Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Twelfth grade

**Twelfth grade** (called **Grade 12** in some places, also known as **senior year** in the United States and Australia) is the last year of secondary education in the United States, as well as many other nations. Students are usually 17 when they start and are 18 years old at the end.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by Eleventh grade |  **Twelfth Grade** age 17/18 | Succeeded by Higher education |
# Elkin, North Carolina

**Elkin** is a town in Surry and Wilkes counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina The population was 4,122 at the 2020 census.

Elkin is located at ﻿ / ﻿ (36.257709, -80.851296).
# Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

**Mecklenburg County** is a county in North Carolina. In 2020, 1,115,482 people lived there. The county seat is Charlotte.

## History

The county was created in 1762. It was split from Anson County. It was named in honor of the marriage of King George III to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

## Communities

Map of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina With Municipal and Township Labels
1923 Map of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina showing original Township boundaries
Mecklenburg County has seven municipalities including the City of Charlotte and the towns of Cornelius, Davidson, and Huntersville (north of Charlotte); and the towns of Matthews, Mint Hill, and Pineville (south and southeast of Charlotte). Small portions of Stallings and Weddington are also in Mecklenburg County, though most of those towns are in Union County.

### City

* Charlotte (county seat)

### Towns

* Cornelius
* Davidson
* Huntersville
* Matthews
* Mint Hill
* Pineville
* Stallings
* Weddington

### Unincorporated communities

* Caldwell
* Hopewell

### Townships

* Berryhill
* Charlotte
* Clear Creek
* Crab Orchard
* Deweese
* Huntersville
* Lemley
* Long Creek
* Mallard Creek
* Morning Star
* Paw Creek
* Pineville
* Providence
* Sharon (extinct)
* Steele Creek
# R. Venkataraman

| His Excellency Ramaswamy Venkataraman |
| --- |
| இராமசுவாமி வெங்கடராமன் |
| R. Venkataraman |
|  |
| 8th President of India |
| **In office** 25 July 1987 – 25 July 1992 |
| Prime Minister | Rajiv Gandhi V. P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| Vice President | Shankar Dayal Sharma |
| Preceded by | Zail Singh |
| Succeeded by | Shankar Dayal Sharma |
| 7th Vice President of India |
| **In office** 31 August 1984 – 24 July 1987 |
| President | Zail Singh |
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi |
| Preceded by | Mohammad Hidayatullah |
| Succeeded by | Shankar Dayal Sharma |
| Minister of Home Affairs |
| **In office** 22 June 1982 – 2 September 1982 |
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi |
| Preceded by | Zail Singh |
| Succeeded by | Prakash Chandra Sethi |
| Minister of Defence |
| **In office** 15 January 1982 – 2 August 1984 |
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi |
| Preceded by | Indira Gandhi |
| Succeeded by | Shankarrao Chavan |
| Minister of Finance |
| **In office** 14 January 1980 – 15 January 1982 |
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi |
| Preceded by | Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna |
| Succeeded by | Pranab Mukherjee |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910-12-04)4 December 1910 Rajamadam, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Tamil Nadu, India) |
| Died | 27 January 2009(2009-01-27) (aged 98) New Delhi, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse(s) | Janaki Venkataraman |
| Alma mater | University of Madras |
| Profession | * Lawyer
* Politician
 |
| Signature |  |

**Ramaswamy Venkataraman** (pronunciation, 4 December 1910 – 27 January 2009) was an Indian lawyer, activist and politician. He was the eighth President of India from 1987 to 1992.

Venkataraman died on 27 January 2009, at a hospital in New Delhi from multiple organ failure caused by kidney disease at the age of 98.
# Tiruvannamalai district

**Tiruvannamalai district** is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The town of Tiruvannamalai is the headquarters of the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,464,875 with 994 females for every 1,000 males.

## History

Tiruvannamalai district is one of the sacred area in Tamil Nadu. The name of the district comes from its headquarters. The word "annamalai" in Tiruvannamalai means "the inaccessible mountain" and "Tiru" is a respectful title given. The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a centre of the Saiva religion. The Deepam festival celebrated here attracts devotees from far and wide throughout South India. After independence Tiruvannamalai was under North Arcot District. The civil district of North Arcot was divided into Vellore District and Tiruvannamalai District in October 1989.

