Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Bharata Natyam

| Part of a series on |
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| Officially recognised classical dance forms of India |
| Category |
| Recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi |
| **B**

Bharatanatyam (from Tamil Nadu)

**K**

Kathak (from Uttar Pradesh)

Kathakali (from Kerala)

Kuchipudi (from Andhra Pradesh)

**M**

Manipuri (from Manipur)

Mohiniyattam (from Kerala)

**O**

Odissi (from Odisha)

**S**

Sattriya (from Assam)  |
| Recognised by the Ministry of Culture (India) |
| **C**

Chhau (from Eastern India)

**G**

Gaudiya Nritya (from Eastern India)  |

A female dancer doing the *Natraja* pose
**Bharatanatyam**, is an Indian classical dance.

Both male and female dancers perform this dance. The classical Indian story-dance can be used to express a complex range of emotions which respond to the actions of the male heroes.

This classical Indian dance attracts interest and study in India and other parts of the world, including China Europe and North America.

## History

*Bharatanatyam* comes from the state of Tamil Nadu.

The dance’s origins are recorded in Tamil literary texts of the sixth century BC. It was revived in the late 18th century and again in the early 20th century.

## Etymology & History

Bharatanatyam is an Indian classical dance originated in Tamil Nadu.
(The etymology in #1 below for "Bharata" is spurious. It only makes sense with the English spelling/pronunciation of "Bha", "Ra", and "Ta", which would be "Bhā-rā-tā. The actual pronunciation is Bhə-rə-tə which does not make for a good story).

The name was invented in the twentieth century by the great dancer Rukmini Devi and others. It is supposed to indicate that this style was the original style described in a book on Natya by the sage Bharata, i.e. "Bharata's Dance". The text describes poses but in the absence of illustration, the exact poses had to be re-imagined -- the quality of this re-imagination is a tribute to the intellectual and aesthetic abilities of Rukmini Devi and her teachers, but there is no other link between Bharatanatyam now and the dances described in ancient Tamil texts.

The re-imagined dance form was largely based on *Sadir-attam,* the dances performed by temple *devavdasis,* whose status had fallen over many centuries and under British non-comprehension of its cultural roots. Sadir-attam itself was the name given to the dance during its eighteenth century revival under the sponsorship of Raja Serfoji of Tanjore.

The knowledge of the ancient dance was maintained by the caste of devadasis, but as an oral and terpsichorean tradition, without writing. As such, documentation of the historic relationship between those dances and contemporary Bharatanatyam is scant.

## Related pages

* Indira Rajan
* Kathak

## Other websites

* Indo-American Arts Council Archived 2015-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Johns Hopkins, Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam – Classical Dances of South India Archived 2012-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
# Odia language

| Odia |
| --- |
| ଓଡ଼ିଆ |
| The word "Odia" in Odia script |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Odisha |
| Ethnicity | Odias |
| Native speakers | 35 million (2011–2019) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Indo-Iranian
	+ Indo-Aryan
		- Eastern
			* **Odia**
 |
| Writing system | Odia script Odia Braille Kalinga script (historical) |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  India
* Odisha
* Jharkhand (additional)
* West Bengal (additional)
 |
| Regulated by | Odisha Sahitya Akademi, Government of Odisha |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `or` |
| ISO 639-2 | `ori` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ori` – inclusive code Individual codes: `ory` – Odia `spv` – Sambalpuri `ort` – Adivasi Odia (Kotia) `dso` – Desiya (duplicate of [ort]) |
| *Glottolog* | `macr1269`  Macro-Oriya (Odra) `oriy1255`  Odia |
|   Odia majority or plurality
  Significant Odia minority |

| Part of a series on |
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| Constitutionally recognised languages of India |
| Category |
| Scheduled Languages |
| **A**

Assamese

**B**

Bengali

Bodo

**D**

Dogri

**G**

Gujarati

**H**

Hindi

**K**

Kannada

Kashmiri

Konkani

**M**

Maithili

Malayalam

Marathi

Meitei (Manipuri)

**N**

Nepali

**O**

Odia (Oriya)

**P**

Punjabi

**S**

Sanskrit

Santali

Sindhi

**T**

Tamil

Telugu

**U**

Urdu |
| Related |
|
Official languages of India

Languages with official status in India |

**Odia** (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ, romanized: *oṛiā*), formerly written as Oriya in English, is an Indo-Aryan language, mainly spoken in the Indian state of Odisha. The language is also an official language of India. There are about 50 million people worldwide who speak Odia.

