Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Hauts-de-France

Location within France
**Hauts-de-France** is an administrative region of France. It was created in 2016. It was created by combining the former regions of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy. The capital of the région is Lille.

*Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardy* was the temporary name for the region.
# Saratov Oblast

Flag of Saratov Oblast
Coat of arms of Saratov Oblast
**Saratov Oblast** (Russian: Сара́товская о́бласть, *Saratovskaya oblast*) is a administrative division of Russia.

## Geography

Saratov Oblast is located in southeast of European Russia, in northern part of Lower Volga region and borders are:

* Volgograd Oblast to south
* Voronezh and Tambov oblasts to west
* Penza, Samara and Ulyanovsk oblasts to north;
* Republic of Kazakhstan to east.

## Demographics

In terms of people, population of this oblast: 2,521,892 (2010).

Ethnic composition (2010):

* Russians - 87.6%
* Tatars - 2.2%
* others - 2.1%

## Religion

A 2012 survey showed these are the major religions in the oblast:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| Russian Orthodoxy |   | 30% |
| Other Orthodox |   | 1% |
| Other Christians |   | 4.8% |
| Islam |   | 2.4% |
| Hinduism |   | 0.5% |
| Rodnovery and other native faiths |   | 1.1% |
| Spiritual but not religious |   | 38.1% |
| Atheism and irreligion |   | 15.6% |
| Other and undeclared |   | 6.5% |

 |

## Related pages

* Russia
# Aeronautics

Aircraft prototype designed by Clément Ader.
**Aeronautics** is the study of how to make and use flying machines like aeroplanes or helicopters. The name comes from the Ancient Greek language. It means "Air Navigating".

Part of aeronautics is Aerodynamics, how air moves around things. Many books are available on these topics. Aeronautics is related to transport and engineering, and aerodynamics is science.

## Related pages

* NASA
* Spacecraft

## Other websites

* Aeronautics Citizendium
* Aeronautics at the Open Directory Project
# Amnesty International

Amnesty International| Motto | *It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.* |
| Founded | July 1961 by Peter Benenson in the United Kingdom |
| Type | Non-profit NGO |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Location | * Global
 |
| Services | Protecting human rights |
| Fields | Social justice, letter-writing campaigns, and human rights awareness |
| Members  | More than 7 million members and supporters |
| Key people | Salil Shetty (Secretary-General) |
| Website | www.amnesty.org |

**Amnesty International** (also called **AI** or **Amnesty**) is an international organization founded in London in 1961. They promote human rights in accordance with Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law. This organization was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 for its defense of human dignity against torture. It is one of the most widely-known human rights groups in the world. The six key areas that Amnesty International focuses on are refugee rights, the rights of women, children, and of minorities, ending torture, stopping the death penalty, the rights of people imprisoned because of what they believe, and protection of human dignity.

## What they believe in

Amnesty International is based on these central ideas:

* *Every person has human rights. Human rights cannot be taken away from a person.* They are natural laws that are the right of all human beings from their birth on.
* *Human rights cannot be divided.* When one right is taken away, this is also bad for other rights. When one right is protected, other rights are in a better position as well.
* *Human rights will not be protected by governments alone.* Governments have said they will protect human rights, and then not acted upon it. Human rights organizations have to influence the governments.
* *To protect human rights, people must help other people.* Danger for human rights starts at the level of single persons. To help one person means to stop the danger from growing. One person alone can do this.
* *To defend human rights, an organization must be independent and impartial.* It should not be for or against any one ideology. An ideology is a certain point of view. It can be political, economic, or religious. Also, the organization should not say one country is the "worst". It should focus on the individual and all individuals.

## Literature

* Jürgen Wüst: *«Imperialistisches Menschenrechtsgeschrei». Der Kampf des MfS gegen die Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (IGFM) und Amnesty International (AI)*, in: *Deutschland Archiv*, Nr. 3/1998, S. 418—427

## Other websites

* Official website
# Kherson Oblast

Kherson OblastFlag of Kherson OblastCoat of arms of Kherson OblastLocation of Kherson Oblast in Ukraine
**Kherson Oblast** (Ukrainian: Херсонська область) is an oblast (province) of southern Ukraine. The administrative centre is Kherson.

Parts of the province are occupied by Russian soldiers (as of 2023).