## Other websites

* official website
# Kodaikanal

**Kodaikanal** is a "hill station" city in the hills of the Dindigul district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Its name in the Tamil language means "The Gift of the Forest". Kodaikanal is referred to as the "Princess of Hill stations" and has a long history as a popular tourist destination.

Kodaikanal was established in 1845 as a resort town where people would come to find refuge from the high temperatures and tropical diseases of the plains. Much of the local economy is based on the hospitality industry serving tourism. As of 2011, the city had a population of 36,501.

## Economy

### Tourism

The economy of Kodaikanal mainly depends on tourism. The number of tourists increased from two million in 1999 to 3.2 million in 2009.
The town's infrastructure changes every year in preparation for the peak tourist season. Due to the rapid development of nearby cities such as Madurai and Coimbatore, the town is learning to deal with year-round tourism. Popular tourist souvenirs include handcrafts, home-made chocolates, postcards and eucalyptus oil.

### Agriculture

Terrace farms in surrounding villages grow plums, pears, chile peppers, carrots, cauliflower, cabbage, garlic and onions. Most of the produce is transported by truck to other parts of India, while some are sold in the local market.other exotic fruits like dragon fruit,pears,apples, are also grown here
# Left-wing politics

**Left-wing politics** is a kind of politics that supports social equality and equity.

What a person means by left-wing depends on where the person lives. In Western Europe, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, left-wing politics is often associated with social democracy and democratic socialism.

## Related pages

### Left-wing ideologies

* Democratic socialism
* Eco-socialism
* Left-wing libertarianism
* Social democracy
* Socialism

### Left-wing issues

* Egalitarianism
* Democracy
* Human rights
* Secularism
* Social equality
* Labor rights / workers' rights

* Buhle, Mari Jo; Buhle, Paul; Georgakas, Dan (1998). *Encyclopedia of the American Left*. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-512088-2.
* Lin Chun, *The British New Left*, Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1993
* Eley, Geoff (2002). *Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000*. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-504479-7.

## Related pages

* Right-wing
* Political spectrum

## Other websites

* Leftist Parties of the World Archived 2019-07-01 at the Wayback Machine List of present-day leftist parties and organizations of the world, with links to their websites.
# Female

The symbol biologists use for female organisms
**Female** is one of two sexes. It is the sex that produces ova ("egg" cells) for sexual reproduction. Females of some species also bear offspring.

When looking at seed plants, the plants that only produce seed are called female, those that only produce pollen are called male. The majority of seed plants produce both, and are called hermaphrodite.

Organisms can either be grouped as male or female. Female humans are called women and their bodies are different from male humans (who are called men). A woman has a vagina between her legs (a male has a penis) which is the main sexual organ. They also have breasts with milk glands, which allow them to nurse (feed) infants. A woman's shoulders are usually not as wide as a man's, but women usually have wider hips than men, because they need wide hips to be able to give birth.

Women who become pregnant are encouraged by doctors to seek professional care from an obstetrician or a gynecologist in order to prevent problems. Likewise, women should see a gynecologist often for routine screening exams for cancer.

## Related pages

* Sex determination - the biological process which determines the sex of an individual.

## Other websites

 Media related to Females at Wikimedia Commons
# Chennai district

**Chennai district**, formerly known as Madras district, is one of the 38 districts in the Tamil Nadu state of India. It is the smallest district of Tamil Nadu but has the highest population density. Most of the Chennai Metro region comes under this district.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the population of the Chennai district is 4,646,732. The male population is 2,335,844 and female population is 2,310,888. The literacy rate is 90.18%. The density of population in this district is 26,553 people per square kilometre. The sex ratio is 989 females per 1000 males.

