Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Israeli airstrike on Hamas leadership in Qatar

Video footage of the airstrikes
On 9 September 2025, during the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) did airstrikes attacking the leadership of Hamas in the Leqtaifiya (Lektaifiya) district of Doha, the capital of Qatar. The IDF said the event was the result of an Israeli strike focused at Hamas officials in the city.

## Background

The operation was codenamed **Pisgat HaEsh**. According to reports, the targets were many senior Hamas figures: Khalil al-Hayya, a senior leader in Gaza; Zaher Jabarin, who is responsible for Hamas's operations in the West Bank; Muhammad Ismail Darwish, head of the group's Shura Council; and Khaled Mashal, the former overall leader of Hamas and head of its international branch.

According to reports, the attack took place while Hamas officials were talking about President Donald Trump's proposal for a ceasefire in Gaza.

Hamas said that its leadership survived the attack, but that six people were killed.

## Aftermath

After the attack, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that "the [attacks] against the top terrorist chieftains of Hamas was a wholly independent Israeli operation [...] Israel initiated it, Israel conducted it, and Israel takes full responsibility." U.S. President Donald Trump spoke to Qatari Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani and thanked him for Qatar's "support and friendship to our country," while saying that another attack "will not happen again on their soil."
# Abu Dhabi

View of Abu Dhabi
Satellite image of Abu Dhabi (March 2003)

**Abu Dhabi** (Arabic: أبو ظبي, *ʼAbū Ẓaby*) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city is 972 km2 in size. The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2022. Abu Dhabi is also the largest emirate in the UAE.

## History

People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago. In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city. Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818. People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi. They started to sell the oil in the 1960s. In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.

## Weather

Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate. There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months. The average rainfall per year is 51 cm. It can also be very hot. In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.

## Tourism

Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours, Ferrari World, the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.
# Majid Ebn-e-Reza

**Majid Ebn-e-Reza** (born 1964) is an Iranian military officer and politician who serves as the acting minister of defense of Iran, since 2 March 2026 after the death of his predecessor Aziz Nasirzadeh on 28 February 2026 during the 2026 Iran War.
# Haitham bin Tariq

| Haitham bin Tariq |
| --- |
| Sultan of Oman |
| Reign | 11 January 2020 – present |
| Predecessor | Qaboos bin Said |
|  |
| Born |  (1954-10-13) 13 October 1954 Muscat, Muscat and Oman |
| Spouse | Ahad bint Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Busaidiyah |
| Issue | Theyazin bin Haitham Al-Said Bilarab bin Haitham Al-Said Thuraya bint Haitham Al-Said Omaima bint Haitham Al-Said |
| House | Al Said |
| Father | Tariq bin Taimur |
| Mother | Shawana bint Hamud bin Ahmad Al-Busaidiyah |
| Religion | Ibadi Islam |

**Haitham bin Tariq Al Said** (Arabic: هيثم بن طارق آل سعيد, transliteration: *Haitham bin Ṭāriq Āl Saʿīd*; born 13 October 1954) is the Sultan of Oman, having succeeded his cousin Qaboos bin Said on 11 January 2020. He previously served as Minister of Heritage and Culture in the Sultanate of Oman.

## Succession

After his cousin, Sultan Qaboos, died on 10 January 2020, Haitham bin Tariq became Sultan of Oman. Oman state TV said that the Council of Oman opened a letter by Sultan Qaboos bin Said that he wrote before he died. The letter said who he wanted to rule Oman after he died. After that, they made Haitham bin Tariq the Sultan of Oman.
# Manama

Map of Bahrain showing Al Manama
Bahrain from space, June 1996
**Manama** is the capital city of Bahrain. It is also the largest city in Bahrain, having almost 150,000 residents.

## History

Manama has been a city since at least the 1300s, when it was mentioned in Islamic books. It was owned by Portugal from 1521 to 1602, by Persia from 1602 to 1783, and by the Al-Khalifa family for a long time after that. In 1971, Manama became the capital city of Bahrain.

## Areas of Manama

The city is divided into a few parts:

* The **Diplomatic Area** has most of the banks and government offices. This area is very important, because most of Bahrain's economy is connected to banks.
* **Gudabiya** is the oldest area of the city, and it has the building where the parliament meets.
* **Hoora** is where most visitors go. There are many parties in the clubs here at night.
# Commando

French commandos seizing a ship
A **commando** is a soldier who has been highly trained in combat.