## History

During 2022, Russia invaded much of Kherson Oblast (see 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine); Ukraine lost control of the city of Kherson, from March to November 2022, because of the Battle of Kherson ended on March 2. On November 11, 2022, Ukraine again took control of the city of Kherson. As of 2023's fourth quarter, Russia is still in control of large parts (of Kherson Oblast) on the East side of the Dniepr river.

## Administrative divisions

Beryslav raion

* Beryslav (hromada)
* Borozenske
* Kalynivske
* Kochubeivka
* Mylove
* Novovorontsovka
* Novooleksandrivka
* Novoraisk
* Tiahynka
* Velyka Oleksandrivka
* Vysokopillia

Henichesk raion

* Henichesk (hromada)
* Ivanivka
* Novotroitske
* Nyzhni Sirohozy

Kakhovka raion

* Askania-Nova
* Chaplynka
* Hornostaivka
* Hryhorivka
* Kakhovka
* Khrestivka
* Kostiantynivka
* Liubymivka
* Nova Kakhovka
* Rubanivka
* Tavriisk
* Tavrychanka
* Velyka Lepetykha
* Verkhnii Rohachyk
* Zelenyi Pid

* Kherson raion
	+ Bilozerka (hromada)
	+ Chornobaivka
	+ Darivka
	+ Kherson
	+ Muzykivka
	+ Oleshky
	+ Stanislav
	+ Velyki Kopani
	+ Vynohradove
	+ Yuvileine

Skadovsk raion

* Bekhtery
* Chulakivka
* Dolmativka
* Hola Prystan
* Kalanchak
* Lazurne
* Myrne
* Novomykolaivka
* Skadovsk
# Mylène de Zoete

Mylène de Zoete| De Zoete in 2021 |
| Personal information |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Born |  (1999-01-03) 3 January 1999 Naaldwijk, Netherlands |
| Sport |
| Sport | Cycling |
|
Medal record

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Women's cycling |
| Representing   Netherlands  |
| European Championships |
|  | 2022 München | elimination race |

 |

**Mylène de Zoete** (born 3 January 1999) is a Dutch road and track cyclist. She is a member of the Dutch women's road bicycle racing team AG Insurance–NXTG since 2020. As a track cyclist she represents the Netherlans at international tournaments.

De Zoete won the bronze medal in the elimination race event at the 2022 UEC European Track Championships. This was her first main senior international achievement.
# Foot (unit)

| foot |
| --- |
| Unit system | imperial/US units |
| Unit of | length |
| Symbol | ft  |
| Conversions
  |
| *1 ft in ...* | *... is equal to ...* |
|  |
|    imperial/US units |     WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0  yd  12 in |
|    metric (SI) units |    0.3048 m |

The **foot** is a unit for measuring length. It is one of the Imperial units and US customary units. The shortest way of writing the unit "foot" is by the abbreviation "ft" (or "ft."), or by a prime symbol ( ′ ).

One foot contains 12 inches. This is equal to 30.48 centimeters. It is called a foot, because it was originally based on the length of a foot.

## History

The foot was a common unit of measurement throughout Europe. It often differed in length not only from country to country but from city to city. Because the length of a foot changed between person to person, measurements were not even consistent between two people, often requiring an average. Henry I of England was attributed to passing the law that the foot was to be as long as a person's own foot. This was one of the first times a standard unit of measurement was put into place.

In 1835, during the metrication process, twelve cantons of Switzerland adopted a concordat based on the federal foot (exactly 0.3 m), which entered into force in 1836. In 1868 the metric system was legalized alongside the federal foot, which was a first step towards the definitive introduction of the metre.

In 1959, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom all signed a treaty known as the 'International Yard and Pound Agreement'. This standardised the avoirdupois weight and length of all nations. Those standards are still officially used in both the Imperial system and US customary units.

## Usage

Road signs with height restrictions in the United States and the United Kingdom are in feet and inches. They are less commonly seen in Canada and Ireland. In the US and the UK, people usually measure a person's height in feet and inches. If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters. The height is written *5′ 11″*

Many people born before metrication in a number of Commonwealth nations still use feet and inches. Altitude measurements are still sometimes given in feet, even in metricated nations.