## Administrative divisions

Chennai district is divided into various taluks for administration purposes. They are:

1. Aminjikarai taluk
2. Ayanavaram taluk
3. Egmore taluk
4. Guindy taluk
5. Mambalam taluk
6. Mylapore taluk
7. Perambur taluk
8. Tondiarpet taluk
9. Purasaiwalkam taluk
10. Velachery taluk
11. Sholinganallur taluk
12. Tambaram taluk
13. Madhavaram taluk

## Geographical area

The total area of the Chennai district is 178.8 square kilometres (69.0 square miles). The district is in the Coromandel coast of the Bay of Bengal. The Guindy National Park region covers 2.71 square kilometres (1.05 square miles) of reserved forest. The waterways here are the Cooum River, Adyar River, Buckingham Canal and Otteri Nullah stream.
# Great Living Chola Temples

The **Great Living Chola Temples** were built by kings of the Chola Empire, which stretched over all of south India and the neighbouring islands. The site includes three great 11th- and 12th-century Temples: the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. The Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram, built by Rajendra I, was completed in 1035. Its 53-m *vimana* (sanctum tower) has recessed corners and a graceful upward curving movement, contrasting with the straight and severe tower at Thanjavur. The Airavatesvara temple complex, built by Rajaraja II, at Darasuram features a 24-m *vimana* and a stone image of Shiva. The temples testify to the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting.
# Sailing

Hanse Sail, Rostock
Tall ship Christian Radich under sail
**Sailing** is the craft of controlling a boat that uses the force of the wind as a source of movement. Sailing boats were very important to move cargo and people. Starting at the end of the 19th century they were gradually replaced by the boats that used steam to generate motion. Today, sailing is a hobby some people have. In some regions of the world, sailing vessels still keep their importance.

Many military forces also have sailing vessels for the purpose of training.

Sailing is also a competitive sport. It is one of the sports in the Olympic Games.

|  |
| --- |
| Part of a series of articles on **Sports** |
|
 |
| **Summer Sports** |
| Track and field athletics
Football (soccer)
Basketball
Bowls
Rugby
Gymnastics
Baseball
American football
Cycling·Auto racing
Cricket·Golf
Field hockey·Handball
Archery·Shooting
Fencing·Weightlifting
Pentathlon·Triathlon
Horseback riding |
| Water sports
Swimming· Diving
Water polo·Sailing
Canoeing·Rowing |
| Martial arts
Boxing·Wrestling
Karate·Taekwondo  |
| Net sports
Tennis· Volleyball
Table tennis· Badminton |
| **Winter sports** |
| Ice hockey· Skating
Skiing·Curling
Bobsled·Luge
Snowboarding·Biathlon
Ice sledge hockey |
# Australia men's cricket team

Australia| National flag |
| Association | Cricket Australia |
| History |
| Test status acquired | 1877 |
| Tests |
| First Test | v.  England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (15/19 March 1877) |
| One Day Internationals |
| First ODI | v.  England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (5 January 1971) |
| Twenty20 Internationals |
| First T20I | v.  New Zealand at Eden Park, Auckland (17 February 2005) |

The **Australia** men's cricket team has been active since 1866. It is governed by Cricket Australia, which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). Australia play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).
# Commonwealth of England

| Commonwealth of England |
| --- |
| 1649–1660 |
|
Top: Flag of the Commonwealth
Bottom: The banner of the republic in the style of the flag of King James I

Coat of arms

 |
|  |
| Capital | London |
| Demonym(s) | English |
| Government | Republic (1649–1653; 1659–1660)
Dictatorship (1653–1659) |
|  |
| • first Lord Protector  | Oliver Cromwell |
| • last Lord Protector  | Richard Cromwell |
|  |
| Establishment |
|  |
| • Execution of Charles I  | 30 January 1649 |
| • Election of Charles II as king  | 1660 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 315,093 km2 (121,658 sq mi) |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Kingdom of England |
|  | Kingdom of Scotland |
|  | Kingdom of Ireland |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kingdom of England |  |
| Kingdom of Scotland |  |
| Kingdom of Ireland |  |

 |

 |
| Today part of | United Kingdom, Ireland |

The **Commonwealth of England** was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared (*An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth*) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649.

The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called the Protectorate and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard Cromwell, as Lord Protector. The term "Commonwealth'' is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum. The son of King Charles returned in The Restoration.