## Example

Musamoni speaking Baleswari Odia
A recording of India appeared on the screen. This is The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Odia:

ସବୁ ମନୁଷ୍ଯ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାର ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଜ୍ଞା ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି । ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭାତୃଭାବ ପୋଷଣ କରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ଦରକାର ।

*All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.*
# Deadline Hollywood

*Deadline Hollywood*| Type of site | Film and entertainment news |
| Headquarters | United States |
| Owner | Penske Media Corporation |
| Founder(s) | Nikki Finke |
| Editors | * Nellie Andreeva
* Mike Fleming Jr.
 |
| URL | deadline.com |
| Launched | September 4, 2009 (2009-09-04) |

Deadline Hollywood, also known as Deadline and Deadline.com, is an online news site. It was founded as the news blog Deadline Hollywood Daily by Nikki Finke in 2006. The site is updated many times a day. They focus on entertainment news.
# Xiangsheng

Xiangsheng performers in a Tianjin theater.
**Crosstalk**, also known by its Chinese name xiangsheng (Simplified Chinese: 相声, Traditional Chinese: 相聲, pinyin: *xiàngsheng*, literally, "looking at each other and speaking"), is a traditional Chinese comedy form. Crosstalk is a special kind of dialogue and a special kind of performance.

The comic language has many puns and allusions. The words are spoken in a fast, rushed manner. The comedy is a kind of banter.

According to Canadian crosstalk comedian Dashan (Mark Rowswell), the closest equivalent in English would be Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" sketch.

## Format

Modern crosstalk is made up of four skills–speaking (Simplified Chinese: 说, Traditional Chinese: 說, pinyin: *shuō*), imitating (Simplified Chinese: 学, Traditional Chinese: 學, pinyin: *xué*), teasing (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 逗, pinyin: *dòu*), and singing (Simplified and Traditional chinese: 唱, pinyin: *chàng*).

## History

Crosstalk was popular during the Qing Dynasty. It is also a standard feature of CCTV's annual New Year's Gala.

## Related pages

* Manzai
* Stand-up comedy

## Other websites

* Crosstalk Collections 中华笑海 (Simplified Chinese) Archived 2011-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
* China Crosstalk Online 中国相声网 (Simplified Chinese) Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Comedians Workshop 相聲瓦舍 (Traditional Chinese)
# Tragicomedy

A **Tragicomedy** is a story that is both a tragedy and a comedy at the same time.

## Origin of the Word

Plautus invented the word Tragicomedy for his play Amphytrion. In it Mercury notices that there are gods in a play that’s supposed to be a comedy and says that it should be a tragicomedy instead.

## Renaissance

In Italy, a man named Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio said that people should write tragedies with happy endings. He called them “Tragicomedies”. He said tragedies were better as books but tragicomedies were better as plays. In 1590, Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote a play called The Faithful Shepherd. People weren’t sure if it were a comedy or a tragedy, so they called it a tragicomedy.

## Shakespeare

Some people criticized William Shakespeare for putting jokes in tragedies and sad things in comedies. So they said that some of his plays were not tragedies or comedies. They called them tragicomedies.
# Ventriloquism

**Ventriloquism** is a form of stage theater in which a person changes his or her voice so that it sounds like the voice is coming from somewhere else (usually a puppet or a dummy). A **ventriloquist** is one who performs this art.

## Origins

Originally, it was practiced in religion. Now, it is used in comedy.

## History of modern-day ventriloquism

Today's modern ventriloquism started in nightclubs.

## Notable ventriloquists

* Jeff Dunham
# Suhasini Maniratnam

| Suhasini Maniratnam |
| --- |
| Suhasini Maniratnam at an event in 2020 |
| Born | Suhasini 15 August 1961 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Director, Producer, Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1980–present |
| Spouse | Mani Ratnam (m. 1988) |
| Children | 1 |
| Parent(s) | Charuhasan (father), Shanthidevi (mother) |
| Relatives | Kamal Haasan (brother-in-law), Nasser (brother-in-law) |

**Suhasini Maniratnam** (born 15 August 1961) is an Indian actress, film director, producer, and screenwriter known for her work in the Tamil film industry, Over the years, Suhasini has played a range of iconic roles and has also been a filmmaker and producer.