## Length

| International | Inch | Foot | Yard | Chain | Furlong | Mile | Centimeter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Foot | 12 | 1 |  WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2  |  WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4  |  WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_6  |  WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_8  | 30.48 |
# Wuhan

Wuhan now
Wuhan in 1930s
**Wuhan** (Chinese: 武汉) is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the city with most people in Central China. It is at the east of the Jianghan Plain, where the Yangtze and Han rivers meet. Joining three nearby cities, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is a center of transportation, with many railways, roads and expressways passing through. Because of its important role in transportation, Wuhan was sometimes called the "Chicago of China." It is also recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, and educational center of central China.

The city of Wuhan, first called so in 1927, has 10,020,000 people (as at 2011). In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei when he was against Chiang Kai-shek, and it was also the capital in 1937.

In December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan.
# Danish language

| Danish |
| --- |
| **dansk** |
| Pronunciation | [d̥anˀsɡ̊] |
| Native to | Denmark, Greenland, Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) |
| Native speakers | 5.6 million (2007) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Germanic
	+ North Germanic
		- East Scandinavian
			* **Danish**
 |
| Writing system | Latin script (Danish alphabet) Danish Braille |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Denmark  Faroe Islands (Denmark)
 European Union Nordic Council

---

Minority language:  Germany  Greenland (Denmark)  Iceland |
| Regulated by | Dansk Sprognævn ("Danish Language Committee") |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `da` |
| ISO 639-2 | `dan` |
| ISO 639-3 | `dan` |
| Linguasphere | `& -ca to -cj 52-AAA-bf & -ca to -cj` |
|

Map of Danish dialects
Duration: 23 seconds.0:23Spoken Danish
**Danish** is the Germanic language spoken in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and parts of Greenland and Germany (Southern Schleswig). Around 5.5 million people speak Danish. It is used as a second language in Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Danish people, or *Danes*, call their language *dansk*.

Here are some simple words in Danish:

| English | Danish |
| --- | --- |
| Hello | Hej |
| Goodbye | Farvel |
| Thank you | Tak |
| Where are you from? | Hvor kommer du fra? |
| With | Med |
| I | Jeg |
| Yes | Ja |
| No | Nej |
| Welcome | Velkommen |
| am/are/is | Er |
| English | Engelsk |
| If | Hvis |
| I love you | Jeg elsker dig |
| Room | Værelse |
| Copenhagen | København |
| Bill | Regning |
| Food | Mad |
| Okay | Okay |
| Umbrella | Paraply |
| Where | Hvor |
| Who | Hvem |
| Which | Hvilken/hvilket |
| The price | Prisen |
| Where is | Hvor er |
| Airport | Lufthavn |
| Road | Vej |
| Rooster | Hane |
| Chicken | Kylling |
| Fish | Fisk |
| Vegetarian | Vegetar |
| Compare | Sammenligne |
| Train | Tog |
# Richard Strauss

Richard Strauss (von Max Liebermann, 1918)
**Richard Strauss** (born Munich June 11, 1864; died Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, September 8, 1949) was a German composer. He soon became very famous when he was a young man. His tone-poems including *Also sprach Zarathustra* were played by orchestras all over Europe. After 1900, he spent most of his time writing operas including *Salome*. His opera *Der Rosenkavalier*, written in 1910, is extremely popular. Strauss was the last great composer who wrote in a Romantic style. He liked the music of Wagner who was a great influence on his music, but he also liked Mozart and his work also shows the elegance and grace of Mozart’s music. Strauss was a very good conductor and often conducted his own music.

He is not related to the Austrian Johann Strauss family famous for their waltzes.
# Carl Friedrich Gauss

Gauss
Statue of Gauss in Brunswick
**Carl Friedrich Gauss** (pronunciation: Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß), Latin: **Carolus Fridericus Gauss**) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a famous mathematician from Göttingen, Germany. Gauss contributed to many areas of learning. Most of his work was about number theory, statistics, and astronomy.

## Childhood

He was born in Braunschweig. That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Today the city is part of Lower Saxony. As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever. When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had made a mistake on his complicated payroll. The child was correct. Gauss also taught himself to read.

When he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on. There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 × 101 = 5,050. The formula is WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 . There are many other versions of this story.

The Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795. This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium. After this, Gauss went to the University of Göttingen, from 1795 to 1798.

## Adulthood

When Gauss was 23, scientists spotted the asteroid Ceres but they did not see it for long enough to know its orbit. Gauss made calculations that let them locate it.

Later in life Gauss stopped working on pure math and turned to physics. He did work in electromagnetism and made an early electrical telegraph.