## Other websites

* British flags of the period
* Commonwealth of England: Heads of State: 1649-1660
# India men's cricket team

India| National flag |
| Association | Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) |
| History |
| Test status acquired | 1932 |
| Tests |
| First Test | v.  England at Lord's (25/28 June 1932) |
| One Day Internationals |
| First ODI | v.  England at Headingley Stadium, Leeds (13 July 1974) |
| Twenty20 Internationals |
| First T20I | v.  South Africa at Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg (1 December 2006) |

The **India** men's cricket team has been active since 1892. It is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). India play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

The Indian cricket team in 2019 at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai.
# Off spin

An off spin (or off break) delivery bowled from over the wicket.
**Off spin** is a type of bowling style in cricket where the ball is spun with the fingers by a right arm bowler (the left arm equivalent is slow left arm orthodox). The off spinner's normal delivery causes the ball to spin from left to right (*from the bowlers perspective*). The ball generally spins away from the off side of the pitch, and this is how a delivery gets the name **off break**, meaning it "breaks away from the off". The bowler uses a particular grip in which the key finger is the first one, as it is laid firmly across the seam. The wrist is bent back towards the forearm. At the point of delivery, the wrist flicks forward and the first finger is dragged sharply downwards to impart the spin.

According to the MCC's coaching manual, the action of the hand and wrist "is the same as that of turning a door knob to open a door".

There have been many famous exponents of off spin, but two in particular were outstanding: Jim Laker and Muttiah Muralitharan.

* Barclays (1986). Swanton, E. W.; Plumptre, George; Woodcock, George (eds.). *Barclays World of Cricket*. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-00-02181-93-8.
# Adelaide Oval

The Adelaide Oval in 2015, following its redevelopment.
The **Adelaide Oval** is an Australian sports stadium. It is located in the city of Adelaide, in the state of South Australia. The stadium opened in 1871, and it underwent extensive renovation (redevelopment) between 2012 and 2014. Adelaide Oval has always been used primarily for cricket, and it is the headquarters of the South Australian Cricket Association. It staged its first Test match in December 1884. The stadium has hosted other sports too, especially Australian rules football, and it is also a popular concert venue. Its record attendance is 70,000 for a concert by Adele in 2017.
# ICC Men's T20 World Cup

The **ICC Men's T20 World Cup** is an International cricket tournament organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was first played in 2007 in South Africa , and normally takes place every two years. Matches are played under Twenty20 International (T20I) rules, each team having a single innings limited to 20 overs. The same format is used in the ICC Women's T20 World Cup. The next edition will be played in India and Sri Lanka from 7 February to 8 March 2026.
# CSA 4-Day Series

The **CSA (Cricket South Africa) 4-Day Series** is the current name of the national first-class cricket championship in South Africa. Originally launched in 1889–90 as the Currie Cup, the tournament became the Castle Cup in 1990, and then the SuperSport Series in 1996. Until 2004, it was contested by the nation's provincial teams, of which the most successful were Gauteng (formerly Transvaal), KwaZulu-Natal Coastal (formerly Natal), and Western Province.

## Franchise teams

The championship was completely restructured and rebranded in 2004 with the introduction of franchise teams known as Cape Cobras, Dolphins, Knights, Lions, Titans, and Warriors. The franchises were disbanded in March 2021, when CSA announced another restructure. That essentially involved a return to the provincial teams, although five of the franchise team names were retained as brands by their respective provinces. The exception was Cape Cobras, which was not adopted by either of its constituent provinces, Boland and Western Province. KwaZulu-Natal Coastal have retained Dolphins as their brand, while Gauteng are the Lions, Northerns are the Titans, Free State are the Knights, and Eastern Cape are the Warriors.

## 2024–25

In the 2024–25 tournament, there were eight teams in Division One, and seven in Division Two. Both divisions were run on a round-robin basis and the top two teams qualified for a championship final. Gauteng and Northerns contested the Division One final, which ended in a draw after one whole day's play was lost due to heavy rain. Free State were relegated to Division Two ahead of the 2025–26 season, and KwaZulu-Natal Inland were promoted to Division One.
# T10 cricket

**T10 cricket** is a form of cricket where both teams have one innings of 10 overs each, and the game lasts about 90 minutes.