## Early Life and Education

Suhasini was born on 15 August 1961 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She is the daughter of veteran actor and director Charuhasan and Shanthidevi. She completed her schooling in Chennai and later pursued a degree in literature.

## Career

Suhasini began her acting career in the early 1980s. She debuted in Tamil cinema with the film *Nenjathai Killadhe* (1980), directed by A. Bhimsingh. She went on to appear in numerous films, especially in the Tamil and Telugu film industries.

### Acting

Suhasini's acting career spans more than four decades, during which she starred in a variety of roles, from strong supporting characters to leading roles. Some of her notable films include:

* *Mudhugauv* (1983) – Tamil
* *Thevar Magan* (1992) – Tamil
* *Kshana Kshanam* (1991) – Telugu
* *Pelli Sandadi* (1996) – Telugu
* *Rajashri* (1989) – Malayalam

### Direction and production

In addition to acting, Suhasini also ventured into film direction and production. Her directorial debut came with the Tamil film *Indira* (1995), where she not only directed but also produced the film.

## Personal Life

Suhasini Maniratnam is married to filmmaker Mani Ratnam. The couple married in 1988, and they have one son, Nandin.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | *Nenjathai Killadhe* | Rukmini | Tamil |
| 1983 | *Mudhugauv* |  | Tamil |
| 1986 | *Mouna Ragam* | Divya | Tamil |
| 1991 | *Kshana Kshanam* | Priya | Telugu |
| 1992 | *Thevar Magan* | Meenakshi | Tamil |
| 1996 | *Pelli Sandadi* |  | Telugu |
| 2005 | *Rajashri* |  | Malayalam |
| 2019 | *Kalyanam* |  | Tamil |

## Awards and Recognition

* Tamil Nadu State Film Award – Best Actress for *Mouna Ragam* (1986)
* Filmfare Award South – Best Actress (Tamil) for *Thevar Magan* (1992)
* Nandi Award – Best Actress for *Kshana Kshanam* (1991)
# Sunil Dutt

Sunil Dutt
**Sunil Dutt** (**Balraj Dutt**; 6 June 1926 – 25 May 2005) was a famous Indian actor, director and politician. He was appointed the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports in 2004. He was a former Sheriff of Mumbai. He is the father of actor Sanjay Dutt and politician Priya Dutt. In 1968, he was honoured by the Padma Shri by the Government of India. In 1984 he was elected to the Parliament of India from the constituency of Mumbai North West. In 2004, he was elected for Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs.

## Early career

Sunil Dutt's father was Diwan Raghunath Dutt and mother name was Kulwantidevi Dutt. When he was five years old, his father died. He then moved to Bombay ( Mumbai). He got a job at the city's BEST bus service. He graduated with B.A. in history in 1954.He also became radio announcer, He was very popular on the Hindi service of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia. His first film was *Railway Platform(1955). Film director gave him new screen name "Sunil Dutt" to avoid name conflicts with the actor Balraj Sahni.*

## Early Success

Sunil Dutt became famous for his role in the 1957 film *Mother India* in which he co-starred with Nargis. Dutt was one of the major stars of Hindi cinema in the 1960s. With several hit films like *Sadhna* (1958), *Insan Jaag Utha* (1959), *Sujata* (1959), *Mujhe Jeene Do* (1963), *Khandan* (1965), *Mera Saaya* (1966), *Milan* (1967), *Meherban* (1967), *Hamraaz* (1967)*,* *Padosan* (1968), *Chirag* (1969), *Meri Bhabhi* (1969) and *Bhai Bhai* (1970) . His collaboration with B.R. Chopra give big hit films such as *Ek Hi Rasta* (1955), *Sadhna* (1958), *Gumraah* (1963), *Waqt* (1965) and *Hamraaz* (1967).