## Work

Gauss wrote Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which is a book about number theory. In that book he proved the law of Quadratic reciprocity. He also was the first mathematician to explain Modular arithmetic in a very detailed way. Before Gauss, mathematicians had used modular arithmetic in some cases but did not know much about using it broadly.

Gauss made important discoveries in Probability theory.

## Related pages

* Heptadecagon
* Gauss's law
* Normal distribution
* Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
# Hopman Cup

Hopman Cup| **Current season, competition or edition:2015 Hopman Cup* |
| Sport | Tennis |
| Founded | 1989 |
| No. of teams | 8 |
| Most recent champion(s) |  Poland |

**The Hopman Cup** is an yearly international team tennis tournament played in Perth, Western Australia in January each year.

## Champions

| Year | Winning Country | Players |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 |  Poland | Jerzy Janowicz & Agnieszka Radwańska |
| 2014 |  France | Jo-Wilfried Tsonga & Alizé Cornet |
| 2013 |  Spain | Fernando Verdasco & Anabel Medina Garrigues |
| 2012 |  Czech Republic | Tomáš Berdych & Petra Kvitová |
| 2011 |  United States | John Isner & Bethanie Mattek-Sands |
| 2010 |  Spain | Tommy Robredo & María José Martínez Sánchez |
| 2009 |  Slovakia | Dominik Hrbatý & Dominika Cibulková |
| 2008 |  United States | Mardy Fish & Serena Williams |
| 2007 |  Russia | Dmitry Tursunov & Nadia Petrova |
| 2006 |  United States | Taylor Dent & Lisa Raymond |
| 2005 |  Slovakia | Dominik Hrbatý & Daniela Hantuchová |
| 2004 |  United States | James Blake & Lindsay Davenport |
| 2003 |  United States | James Blake & Serena Williams |
| 2002 |  Spain | Tommy Robredo & Arantxa Sánchez Vicario |
| 2001 |  Switzerland | Roger Federer & Martina Hingis |
| 2000 |  South Africa | Wayne Ferreira & Amanda Coetzer |
| 1999 |  Australia | Mark Philippoussis & Jelena Dokić |
| 1998 |  Slovakia | Karol Kučera & Karina Habšudová |
| 1997 |  United States | Justin Gimelstob & Chanda Rubin |
| 1996 |  Croatia | Goran Ivanišević & Iva Majoli |
| 1995 |  Germany | Boris Becker & Anke Huber |
| 1994 |  Czech Republic | Petr Korda & Jana Novotná |
| 1993 |  Germany | Michael Stich & Steffi Graf |
| 1992 |  Switzerland | Jakob Hlasek & Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere |
| 1991 |  Yugoslavia | Goran Prpić & Monica Seles |
| 1990 |  Spain | Emilio Sánchez & Arantxa Sánchez Vicario |
| 1989 |  | Miloslav Mečíř & Helena Suková |

## Other websites

* Hopman Cup Archived 2006-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
# Nicola Pietrangeli

**Nicola Chirinsky Pietrangeli** (it; born **Chirinsky**; 11 September 1933 – 1 December 2025) was an Italian tennis player. He won two singles titles at the French Championships. He was thought by many to be one of Italy's greatest tennis champions. He was born in Tunis, then-French Tunisia to Italian parents.

Pietrangeli won the French Open twice in 1958 and 1959. He made it to the quarter final of the Australian Open in 1957. He made it to the semifinal of the Wimbledon Championships in 1960. He also competed for the US Open in 1955 and 1965.

After retiring as a player, Pietrangeli became Italy's Davis Cup team captain and led them to winning their first-ever Davis Cup in 1976. Pietrangeli was honored in the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1986. On his 73rd birthday, the old tennis stadium in Foro Italico of Rome was named in his honour.

Pietrangeli died in Rome, Italy on 1 December 2025 from problems caused by a fractured hip at the age of 92.

## Other websites

* Nicola Pietrangeli at the International Tennis Federation
* Nicola Pietrangeli at the Association of Tennis Professionals
* Nicola Pietrangeli at Olympedia
# Peter McNamara

**Peter McNamara** (5 July 1955 – 20 July 2019) was an Australian tennis player and coach. McNamara won five singles titles and nineteen doubles titles in his career. He won the 1980 and 1982 men's doubles championship at Wimbledon and the Australian Open doubles in 1979. McNamara's highest rank in doubles was No. 3. He was born in Melbourne.

