Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Gandhara art

Standing Buddha from Gandhara, 1st-2nd century AD.
The Bimaran casket, representing the Buddha, is dated to around 30–10 BC. British Museum.
The seated Bodhisattva, 2nd century AD, Gandhara, Peshawar Museum.
**Gandhara art** or **Gandharan art**, also known as **Greco-Buddhist art**, is a blend of Ancient Greek and Buddhist influences that developed mainly in the ancient region of Gandhara. It had influences throughout Central, East and Southeast Asia. The first sculpture of Gautama Buddha in human form was created in this region. The Seated Buddha from Gandhara is the oldest surviving statue of Buddha in the world.

The Gandharan art began with interactions sparked by Alexander the Great's presence and flourished under the Kushan Empire during the 1st-3rd centuries CE. The Gandhara art reached its peak from the 3rd-5th century CE.

Gandhara art features Buddhist themes with a touch of Greco-Roman elements, showcasing a style influenced by Hellenistic art. Notably, it produced the earliest surviving images of Buddha in human form, marking the end of early aniconism (representing Buddha only with symbols) in Buddhism. The realistic portrayal of the human form in large sculptures had a significant impact, spreading Buddhist influence to Sri Lanka and Afghanistan and as far east as China, Japan, Vietnam and Korea.
# South Canara

**South Canara** was a district of the Madras Presidency of British India.
It covered the areas of the present-day districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of Karnataka and the Kasaragod District of Kerala. In this district Tulu, Malayalam , Kannada, Konkani and Beary are the main languages spoken. It consists majorly of the Kannada and Telugu language speaking people.

## History

South Kanara was occupied by the British East India Company. This was after the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Mysore War of 1799. South Canara along with North Kanara formed the district of Kanara in the Madras Presidency.
In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South. North Kanara was made a part of the Bombay Presidency. South Canara was made a part of Madras. Mangalore was the administrative headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of 10,410 square kilometres (4,021 sq mi).

## Population

South Kanara had a total population of 1,134,713 in 1901. In this 81 percent were Hindus, 11 percent were Muslim and 7 percent were Christian. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre (282/sq mi).

## Other websites

* South Canara by Vikas Kamat from *Kamat.com*
# Jerome

| Saint Jerome |
| --- |
| *Saint Jerome* |
| Hermit and Doctor of the Church |
| Born | c. 342-347 Stridon (possibly *Strido Dalmatiae*, on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia, located in modern Croatia) |
| Died | 30 September 420 (aged c. 73-78) Bethlehem, Palaestina Prima |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Anglican Communion Lutheranism |
| Major shrine | Basilica of Saint Mary Major, Rome, Italy |
| Feast | 30 September (Latin Catholic Church) |
| Attributes | lion, cardinal attire, cross, skull, trumpet, owl, books and writing material |
| Patronage | archaeologists; archivists; Bible scholars; librarians; libraries; school children; students; translators; Morong, Rizal |

| SaintJerome |
| --- |
| *St Jerome in Penitence* |
| Education | Catechetical School of Alexandria |
| Occupation(s) | Translator, theologian and writer |
| Notable work | *The Vulgate* *De viris illustribus* *Chronicon* |
| **Theological work** |
| Language | Latin and Greek language |
| Tradition or movement | Trinitarianism |
| Main interests | Apologetics |
| Notable ideas | Perpetual virginity of Mary |
|  |

**Jerome** (/dʒəˈroʊm/; Latin: *Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus*; Greek: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 342 – c. 347 – 30 September 420), was a Christian priest, theologian and historian. He lived in the Roman Empire. He is best known for translating the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate). He is recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Church of England (Anglican Communion).

## Other websites

* Saint Jerome at the Catholic Encyclopedia
# Battle of Konotop (2022)

The **Battle of Konotop** was a military engagement that took place around the city of Konotop, Ukraine between the military forces of Russia and Ukraine as part of the Northeastern Ukraine offensive during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
# Assembly of Kosovo

The **Assembly of Kosovo** (Serbian: Скупштина Косова, *Skupština Kosova*) is an institution linked to governing the territory of Kosovo. The Assembly was created by the United Nations to provide for a democratic form of government.

## Structure

The assembly has 120 seats. 100 seats are filled with people directly elected into the assembly. The remaining 20 are always assigned as follows:

* 10 seats for the representatives of the Serbs.
* 4 seats for the representatives of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians.
* 3 seats for the Bosniaks.
* 2 seats for the Turks.
* 1 seat for the Gorans.
# European Coal and Steel Community

The **European Coal and Steel Community** was a union started in 1951. Its purpose was to bring the western countries of Europe together during the Cold War so they would be harder to attack. It was the forerunner of the European Union. Its original purpose was to prevent war between France and Germany. It created a market for coal and steel between all of the countries that signed it. It was dissolved in 2002 and put into the European Community.
# Jean-Jacques Barthe

**Jean-Jacques Barthe** (27 June 1936 – 10 June 2022) was a French PCF politician. Barthe was born in Calais, France. He was a member of the French National Assembly from 1973 until 1988. Barthe was also the Mayor of Calais from 1971 to 2000. Barthe was also a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1981 until 1982.