A commando is a special forces soldier who is "trained and equipped to conduct" special operations, according to Australian authorities.

In many miliaries, they are used to rescue hostages and board enemy ships. In the United Kingdom, to become a commando, candidates must pass either Royal Marine Commando training or the All Arms Commando Course.

The military of the United States and some other countries, do not have (military) units with commandos. The United States does have special forces soldiers (and they are sometimes called special forces operators). United States Army Special Forces is one of the special forces of the U.S. military.

## Related pages

* Special forces
# Gulf Cooperation Council

| Gulf Cooperation Council |
| --- |
|
Flag

Logo

 |
| Map indicating GCC members |
| Headquarters | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| Official languages | Arabic |
| Type | Trade bloc |
| Membership |
6 states
* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates
 |
| Leaders |
|  |
| • Secretary General |  Nayef bin Falah Al-Hajraf |
| • Supreme Council Presidency  |  United Arab Emirates |
|  |
| Establishment |
|  |
| • As the GCC  | 25 May 1981 (1981-05-25) |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 2,673,108 km2 (1,032,093 sq mi) |
| • Water (%) | 0.6% |
| Population |
| • 2021\* estimate | 65,506,958 (25th) |
| • Density | 21.13/km2 (54.7/sq mi) (162nd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2018 estimate |
| • Total | $3.655 trillion (7th) |
| • Per capita | $71,205 (7th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2018\* estimate |
| • Total | $1.638 trillion (11th) |
| • Per capita | $34,265 (25th) |
| Gini (2012) |  28.7 low |
| HDI (2018) |  0.840 very high · 45th |
| Currency |
6 currencies
* (ISO 4217 in brackets)
* (BHD)  Bahraini Dinar
* (AED)  Emirati Dirham
* (KWD)  Kuwaiti Dinar
* (OMR)  Omani Rial
* (QAR)  Qatari Riyal
* (SAR)  Saudi Riyal
 |
| **Website** www.gcc-sg.org/en/Pages/default.aspx |
| 1. Sum of component states' populations.
 |

The **Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf** (Arabic: مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربي), originally (and still colloquially) known as the **Gulf Cooperation Council** (**GCC**; Arabic: مجلس التعاون الخليجي), is an Arab regional political, economic, military and security organization. GCC has six Arab countries namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The countries border the Persian Gulf. They form the majority of the area of the Arabian Peninsula.

It was established on May 25, 1981 at the meeting held in Abu Dhabi, after it was suggested by Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah. The General Secretariat of the Council is currently held by Nayef Al-Hajraf. The council is based in the Saudi capital, Riyadh.

## Related pages

* Arab League
* Arabian Peninsula

## Other websites

* The Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC)
# 1979 oil crisis

1979 oil crisis| Graph of top oil-producing countries, showing drop in Iran's production |
| Date | 1979 (1979)–1980 (1980) |
| Also known as | Second oil crisis |

The **1979** (or **second**) **oil crisis** or **oil shock** occurred in the world due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Despite the fact that global oil supply decreased by only around 4%, widespread panic resulted, driving the price far higher. Oil prices more than doubled to $39.50 per barrel over the next 12 months, and long lines once again appeared at gas stations, as they had in the 1973 oil crisis.
# Rafah

The ruins of Rafah in 2025
**Rafah** is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip. It is on the border with Egypt. In 2017, about 170,000 people lived in Rafah. Rafah's history stretches back to the Iron Age. During the 2014 Gaza War the Israeli military attacked Rafah and destroyed more than 2,000 homes and killed around 130 people including up to 70 civilians.

## Related pages

* Al-Bayuk
# 2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis

The **2021 Tunisian political crisis** is an ongoing political crisis in Tunisia between the President and the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, led by the Ennahda Movement.

The crisis began on 25 July 2021, after President Kais Saied fired Prime Minister Hichem Mechichi and stopped the activities of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People.

The decisions of the president were made in response to a series of protests against the Ennahda Movement and increase in COVID-19 cases in Tunisia.

