Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Corruption in Malaysia

**Corruption in Malaysia** involves dishonest actions by people in power, such as politicians or officials, who use their positions for personal gain. This can include bribery, embezzlement, and favoritism. Corruption affects many areas, like business, politics, and public services. It undermines trust in the government and can slow down economic development. The Malaysian government has taken steps to combat corruption, but it remains a significant issue.

In March 2016, *Time Magazine* highlighted Malaysia for its corruption scandals. It focused on the 1MDB scandal and Prime Minister Najib Razak's involvement. After the 2018 general election, the new Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, led the government in fighting corruption.

On 28 July 2020, Najib was found guilty of seven charges related to the 1MDB scandal, including abuse of power and money laundering. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined RM210 million. The sentence was upheld by the Federal Court on 23 August 2022, and he is now serving his time in Kajang Prison.
# Perdana Putra

The Perdana Putra in Putrajaya
Front view of Perdana Putra
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and Philippines President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo at the sixth-floor balcony of Perdana Putra, 7 August 2001
**Perdana Putra** in Putrajaya, Malaysia, houses the Prime Minister's office. Located on the main hill, it symbolizes Malaysia's federal government's executive branch.

The building combines Malay, Islamic, and European influences like Palladian and Neoclassical styles. It was designed by aQidea Architect, led by Ahmad Rozi Abd Wahab, inspired by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

## Related pages

* Putrajaya
* Malaysian Houses of Parliament
# Pakatan Harapan

Pakatan Harapan
**Pakatan Harapan** is a coalition of political parties in Malaysia that was established in 2015. It came into power after winning the Malaysian general elections in May 2018. Mahathir Mohamad was a significant leader within Pakatan Harapan during this period.
# National Development Policy

The **National Development Policy** was a plan by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to grow Malaysia’s economy and help everyone benefit. It began in 1991 and lasted 10 years before being replaced by the National Vision Policy in 2001.

## Related pages

* Wawasan 2020
# Labuan

The Labuan Financial Park.

**Labuan** is an island which is also the Federal Territory in Malaysia. It is off the northeastern part of the island of Borneo facing the South China Sea.

## Other websites

* Media related to Labuan at Wikimedia Commons
* Official website

| States and Federal Territories of Malaysia |  |
| --- | --- |
| **States:** Johor | Kedah | Kelantan | Melaka | Negeri Sembilan | Pahang | Perak | Perlis | Penang | Sabah | Sarawak | Selangor | Terengganu |
| **Federal Territories:** Kuala Lumpur | Labuan | Putrajaya |
# Silversmith

A **silversmith** is a person who makes things out of the element silver or creates silverware. Silversmiths are similar to goldsmiths, who make things out of gold or things similar to gold. Silversmithing means making something out of silver. There have been silversmiths since ancient times.
# Eid al-Adha

| Eid al-Adha (‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā) |
| --- |
| Eid al-Adha in Shanghai, China |
| Official name | Arabic: عيد الأضحى *‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā* |
| Also called | Festival of Sacrifice Sacrifice Feast Greater Eid |
| Type | Islamic |
| Significance | Commemoration of Ibrahim's (Abraham's) willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah. |
| Begins | 10 Dhu al-Hijjah |
| Ends | 13 Dhu al-Hijjah |
| Observances | Prayer, sacrificing a goat, sheep, cow or a camel, sending to poor people as a donation |
| Related to | Eid ul-Fitr, the other Islamic festival, which occurs on the first day of Shawal |

**Eid al-Adha** (Arabic: عيد الأضحى *‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā*) "Festival of Sacrifice" is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims all over the world. It is when Muslims sacrifice a goat, sheep, cow, camel, and bull sending part of the meat to poor people as a donation. It marks the end of the pilgrimage hajj for the millions of Muslims who make the trip to Mecca each year and pray 5 times a day. They like to tell Allah what they are thinking and hope for him to help them, and remember Ibrahim and Isma’il’s courage and devotion to God.

## Origin

The festival is to celebrate Ibrahim's (Abraham) willingness to sacrifice his son, Isma’il, because Allah told him to do so in a dream. Showing that he loved Allah more than his own son. And at the final moment, after taking his son's consent, as he was swinging his axe to kill his son God told an angel to switch a lamb instead of his son, and this act of sacrificing a lamb is copied by Muslims all over the world on Eid.

Ibrahim was tempted by Satan not to listen to God, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. This is also still commemorated by Muslims during Hajj.