A few T10 leagues have been started, such as the T10 League in Abu Dhabi.
# Tamil Nadu Premier League

**Tamil Nadu Premier League** is a professional cricket league played in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The league was formed by the Tamil Nadu Cricket Council. This league was formed in the year 2016.

## Teams

| **Team** | **City** | **Captain** | **Coach** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chepauk Super Gillies | Chennai | Rajagopal Sathish | Hemang Badani |
| Kovai Kings | Coimbatore | Murali Vijay | Lance Klusener |
| Dindigul Dragons | Dindigul | Ravichandran Ashwin | M. Venkataramana |
| Trichy Warriors | Tiruchirapalli | Baba Indrajith | Tinu Yohannan and Brett Lee |
| Karaikudi Kaalai | Karaikudi | Subramaniam Badrinath | Robin Singh |
| Madurai Super Giants | Madurai | Arun Karthik | Michael Bevan |
| Salem Spartans | Salem | Darryl S Ferrario | B Ram Prakash |
| Thiruvallur Veerans | Tiruvallur | Baba Aparajith | Bharat Arun and Muttiah Muralitharan |

Source:
# New Zealand women's cricket team

New Zealand Women| National flag |
| Association | New Zealand Cricket (NZC) |
| History |
| Test status acquired | 1935 |
| Tests |
| First Test | v. England Women at Lancaster Park, Christchurch (16/18 Feb 1935) |
| One Day Internationals |
| First ODI | v. Jamaica Women at Kew Green, London (20 June 1973) |
| Twenty20 Internationals |
| First T20I | v. England Women at County Cricket Ground, Hove (5 August 2004) |

The **New Zealand Women** cricket team has been active since 1935. It is governed by New Zealand Cricket (NZC), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). New Zealand Women play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).
# Leg cricket

**Leg cricket** is a form of cricket where the players don't use a bat. It is played with the batters instead kicking the ball with their legs, and there is a distance of only about 80 to 120 feet (24 to 37 m) from the kicker to the edge of the field. The ball is delivered to the kicker underarm by the bowler.Mr. S. Nagraj is known as the father of leg cricket. Mr. Verma is the present secretary of the International Leg Cricket Council and Leg Cricket Federation of India.

## Measurements

The pitch is 8 feet (2.4 m) wide and 42 ft to 48 ft long, (based on the age group and category of the players).

Pitch

| Categories | Boys | Girls | Mix |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Under-12 Mini | 44 feet (13 m) | 44 feet | 44 feet |
| Under-14 Sub Junior | 44 feet | 44 feet | 44 feet |
| Under-17 Junior | 46 feet | 46 feet | 46 feet |
| Under-19 Senior | 48 feet | 48 feet | 48 feet |
| Men's/Women's | 48 feet | 48 feet | 48 feet |

Boundary

| Categories | Boys | Girls | Mix |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Under-12 Mini | 70 feet (21 m) | 70 feet | 70 feet |
| Under-14 Sub Junior | 80 feet | 80 feet | 80 feet |
| Under-17 Junior | 90 feet | 85 feet | 90 feet |
| Under-19 Senior | 100 feet (30 m) | 90 feet | 100 feet |
| Men's/Women's | 120 feet | 100 feet | 120 feet |

Stumps

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Width of the 3 stumps | 12 inches, 1 feet |
| Height of the 3 stumps | 24–30 inches (610–760 mm), 2–2.5 feet |
# Net run rate

In the sport of cricket, **net run rate** (NRR) is a statistical method used to rank teams in limited overs tournaments. It is especially useful as a tie-breaker when teams have equal points. A team's NRR in a competition is the difference between the average number of runs per over that they have scored, and the average runs per over that have been scored against them. So, if a team has itself scored 9.99 runs per over, and conceded 6.66 runs per over, its NRR is +3.33.
# Elephant polo

Elephant polo World cup 2011 held in Nepal
Elephant polo in India
**Elephant polo** is a variant of polo. It is played whilst riding elephants. It is played in Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.