Dutt made his directorial debut and was the only actor to feature in *Yaadein* (1964). The film was featured in the *Guinness Book of Records* for *Fewest Actors in a Narrative Film.*

## Personal Life

Sunil Dutt married famous actress Nargis in 1958. Nargis died due to pancreatic cancer in 1981. Dutt built a hospital in her memory. He also helped his son Sanjay in recovering from his drug addiction and released him from jail when Sanjay was arrested in 1993. Dutt faced lots of ups and downs in his life but did his work sincerely whether in films or politics. Many notable figures considered him as their inspiration. Media says that Dutt was a bigger hero in real life than reel.

## Middle Period

In *Geeta Mera Naam* (1974) he again played an anti-hero after a long gap of films like *Mother India* and *Mujhe Jeene Do*. He continued to star in 1970s with several hits that included *Heera* (1973), *Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye* (1974), *Zakhmi* (1975), *Nagin* (1976), *Nehle Pe Dehla* (1976), *Paapi* (1977), *Jaani Dushman* (1979), *Muqabla* (1979). In 80s, he played a police officer in *Shaan* (1980). Later give hit films like *Dard Ka Rishta* (1982), *Badle Ki Aag* (1982), *Raaj Tilak* (1984), *Mangal Dada* (1986), *Watan Ke Rakhwale* (1987) and *Dharamyudh* (1988). He retired from films in early 90s and did social work. In 2003, he appeared for the last time in blockbuster film *Munna Bhai MBBS.*
# Naseeruddin Shah

Shah in 2013
**Naseeruddin Shah** (born 20 July 1950) is an Indian actor, educator, environmentalist and director. Many of his works are in Hindi. He was honored with the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan. Shah was born in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India. His career began in 1972.

He has been in many Bollywood movies such as *Nishant, Aakrosh, Sparsh, Mirch Masala, Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai, Trikal, Bhavni Bhavai, Junoon, Mandi, Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!, Ardh Satya, Katha,* and *Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro*.

## Other websites

* Naseeruddin Shah on IMDb
* "Mission theatre, Waar on mind". *The Telegraph India*. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
# Shivkumar Sharma

Pandit **Shivkumar Sharma** (13 January 1938 – 10 May 2022) was an Indian composer and santoor player. He was born in Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, British Raj. His career began in 1955. Some of the movies he composed music for were musical hits, such as *Faasle* (1985), *Chandni* (1989), *Lamhe* (1991), and *Darr* (1993).

Sharma died from cardiac arrest in Jammu on 10 May 2022, aged 84.
# Saroja Vaidyanathan

| Vhajozk Saroja Vaidyanathan |
| --- |
| Vaidyanathan in 2013 |
| Born | 26(1937-09-19)19 September 19372002 Bellary, Ceded Districts, Madras Province, British Indiamusina |
| Died | 21 September 2023(2023-09-21) (aged 86) |
| Nationality | South Africa Indian |
| Occupations | * Dancer
* choreographer
* writer
 |
| Years active | 2023 |
| Awards | Padma Shri (2002) Padma Bhushan (2013) |
|  |
| Dances | Bharatanatyam |
|  |

**Saroja Vaidyanathan** (19 September 1937 – 21 September 2023) was an Indian choreographer, guru and a notable exponent of Bharatanatyam. She was conferred the Padma Shri in 2002 and the Padma Bhushan in 2013 by the Government of India. She died on 21 September 2023, two days after her 86th birthday.
# Mukund Lath

**Mukund Lath** (9 October 1937 – 6 August 2020) was an Indian scholar and cultural historian. He was known for his writings on music, dance, aesthetics and culture of India. He was honored by the Government of India, in 2010, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. Lath was born in Kolkata.

Lath died on 6 August 2020 in Jaipur at the age of 82.
# Bapu (movie director)

| Bapu |
| --- |
| 2015 |
| Born | Satthiraju Lakshminarayana (1933-12-15)December 15, 1933 Narsapur, India |
| Died | August 31, 2014(2014-08-31) (aged 80) Chennai, India |
| Alma mater | University of Madras |
| Website | bapuartcollection.com |

**Bapu** (December 15, 1933 – August 31, 2014); (born **Satthiraju Lakshmi Narayana**); (Telugu: సత్తిరాజు లక్ష్మీనారాయణ) was an Indian director. He was known for his works in Telugu cinema and for his movies such as *Hum Paanch*, *Mister Pellam*, *Pelli Pustakam*, *Seeta Kalyanam*, and *Sri Rama Rajyam*.
He was a music artist, painter, illustrator, cartoonist, and designer. In 2013, he was awarded the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian art and cinema

Bapu died on August 31, 2014 in Chennai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 80.