On 26 July 2021, Saied fired Minister of Defence Ibrahim Bartaji and acting Minister of Justice Hasna Ben Slimane. Saied announced a 1-month curfew from 26 July to 27 August 2021.

On 29 September 2021, President Saied named Najla Bouden Romdhane as prime minister. She is the first female prime minister in Tunisia and the Arab world. On 3 October, about 2 million Tunisians showed in support of the president's decisions.

In a referendum in July 2022, voters in Tunisia approved a new constitution which would expand the powers given to the president by making the country into a presidential system.
# Genocide Convention

The **Genocide Convention** (formally **Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide**) is a treaty of the international human rights law on genocide created on 9 December 1948 by the United Nations. This is to prevent all form of genocide and its incitation and to show how the actors of those must be punished.

This Convention protects all ethnic groups and races of any kind of religions.

Now actor of genocide written in this convention will be judged by the International Criminal Court but there are some countries which do not ratify this Convention and international law on International Criminal Court.

## Related pages

* Genocide
* International human rights law
* International Criminal Court
# Anti-tank guided missile

The 9M133 Kornet tripod-mounted ATGM of the Russian Ground Forces
The Nag ATGM of the Indian Army
An **anti-tank guided missile** (**ATGM**), **anti-tank missile**, **anti-tank guided weapon** (**ATGW**) or **anti-armor guided weapon** is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily armored military vehicles.

These missiles are designed to hit and destroy tanks because normal guns and bullets can't easily penetrate their tough armour.
# Al Hudaydah

| Al Hudayda
الْحُدَيْدَة |
| --- |
| City |
| Market in Al Hudaydah |
| Country | Yemen |
| Governorate | Al Hudaydah |
| Population (2004) |
|  • Total | 402,560 |

**Al Hudaydah** is a city in western Yemen on the Red Sea. It is one of Yemen's most important ports. It is the capital of Al Hudaydah Governorate. As of 2004, the population was 402,560.
# Joint Direct Attack Munition

JDAM family
The **Joint Direct Attack Munition** (**JDAM**) is a set of parts that converts bombs into bombs that can seek a target by using GPS. Bombs with these parts on top use an inertial guidance system connected to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. This gives them a range of up to 15 nautical miles (28 km). JDAM-equipped bombs range from 500 pounds (227 kg) to 2,000 pounds (907 kg). When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) designation, instead of the "unguided bomb" JDAM is a joint project of the United States Air Force and the United States Navy.
# World Central Kitchen

**World Central Kitchen** (**WCK**) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental organization that gives away food as part of humanitarian relief. It was founded in 2010 by Spanish American chef and restaurateur José Andrés after the earthquake in Haiti. The group has given food to survivors of Hurricane Harvey, the 2018 lower Puna eruption, 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, the ongoing Gaza humanitarian crisis, and the 2025 Los Angeles wildfires.
# Little Boy

Little Boy
**Little Boy** is the name that was given to the first atomic bomb that was dropped in a war. The bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the American army who were trying to end World War II. Enola Gay was the name of the plane that dropped Little Boy.
# East African Community

The **East African Community** (**EAC**) is a regional intergovernmental organization of seven Partner States. EAC has Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Their headquarters are in Arusha, Tanzania.
# International community

The **international community** is a term used by activists, politicians and commentators in the context of calling for action against political repression and to protect human rights. The phrase usually does not literally refer to all people, cultures, and governments of the world. The phrase "international community" usually refers to the speaker and their broadly defined allies. The phrase is often used by the United States of America in international relations to refer to themselves and their allies in the broadest sense.

## Related pages

* NATO
* Community
* Democracy
* International law
* United nations
# Ignace Murwanashyaka

Ignace Murwanashyaka
**Ignace Murwanashyaka** (14 May 1963 – 16 April 2019) was a Rwandan rebel leader. He was born in Butare. He was a founding member of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). It was formed in 2000 and is an ethnic Hutu rebel group. Many of the FDLR members had a part in the Rwandan genocide towards the Tutsi people. The FDLR is active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and is said to have carried out war crimes and crimes against humanity. Murwanashyaka lived in Germany. He was arrested in November 2009. In September 2015, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison.