## Practices, traditions and observations

### Eid prayer

The Eid prayer must be offered in congregation. It consists of two Rakaah (units) with seven Takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah.

### Sacrifice

The sacrifice of an animal, usually a cow, sheep or a goat, is a very important part of Eid. The act repeats what Ibrahim did, and also shows Muslims' devotion to God (Allah).

### Celebrations

Muslims celebrate by having a feast, and giving gifts to the poor. In some Muslim traditions gifts are also given to children. In Muslim countries the day is given as a national holiday.

## Other websites

* "The Sacrifice of "Eid al-Adha"". *Muttaqi, Shahid ‘Ali*. animalsandIslam.com.
* "Eid Quotes And Wishes". Archived from the original on 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
# Flag of Kuwait

The flag of Kuwait
The national **flag of Kuwait** (Arabic: علم الكويت) was created in 1961. It has green, white, and red horizontal bands with a black trapezoid next to the left side.
# Arab Cold War

| Arab Cold War |
| --- |
| Part of the Cold War |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 23 July 1952 – 6 September 1991 |
| Location | Arab world |
| Result | * Fall of Pan-Arabism after Gamal Abdel Nasser's death
* Rises of Wahhabism, Salafi jihadism, Political Islam in the 1970s and 1980s
* Foundation of the Gulf Cooperation Council
* Failed attempts to create an unified Arab

Collapse of Islamic socialism and rise of Islamic terrorism |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  Saudi Arabia  Jordan  Morocco  Egypt (since 1973)  Syria (until 1963)  Libya (until 1951)  Iraq (until 1958)  Yemen (until 1970)  North Yemen (since 1967)  Oman  Bahrain  Kuwait |  Egypt (until 1973)  Syria (since 1963)  Algeria (since 1962)  Libya (since 1977)  Iraq (since 1963)  South Yemen (since 1967)  North Yemen (until 1967)  Tunisia (1957 – 1987)  Mauritania (until 1984)  Somalia (since 1969)  Palestine Liberation Organization  Frente Polisario |
| **Supported by:**  United States  United Kingdom  Israel (secret)  Iran (until 1979)  France  Afghan mujahideen  Pakistan  Turkey | **Supported by:**  Afghanistan (since 1978)  Soviet Union  China  Cuba  North Korea  Ethiopia |
| Commanders and leaders |
|  Faisal of Saudi Arabia  Hussein of Jordan  Hassan II of Morocco  Anwar Sadat  Qaboos bin Said  Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa  Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah |  Gamal Abdel Nasser  Hafez al-Assad  Houari Boumédiène  Muammar Gaddafi  Saddam Hussein  Ali Nasir Muhammad  Yasser Arafat  Mohamed Abdelaziz |

The **Arab Cold War** (Arabic: الحرب العربية الباردة ‎ al-Harb al-`Arabiyah al-bārdah) were series of conflicts in the Arab world between the new founded republics led by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt backed by the Soviet Union and Arab nationalists, Arab socialists and Pan-Arabists against the traditional monarchists/kingdoms, which were supported by the United States and led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Early conflict happened after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution and the rise to power of Nasser, it lasted until the 1970s when he died.

## Related pages

* Cold War
* Arab Spring
* Arab Revolt
* Arab Winter
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
# Abdulhussain Abdulredha

| Abdulhussain Abdulredha |
| --- |
| Abdulredha in 2009 |
| Born | Abdulhussain Abdulredha Mohammed Awad (1939-07-15)July 15, 1939 Sharq, Kuwait |
| Died | August 11, 2017(2017-08-11) (aged 78) London, England |
| Nationality | Kuwaiti |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, writer |
| Years active | 1961 – 2017 |
| Title | The father of comedy, icon comedy |
| Awards | Arab League Award for Pioneer in Theatre Award for Theatre Star, Kuwait (1980) Award for Entrepreneurship in Theatre, Tunisia (1987) Award for Pioneer of Arabic Theatre, Cairo (1988) Sultan Bin Al Owais Award for Arabic Artistic Creativity, (1997) |

**Abdulhussain Abdulredha** (15 July 1939 – 11 August 2017), (Arabic: عبد الحسين عبد الرضا *'**Abd al-Ḥussain 'Abd ar-Riḍā) was a Kuwaiti actor, famous and prominent in the Middle East in particular. Abdulredha is best known for his personality of sarcastic humor that made a mockery of the Arab situation comedy template. He was one of the founders of the Arab theater in 1961 and the National Theatre in 1976, as the year 1984 established a special brigade Theatre Arts.

On 11 August 2017, Abdulredha died in London aged 78.