## Other websites

* Bapu on IMDb
# Hiralal Yadav

**Hiralal Yadav** (1925/1926 – 12 May 2019) was an Indian folk singer. He was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India in 2019. He was awarded the Yash Bharti Award in 2015. He was born in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. He was best known for his works with T-Series.

Yadav died on 12 May 2019, at a hospital in Varanasi at the age of 93.

## Other websites

* Hiralal Yadav at AllMusic
* Heera Lal Yadav's Discography
# Jamyang Tsering Namgyal

Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (born 4 August 1985) is an Indian politician and Member of Parliament from Ladakh, India's largest parliamentary seat geographically. Namgyal was elected, on 9 November 2018, to be the youngest and 8th Chief Executive Councillor (CEC) of Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
# Satish Shah

| Satish Shah |
| --- |
| Shah in 2014 |
| Born | Satish Ravilal Shah (1951-06-25)25 June 1951 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Died | 25 October 2025(2025-10-25) (aged 74) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Cause of death | Kidney failure |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, comedian |
| Years active | 1976–2025 |
| Spouse |
Madhu Shah ​(m. 1982)​ |

**Satish Ravilal Shah** (25 June 1951 – 25 October 2025) was an Indian actor and comedian. He was best known for his roles in *Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro* (1983), *Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi* (1984), *Sarabhai vs Sarabhai* (2004), *Main Hoon Na* (2004), *Kal Ho Naa Ho* (2003), *Fanaa* (2006), and *Om Shanti Om* (2007).

Shah died from kidney failure at a hospital in Mumbai, India on 25 October 2025, at the age of 74.

## Other websites

* Satish Shah on IMDb
# The Indian Express

The Indian Express| *Journalism of Courage* |
|  |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Indian Express Group |
| Publisher | Indian Express Group |
| Founded | 1932 (1932) |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | B1/B, Express Building, Sector 10, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Sister newspapers | * *The Financial Express*
* *Loksatta*
* *Jansatta*
 |
| OCLC number | 70274541  |
| Website | indianexpress.com |

The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper started in 1932. Its headquaters is in Mumbai. The newspaper is owned by the Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after the death of the founder Ramnath Goenka in 1991, the group was divided between the family members. The southern editions took the name *The New Indian Express*, while the northern editions, which is based in Mumbai, has kept the original *Indian Express* name with *"The"* placed before the title.

## History

In 1932, the Indian Express was started at Chennai by an ancient medicine doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu in his "Tamil Nadu" press. After having financial problems, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of The Free Press Journal, a national news agency. Sadanand brought many changes along with reducing the price of the newspaper. When another financial problem arises, he sold a part of his stake to Ramanath Goenka as convertible business loans. In 1935, The Free Press Journal finally came to an end. After a lengthy court trial battle with Goenka, Sadanand lost ownership of Indian Express.

In 1940, the whole building was destroyed by fire. *The Hindu*, a rival newspaper, helped somehow in re-launching the paper, by getting it printed temporarily at one of its Swadesimithran's press. In 1952, the paper had a circulation of 44,469.

After the death of Ramnath Goenka in 1991, two of his grandsons, Manoj Sonthalia and Vivek Goenka divided the group among themselves. Vivek Goenka looks after the Indian Express Mumbai with all the North Indian editions, and all the Southern editions which were grouped as Express Publications Madurai Limited with Chennai as headquarters went to Manoj Sonthalia.

## Abstract

*The Indian Express* investigated the progression of 86 national school Board toppers (51 men and 35 women) during the two-decade of 1996-2015. The investigation consisted of toppers of Class X and XII (from the Central Board of Secondary Education (en) and the Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations (en)). It was released in three parts (27,28,29 of 12-2020). As a follow-up of the major findings of the investigation, they propose seven ‘takeaways’ for the betterment of India’s education system.

## Other websites

* *The Indian Express* website
* The Indian Express on Twitter