On 16 April 2019, Murwanashyaka died after bout of ill health in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He was 55.
# Oleksii Reznikov

Oleksii Reznikov (2019)
**Oleksii Reznikov** is a lawyer and politician from Ukraine. He was the minister of defense from November 2021 until September 2023.

Reznikov is from Lviv. He is fluent in Ukrainian, Russian, English and Polish.
# 22nd Army Corps (Russian Federation)

| 22nd Army Corps |
| --- |
| 22-й армейский корпус |
|  |
| Active | 1905–Present |
| Country |  Russian Federation |
| Branch |  Russian Navy |
| Type | Operational Formation |
| Size | Army Corps |
| Part of | Black Sea Fleet |
| Corps HQ | Simferopol |
| Engagements | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine |
| Commanders |
| Current commander | Major General Denis Lyamin |

The 22nd army corps is a division of the Russian Armed Forces.
# Kreminna

| Kreminna
Кремінна (in Ukrainian) |
| --- |
| City |
| Kreminna railway station |
| FlagCoat of arms |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Luhansk Oblast |
| Raion | Sievierodonetsk Raion |
| Founded | 1680 |
| City Status | 1938 |
| Population (2021) |
|  • Total | 18,417 |
| Area code | (+380) |
| Vehicle registration | BB / 13 |
| Climate | Dfb |

**Kreminna** (Ukrainian: Кремінна; Russian: Кременная) is a city in the Sievierodonetsk Raion of the Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine. Before 2020, it was the administrative center of the former Kreminna Raion.

In March 2022, the pro-Russian mayor Volodymyr Struk who supported Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, was found shot dead in the street after having been kidnapped from his home. On 19 April 2022, the city was captured by Russian military forces during the invasion.
# Odintsovo

| Odintsovo
Одинцово |
| --- |
|  |
| FlagSeal |
| Country |  Russia |
| Oblast | Moscow Oblast |
| Population | 140,537 (2,018) |

**Odintsovo** (Russian: Одинцово) is a city in Moscow Oblast in Russia. It is the administrative center of Odintsovsky District in Moscow Oblast. As of 2018, Odintsovo has 140,537 people.
# Electrical grid

Electrical grid
An **electrical grid** is a connection network of power generation, power transmission, power distribution and power load. The grid connects all of those parts in power systems to deliver power from the generators at the power station to the customers or load center which will use the electricity.
# AMX-10RC

|  AMX-10RC  |
| --- |
| AMX 10-RC |
| Type | Reconnaissance battle tank |
| Place of origin |  France |
| Service history |
| In service | 1981–present |
| Used by |  France  Morocco  Qatar |
| Wars | Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) War in Afghanistan war in Mali |
| Production history |
| Designer | GIAT Industries. |
| Manufacturer |  France |
| No. built | 457 |

The **AMX-10RC** is a modern reconnaissance battle tank. It was built for use in the French army, and has been exported to three countries.

## Related pages

* Russian invasion of Ukraine
# Sabotage

**Sabotage** is to destroy something on purpose to make the owner weaker. The owner can be for example the government or a company. A person who does this a called a *saboteur*.
# Troll (internet)

*For the Wikipedia essay, see "What is a troll?".
For other uses see Troll (disambiguation)*
An example of trolling on Wikipedia. Someone had vandalized an article on Wikipedia by replacing content with an insult.
A **troll** is someone who tries to make people angry by saying things on the Internet. The purpose is to excite strong emotion in an online community. This is to get a reaction from other online users, or to cause problems. In social networks platforms, a troll is a user who make inflammatory or inappropriate comments for the sole purpose of upsetting other users and provoking a response. If someone acts like a troll, this is called **trolling**.

The solution to avoid more trolling often is to ignore what they say and do. This picture means "Do not feed the trolls"
Sometimes trolling can get a user banned from a website or platform as it can be disruptive. Some users do it to be humorous when they know others will be angry. The best solution is to ignore trolls and to not give them the attention they want. This has become known as "don't feed the trolls".

In October 2012, the internet news site Gawker, publicly revealed the name of an internet troll who had called himself "Violentacrez". Michael Brutcsh had collected photos of young girls from Facebook, often in bikinis or short skirts, and them posted them on the site Reddit. He also posted photos of women, taken without their permission, which focused on their breasts or bottoms. His actions made many people very angry. Brutsch said he was an internet troll because "...I just like riling people up in my spare time."