## Other websites

* Official website
* Abdulredha at elcinema.com
* Gulf Film Festival Honours GCC Film Legends
# Secondary school

**Secondary school** is the next step up from primary school. Secondary schools are often called high schools or middle schools in the United States. In the United Kingdom, secondary schools may be public schools, grammar schools, state schools or comprehensive schools.

In Australia, a person will generally begin secondary school when they are at the age of 12 and finish (or graduate) when they are either 16 or 18 years of age. This is dependent upon whether they finish with year levels (or grades) 11 and 12. In secondary school, a person will advance through the year levels (or grades) each year.

In the United Kingdom, a person starts secondary school at the age of 11 and generally finishes secondary at either 16 or 18 depending on whether the secondary school has a sixth form offering post 16 education.

In the United States school system, secondary school is usually divided into two separate schools. One is called middle school and consists grades 6, 7, and 8 (or Junior High grades 7, 8 and 9). And the other is called high school and has grades 9 through 12 (or Senior High grades 10 through 12). A person generally starts middle school at age 11 or 12 and starts high school at age 14 or 15 and finishes at age 18.

Generally a student goes to the high school for four years. Depending on the laws in each individual state, a student can drop out of high school; the minimum age is 16. If the student does graduate, he/she can plan to continue his/her studies to college or a university, or just join the workforce.

In some schools in Australia years 11 and 12 are just a normal part of high school. Some other schools may only progress through to year 10; in this case students will then go to college (years 11 and 12).

At the end of secondary school, students will usually take a unified examination. For example, students finishing secondary school in England take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).
# 1980 AFC Asian Cup

The **1980 AFC Asian Cup** was the 7th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation. The finals were hosted by Kuwait between 15 and 30 September 1980. The field of ten teams was split into two groups of five.
# JSTOR

JSTOR|  |
| ExpandScreenshot |
| Type of site | Digital library |
| Available in | English (includes content in other languages) |
| Owner | Ithaka Harbors |
| Created by | Andrew W. Mellon Foundation |
| URL | jstor.org |
| Registration | Yes |
| Launched | 1995 (1995) |
| Current status | Active |
| OCLC number | 46609535  |

**JSTOR** (/ˈdʒeɪstɔːr/; short for *Journal Storage*) is a digital library. It was founded in 1995 in New York City, United States. It was originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals. It now encompasses books and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals.

As of 2013, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JSTOR. Most access is by subscription but some of the site is public domain, and open access content is available free of charge.

JSTOR's revenue was $86 million in 2015.

* Gauger, Barbara J.; Kacena, Carolyn (2006). "JSTOR usage data and what it can tell us about ourselves: is there predictability based on historical use by libraries of similar size?". *OCLC Systems & Services*. **22** (1): 43–55. doi:10.1108/10650750610640801.
* Schonfeld, Roger C. (2003). *JSTOR: A History*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11531-3.
* Seeds, Robert S. (November 2002). "Impact of a digital archive (JSTOR) on print collection use". *Collection Building*. **21** (3): 120–22. doi:10.1108/01604950210434551.
* Spinella, Michael P. (2007). "JSTOR: Past, Present, and Future". *Journal of Library Administration*. **46** (2): 55–78. doi:10.1300/J111v46n02\_05. S2CID 216117863.
* Spinella, Michael (2008). "JSTOR and the changing digital landscape". *Interlending & Document Supply*. **36** (2): 79–85. doi:10.1108/02641610810878549.

## Other websites

* "Libraries and institutions offering access". JSTOR. Retrieved 2015-10-21. Searchable database, includes many public libraries offering free access to library card holders.
* "Register & Read". JSTOR. Retrieved 2015-10-21. Free individual registration, offering free read-only access (no printing or saving) to three articles every two weeks (seventy-eight per year).
* JSTOR Early Journal Content : Free Texts : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
# Stoning

A map showing countries where public stoning is judicial or extrajudicial form of punishment.
The Lapidation of St. Steven is a pinting by Charles Thévenin done in 1829. It is in St. Steven's Cathedral in Toulouse
**Stoning** or **lapidation** is a form of capital punishment: a group of people throws stones at the convicted person, until this person dies. Today, it is mostly used in countries which follow sharia law. For example if someone does adultery according to the Qur'an, Bible (Old Testament) , and Torah they will have to be stoned until they die from the stones.
# Forced labor

Convicts plowing a field
**Forced labor** includes all forms of slavery and related practices including debt slavery, serfdom, human trafficking and labor camps. It is any work or service a person is forced to do against their will. It usually includes a threat of some form of punishment.

