This is the old name of Ghana where most of the cacao beans used in chocolate manufacturing come from.

Côte d'Or was purchased by Jacobs Suchard in 1987. Jacobs Suchard in turn was purchased by Kraft General Foods in 1990.

Belgians eat 600 million Côte d'Or products a year. Every day, the Côte d'Or factory in Halle makes 1.3 million mignonnettes (small chocolate bars), and 2 million Chokotoffs (chocolate bonbons).

Currently Côte d’Or is sold in more than 20 countries, across 5 continents.

## Other websites

* Côte d'Or Website
# Franciscan

Francis of Asisi by El Greco
The word **Franciscan** refers to followers of one of the religious orders that follow the Rule of St Francis. Saint Francis of Assisi lived in the 13th century. Franciscans usually lead simple lives without much money. Today, there are three main branches of these orders. They mostly see themselves as part of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Church. There are also small communities in the Old Catholic and Protestant Church.
# 1993 Bombay bombings

| 1993 Bombay Bombings |
| --- |
| Location | Bombay, India |
| Date | March 12, 1993 13:30-15:40 (UTC+ 5.5) |
| Target | Hotels, office buildings, banks, etc. |
| Attack type | 13 car bombs (RDX) containing shrapnel |
| Deaths | 257 |
| Injured | 713 |
| Perpetrators | Underworld criminal groups (D-Company) |

The **1993 Bombay bombings** were a series of thirteen bomb explosions. They took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993.
# Bharatiya Janata Party

| Bharatiya Janata Party भारतीय जन्ता पार्ती  (Hindi) |
| --- |
|  |
| Abbreviation | BJP |
| President | Nitin Nabin |
| Parliamentary Chairperson | Narendra Modi |
| Founder | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| Founded | 1980 April 6 |
| Headquarters | 6-A, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India |
| Ideology | Conservatism |
| ECI Status | National Party |
| Election symbol |
| BJP election symbol.svg -783x768.png |
| Website |
| www.bjp.org |
| * Elections
 |

The **Bharatiya Janata Party** is a right-wing major political party in India, focusing on Hindu nationalism, strong national security, and economic growth. Founded in 1980, it had been ruling party since 2014, under the leadership of Narendra Modi. It is the world's largest party by membership. It had close ties to Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

## History

### Bharatiya Janata Party

The history of the Bharatiya Janata Party starts with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The BJP was a political party created by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1980. At that time, the Indian National Congress was the political party that ruled India. The BJP's goal was to stop the Indian National Congress's policies.

Many people thought the BJP was part of the RSS because they had the same ideologies on leading Bharat.

#### Campaign for Kashmir

The party's first election campaign was about Kashmir. Kashmir was an area divided between India and Pakistan(2393squareKm). The BJS wanted to make Kashmir a part of India. The party's founder, Mookerjee, was arrested for protesting in Kashmir, when he was ordered not to do so. He died in prison, so Deendayal Upadhyay became the party's leader.

Even though there was slight public support for the party because of the campaign about Kashmir, the BJS only managed to win three seats in the Lok Sabha in the 1952 elections.

#### Later elections

In the 1967 Indian elections, many political parties, including the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, joined up together to win a majority of the seats of many Indian states, including Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh. This was the first time the BJS had held any political office. In 1977, after the end of a State of Emergency declared by the Congress Government, BJS joined with several other parties to form BJP.

In 1996 BJP became the largest party in Parliament. It did poorly in the 2004 elections and became the major opposition party. The 2014 elections gave BJP enough seats to form a government.
# Ganesha

**Ganesha** or (**Ganesh**) is the elephant-headed god in Hindu Religion. He is the son of God Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

Ganesha
Ganesha is a very popular god in Hindu Religion, and is one of the most worshipped. Hindu tradition states that Ganesha is a god of wisdom, success and good luck. He is also the giver of different types of favors. The Hindu tradition calls Ganesha as the Vighneshvara. "Vighneshvara" in Sanskrit language means one who is the **lord of removing obstacles or difficulties**. Thus, the Hindu tradition states that by worshiping Ganesha, one can remove all obstacles and difficulties.

* Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0500510881) by Anna Dallapiccola
* Ganpati Bappa Morya Archived 2014-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Shri Ganesha Pancharatnam Lyrics Archived 2020-06-12 at the Wayback Machine