There are a lot of efforts to detect and ban trolls on social network platforms such as "TrollSpot" in which Li a user of the website and other members of the team whom are also users of the social media website use machine learning techniques or what is known as a computer robot to propose a wide approach to detect trolls.

The "Trollface" is an image that is occasionally used to indicate trolling in Internet culture.

## What is a troll?

The term *troll* is subjective, meaning that it depends on interpretation. Trolling usually involves joking around to mess up other people or communities.

Sometimes, people may think a certain post is considered trolling, while others claim it is constructive, no matter how controversial this post is. Some strong acts of trolling involve harassment, but some acts of trolling are considered funny off-topic jokes.

The term *Internet troll* has also been applied to information warfare (competition for winning fame by taking advantage of the internet), hate speech, and even political activism.

## The Impact of Trolling

According to Dr. Ashley Anderson from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Trolling, or "Uncivil commentary" has the ability to strengthen the opinions of those who either are skeptical or supportive of a topic. The research also found that supportive commentary had no effect.
# Arakan Army

| Arakha Army |
| --- |
| အာရက္ခတပ်တော် |
| Flag of the Arakan Army |
| Leaders | **Twan Mrat Naing** Nyo Twan Awng
Kyaw Han
Shwe Twan |
| Spokesperson | Khaing Thu Kha |
| Dates of operation | 10 April 2009 (2009-04-10) – present |
| Headquarters | Laiza, Kachin State (currently) Mrauk-U, Rakhine State (planned) |
| Active regions | Chin State, Kachin State, Rakhine State, Shan State, Bangladesh–Myanmar border |
| Ideology | Arakan self-determination |
| Status | Active |
| Size | 50,000+
Arakan Army Auxiliaries AAA = 160,000+(August 2025) Arakan Army has established a program for auxiliary fighters, known as Arakan Army Auxiliaries AAA, which further increases its numbers.
The reserve components of the Arakan Army are military organizations whose members generally perform a minimum of military duty Two year and who augment the active duty (or full-time) military when necessary. The reserve components are also referred to collectively as the **Arakan Army Auxiliaries**.

```
Arakan Coast Guard 10,00+
```

Department of Law Enforcement and Public Security(DLEPS) 30,00+
15,000+ in Chin and Rakhine State, around 1500 in Kachin and Shan State (estimated in February 2024) |
| Part of | United League of Arakan |
| Allies | Northern Alliance
* Kachin Independence Army
* Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
* Ta'ang National Liberation Army

**Other allies: All Burma Students' Democratic Front
* United Wa State Army
* Japan
* China (alleged by India)
 |
| Opponents |  Myanmar
* Tatmadaw
* Bangladesh
* India
* **Non-state opponents: Arakan Liberation Army
* Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army
 |
| Battles and wars | Internal conflict in Myanmar
* Kachin conflict
* 2015 Kokang offensive
* 2015 Bangladesh–Arakan Army border clash
* 2016 Muse offensive
* 2019–2021 Northern Rakhine State clashes
 |
| Website | www.arakanarmy.net |

The **Arakha Army** (Burmese: အာရက္ခတပ်တော်; abbreviated **AA**) is an insurgent group based in Rakhine State (Arakan). Founded on 10 April 2009, the AA is the armed wing of the United League of Arakan (ULA). It is currently led by commander in chief Major General Twan Mrat Naing and vice deputy commander Brigadier General Nyo Twan Awng.

The AA has been fighting alongside the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) against the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) in the Kachin conflict. Most AA soldiers were originally trained at the KIA Military Academy. Since 2014, the AA has set up its own training camps in Rakhine State. According to the Myanmar Peace Monitor, the AA had more than 1,500 troops in 2014, including personnel stationed in the Rakhine State near Myanmar's border with Bangladesh. *The Irrawaddy* stated in September 2015 that the AA had more than 2,500 troops and 10,000 personnel in their civilian wing. In June 2020, the AA chief claimed that the group has more than 20,000 Arakan Soldiers.

The Arakan Army is the military wing (or part) of the United League of Arakan (ULA).