## Definition

The International Labour Organization had defined forced labor as:

> all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.
>
>

This was in the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). There were exceptions to this definition. These things were not considered forced labor: working in a military organization; doing community service when the work serves the community; or working while serving a prison sentence.

### Convict labor

Convict labor must be supervised by public officials. The convention does not allow convicts to be supervised by private individuals, companies, or organizations.

## Today

There are over 29 million people living as slaves today. An estimated 60,000 of them live in the United States. This includes sex workers, illegal immigrants and those held in debt bondage.

## Related pages

* Convict lease
* Human trafficking
* Human trafficking in the United States
* Slavery
# Mohammed bin Hammam

| Mohammed bin Hammam |
| --- |
| محمد بن همّام |
| Bin Hammam, 2010 |
|  |
| 9th President of AFC |
| **In office** 1 August 2002 – 1 August 2011 |
| Vice President | Zhang Jilong |
| Preceded by | Ahmad Shah |
| Succeeded by | Zhang Jilong |
| Chairman of Qatar Football Association |
| **In office** 1 February 1992 – 1 February 1996 |
| President | Hamad Al Thani |
| Preceded by | Rahman Ridzha |
| Succeeded by | Mohammed Hashem |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Mohammed bin Hammam  (1949-05-08) 8 May 1949 Doha, Qatar |
| Nationality | Qatari |
| Spouse(s) | Fatima bin Hammam |
| Occupation | Football administrator |

**Mohammed bin Hammam** (Arabic: محمد بن همّام; born 8 May 1949) is a Qatari who used to be a football administrator and the AFC President (1 August 2002 to 14 June 2011).

During the 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding, Mohammed bin Hammam was rumored to have bribed officials, so that Qatar can host.
# Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre in 1030 in dark orange (labeled as Pamplona). This was when the kingdom was largest.
The **Kingdom of Navarre** was a small kingdom in Europe. It was independent from 841 to 1820. The kingdom was roughly in the Basque Country on both sides of the Pyrenees mountains. In 1512, it was split into two parts: a Spanish part and a French part. In 1620, the French part, called Lower Navarre, became part of France. The Spanish part was independent until 1820. The capital of the kingdom was Pamplona.
# List of languages by number of native speakers

Below is a **List of languages by number of native speakers**.

Over half the world's population speaks the 15 most used native languages. They are listed here. They are from the Swedish *Nationalencyklopedin* (2007, 2010).

The distinction between language and dialect is often not clear. Some mutually intelligible versions have been unified. These include Indonesian and Malay; Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian. It does not include standard Hindi and Urdu. Hindustani has been divided here into the sociolinguistic units of Hindi and Urdu, but at least 100 million speakers of some Hindi dialects are not counted below.

| Rank | Language | Native speakers | % of world population | Mainly spoken in | Language family |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mandarin | 955,000,000 | 14.4% | East Asia | Sino-Tibetan |
| 2 | Spanish | 386,000,000 | 6.15% | Latin America, United States, Spain, Equational Guinea | Indo-European |
| 3 | English | 360,000,000 | 5.43% | United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand | Indo-European |
| 4 | Hindi | 310,000,000 | 4.70% | South Asia | Indo-European |
| 5 | Arabic | 295,000,000 | 4.43% | Middle East, North Africa | Afro-Asiatic |
| 6 | Portuguese | 215,000,000 | 3.27% | Brazil, Portugal | Indo-European |
| 7 | Bengali | 205,000,000 | 3.11% | South Asia | Indo-European |
| 8 | Russian | 155,000,000 | 2.33% | Eastern Europe, Siberia | Indo-European |
| 9 | Japanese | 125,000,000 | 1.90% | Japan | Japanese |
| 10 | Punjabi | 102,000,000 | 1.44% | South Asia | Indo-European |
| 11 | Turkish | 90,000,000 | 1.42% | Anatolia, Balkans, Middle East, Central and West Europe, North Africa, Caucasus | Turkic |
| 12 | German | 89,000,000 | 1.39% | Central Europe | Indo-European |
| 13 | Vietnamese | 85,000,000 | 1.34% | Vietnam | Austroasiatic |
| 14 | Javanese | 82,000,000 | 1.25% | Indonesia | Austronesian |
| 15 | Wu | 80,000,000 | 1.20% | China | Sino-Tibetan |
| 16 | Malay/Indonesian | 77,000,000 | 1.16% | Southeast Asia | Austronesian |
| 17 | Telugu | 76,000,000 | 1.15% | India | Dravidian |

## Related pages

* List of endangered languages
# Muharram

Shia Muslims doing tatbir for Imam Husayn
**Muharram** is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is not allowed. The month is accounted with many stories in Islam. The other months are Dhu al-Qi'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah and Rajab. Since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, Muharram moves from year to year when compared with the Gregorian calendar.