McNamara died on 20 July 2019, at the age of 64, from prostate cancer in Sonthofen, Bavaria, Germany.
# Coat of arms of Peru

| Coat of arms of Peru |
| --- |
|  |
| Versions |
|  The Coat of arms (**Escudo de armas**) as used in the centered on the white band of the National flag. |
| Details |
| Armiger | Republic of Peru |
| Adopted | 25 February 1825 |
| Crest | Holm oak civic crown |
| Escutcheon | Per fess, the first per pale azure and argent in dexter a vicuña counter-statant proper and in sinister a cinchona tree also proper, the second gules, a cornucopia with coins spilling from it. |
| Supporters | Two National Flags of Peru and two standards on each side. |
| Other elements | When used on the National Flag, the Coat of arms (**Escudo de armas**) is surrounded by a wreath of palm branch one on the left and a laurel one on the right tied by a red and white ribbon. |

The **Coat of arms of Peru** is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four types are used: the Coat of Arms (*Spanish: *Escudo de Armas**); the National Coat of Arms, or National Shield (*Spanish: *Escudo Nacional**); the Great Seal of the State (*Spanish: *Gran Sello del Estado**); and the Naval Coat of Arms (*Spanish: *Escudo de la Marina de Guerra**).
# Shellfish

Cooked mussels
**Shellfish** is a culinary term for some aquatic invertebrates used as food: molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is not a scientific term, and its use may vary from place to place.

Both saltwater and freshwater invertebrates are considered shellfish. Molluscs commonly used as food include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle, and scallop.

Some crustaceans commonly eaten are the shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish, and crab.

Echinoderms are not eaten as commonly as molluscs and crustaceans. In Asia, sea cucumber and sea urchins are eaten.

Edible cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish and terrestrial snails, though all molluscs, are sometimes considered to be shellfish and sometimes not.

The term *finfish* is sometimes used to distinguish ordinary (vertebrate) fish from shellfish.

Jewish and Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating of shellfish (those that live on the land, and in the water).

In Japanese cuisine, chefs often use shellfish and their roe. Sushi and sashimi feature both raw and cooked shellfish.

## Related pages

* Seafood

## Other websites

* Shellfish News Archived 2006-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine at Rutgers University
* Shellfish Gallery Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine from the Shellfish Association of Great Britain
* Shellfish Facts Archived 2007-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
* University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Freshwater and Marine Image Bank -- Shellfish An ongoing digital collection of images related to shellfish.
# Verónika Mendoza

| Verónika Mendoza |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| President of New Peru |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  11 December 2017 |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Member of Congress |
| **In office** 25 July 2011 – 26 July 2016 |
| Constituency | Cusco |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1980-12-09) 9 December 1980 San Sebastián, Peru |
| Political party | * New Peru (2017–present / Non-registered party)
* Together for Peru (2020–present / Registered party)
 |
| Other political affiliations | * Nationalist Party (2008–2012)
* Broad Front (2012–2017)
 |
| Alma mater | * Paris Diderot University (BS)
* New Sorbonne University (MSc)
* National University of Distance Education (MA)
 |
| Website | Official website |

**Verónika Fanny Mendoza Frisch** (born 9 December 1980) is a Peruvian-French psychologist, educator, and politician. She is the founder and current leader of the New Peru movement.

She announced her candidacy for President of Peru at the 2016 general election and came in third place, behind Keiko Fujimori and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.

Mendoza ran again for the 2021 general election with Together for Peru. She came in sixth place in the election with 7.9% of the popular vote.
# Assassination of Ali Khamenei

Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, sixteen days before he was killed.
On 28 February 2026, the second Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, was killed by a U.S.–Israeli military operation. He ruled Iran for over 40 years and had been known as a strong anti-American and anti-Israeli politician. He said things like "Death to America" and "Death to Israel". Before the assassination, he had been targeted during the 12-day Iran–Israel war.

The assassination were planned by the U.S. and Israeli Air Forces using airstrike planes. It was done in Tehran where Khamenei was there, the assassination plan was a part of a regime change. After Khamenei died, US President Donald Trump told Iran to not attack the US military or Israel, which they did.

Following Khamenei's assassination, his son, Mojtaba, takes the position as the third Supreme Leader of the nation. He is elected by the Interim Leadership Council and is officially the Iranian Supreme Leader on 8 March 2026.