Muharram is held to be the most sacred of all the months, except for Ramadan. Some Muslims fast during these days. The tenth day of Muharram is the Day of Ashura. To Shia Muslims it is part of the Mourning of Muharram. The mourning is for Husayn ibn Ali who was the grandson of Prophet Muhammad and their third Imam.

Azadari procession carried out by Shiite Muslims in Indian city of Hardoi on the Day of Ashura.
Many Sunni Muslims fast during this day. It is in the *hadith* that Musa (Moses) and his people had a victory over the Egyptian Pharaoh on the 10th day of Muharram. The Islamic prophet Muhammad asked Muslims to fast on this day, and also a day extra either before or after. Many Muslims cook something sweet like sweet rice and share with their family and circle of friends to eat when breaking their fast......

On muhurram a large number of people gather and decorate *'Tazia'* as the Symbol of the battle
People of Muslim communities in many parts of the world set-up ‘Langar’(A large pot filled with food) where water is served free to all for nine days
On muhurram Sunni Muslims prepare **‘khichda’**(Rice which includes all the grains and lentils available)
# Anantapur district

**Anantapur district** (officially:Anantapuram district) is a district in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The district headquarters is located at Anantapur city. As of 2011 Census, the district had a population of 4,083,315, of which 28.09% is urban. It has a literacy rate of 64.28%. It is the largest district in terms of area in Andhra Pradesh and the eighth largest district in India respectively.

## Geography

Districts of Andhra Pradesh
It is the largest district of Andhra Pradesh spanning an area of 19,130 square kilometres (7,390 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Japan's Shikoku Island.

It is bounded on the north by Kurnool District, on the east by Kadapa District, on the southeast by Chittoor District, and on the southwest and west by Karnataka state. It is part of Rayalaseema region on the state. Its northern and central portions are a high plateau, generally undulating, with large granite rocks or low hill ranges rising occasionally above its surface. In the southern portion of the district the surface is more hilly, the plateau there rising to 2,000 ft (610 m). above the sea.

Six rivers flow within the district: Penna, Chithravathi, Vedavathi, Papagni, Swarnamukhi, and Thadakaleru. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 381 millimetres.

Anantapur city is 354 km from Hyderabad, 200 km from the neighbouring state capital of Bangalore. Anantapur connects Hyderabad and Bangalore through National Highway 7. There is an airport in the district located in Puttaparthi, known as Sri Sathya Sai Airport; however this airport currently has no scheduled service. Bangalore International Airport is nearest commercial airport to Anantapur District.
# Kapil Dev

Kapil Dev
**Kapil Dev** is a former Indian cricket player. He was an all rounder, a right hand batsman and right arm fast bowler. He captained the Indian cricket team when it won the 1983 World Cup.

Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj was born on 6 January 1959 in Chandigarh, Punjab, India. As a technical bowler, he was known as the "Haryana hurricane". He got a joint man of the match with the Australian cricketer Dean Jones.

## Statistics

Kapil Dev was the captain who led the Indian team to its first World Cup win in 1983. He got 434 wickets and scored 5248 runs with 8 centuries and 27 fifties in test cricket. He got 253 wickets and 3783 runs in ODIs. He is the only player in the history of cricket to have taken more than 400 wickets (434 wickets) and scored more than 5,000 runs in Tests.
# Aarthi Agarwal

| Aarthi Agarwal |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | (1984-03-05)March 5, 1984 New Jersey, United States |
| Died | June 6, 2015(2015-06-06) (aged 31) New Jersey, United States |
| Cause of death | Cardiac arrest |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Nandhu, Aarthu |
| Occupation(s) | Film actress, model |
| Years active | 2001–2015 |
| Spouse |
Ujjwal Kumar Agarwal
​ ​(m. 2007; div. 2007)​ |

**Aarthi Agarwal** (March 5 1984 – June 6, 2015) was an American actress. She worked in Telugu cinema. She was known for her first movie role in *Nuvvu Naaku Nachav*.

On June 6, 2015, Agarwal died at the AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center in Atlantic City, New Jersey from cardiac arrest, aged 31.

## Other websites

* Aarthi Agarwal on IMDb