Barthe died on 10 June 2022 in Calais at the age of 85.
# Republic of the Congo

| Republic of the Congo
* *République du Congo*  (French)
* *Republíki ya Kongó*  (Lingala)
* *Repubilika ya Kôngo*  (Kituba)
 |
| --- |
|
Flag

Coat of arms

 |
| **Motto:**"Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French) (English: "Unity, Work, Progress") |
| **Anthem:** "La Congolaise" (French) *Besi Kôngo*  (Kongo) (English: "The Congolese")Duration: 1 minute and 16 seconds.1:16 |
| Show globeShow map of AfricaShow all |
| Capitaland largest city | Brazzaville ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Official languages | French |
| Recognised national languages | * Kituba
* Lingala
 |
| Religion (2020) | * 87.1% Christianity
* 8.0% no religion
* 2.7% traditional faiths
* 1.2% Islam
* 1.0% others
 |
| Demonym(s) | * Congolese
* Congo
 |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under a dictatorship |
|  |
| • President  | Denis Sassou Nguesso |
| • Prime Minister  | Anatole Collinet Makosso |
|  |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | National Assembly |
| Independence |
|  |
| • Republic established  | 28 November 1958 |
| • from France  | 15 August 1960 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 342,000 km2 (132,000 sq mi) (64th) |
| • Water (%) | 3.3 |
| Population |
| • 2023 estimate | 6,228,784 (116th) |
| • 2023 census | 6,142,180 |
| • Density | 17.96/km2 (46.5/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
| • Total |  $27.994 billion (150th) |
| • Per capita |  $5,552 (149th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
| • Total |  $14.407 billion (142nd) |
| • Per capita |  $2,857 (138th) |
| Gini (2011) | 40.2 medium |
| HDI (2023) |  0.649 medium · 138th |
| Currency | Central African CFA franc (XAF) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| Calling code | +242 |
| ISO 3166 code | CG |
| Internet TLD | .cg |

The **Republic of the Congo**, also known as **Congo-Brazzaville**, is a country in Africa. Its capital city is Brazzaville. The country was a former colony of France; it became independent on 15 August 1960.
The north of the country has very large areas of rainforest, but in the south are many farms which grow cashcrops like bananas, peanuts.

## Geography

Congo is in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa. It is along the Equator. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bordered by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short Atlantic coast.

The capital, Brazzaville, is on the Congo River, directly across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Departments

The Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 Departments. Departments are divided into communes and/or districts.

The districts are:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Bouenza
* Cuvette
* Cuvette-Ouest
* Kouilou
* Lékoumou
* Brazzaville
 |  | * Likouala
* Niari
* Plateaux
* Pool
* Sangha
* Pointe Noire
 |

## Related pages

* Congo at the Olympics
* List of rivers of the Republic of the Congo

## Books about the Republic of the Congo

* Maria Petringa, *Brazza, A Life for Africa* (2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
# Tarragona

Flag
coat of arms
**Tarragona** (English: /ˌtærəˈɡoʊnə/ *TARR-ə-goh-nə*, also US: /ˌtɑːr-/ *TAR-*, Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə], Spanish: [taraˈɣona]; Phoenician: *Tarqon*; Latin: *Tarraco*) is a port city located in northeast Spain on the Costa Daurada by the Mediterranean Sea. It was founded before the 5th century BC, it is the capital of the Province of Tarragona, and part of Tarragonès and Catalonia. The city has a population of 201,199 (2014).

## Other websites

* Official Website of Tarragona (in Catalan)
# Visigothic Kingdom

| Kingdom of the Visigoths*Regnum Gothorum* |
| --- |
| 418–c. 721 |
|
Tremissis depicting Liuvigild (568–586)
 |
| Greatest extent of the Visigothic Kingdom, c. 500 (Total extension shown in orange. Territory lost after Battle of Vouillé shown in light orange). |
| Capital | * Toulouse (418–507)
* Barcelona (507–542) (temporarily)
* Toledo (542–711)
 |
| Common languages | * Gothic (spoken among elite)
* Vulgar Latin
* Vasconic languages (spoken by several tribes throughout almost the entire Pyrenean and pre-Pyrenian region)
* Hebrew and Aramaic (spoken to a certain extent, during this period, among Jews)
 |
| Religion  | * Gothic paganism (initially)
* Chalcedonian Christianity
* Arianism
 |
| Government | Monarchy |
| King |   |
|  |
| • 415–418  | Wallia |
| • 418–451  | Theodoric I |
| • 466–484  | Euric |
| • 484–507  | Alaric II |
| • 511–526  | Theodoric the Great |
| • 568–586  | Liuvigild |
| • 586–601  | Reccared |
| • 612–621  | Sisebut |
| • 621–631  | Swintila |
| • 649–672  | Recceswinth |
| • 694–710  | Wittiza |
| • 710–711  | Roderic |
| • 714 – c. 721  | Ardo |
|  |
| History |   |
|  |
| • Sack of Rome  | 410 |
| • Established  | 418 |
| • Battle of the Catalaunian Plains  | 451 |
| • Battle of Vouillé  | 507 |
| • Annexation of the Suebic Kingdom  | 585 |
| • Conquest of Byzantine Spania  | 624 |
| • Battle of Guadalete and Umayyad conquest of Toledo  | 711 |
| • Umayyad occupation of Septimania | c. 721 |
|  |
| Area |
| 484 | 500,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi) |
| 580 | 600,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi) |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Western Roman Empire |
|  | Kingdom of the Suebi |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Umayyad Caliphate |  |
| Kingdom of Asturias |  |

 |

 |

The **Visigothic Kingdom** was a kingdom in what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.

It was created when Visigoths under King Wallia entered the Roman province of Gallia Aquitania. The kingdom was expanded when the Visigoths conquered Hispania.
# Villefranche-de-Conflent

A general view of Villefranche-de-Conflent
Coat of arms
**Villefranche-de-Conflent** (Catalan: *Vilafranca de Conflent*) is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in south France.
# Spanish Inquisition

The seal of the Spanish Inquisition depicts the cross, the branch and the sword.
The **SpanishInquisition** or **Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition** was a tribunal formed in 1478 in Spain. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile requested a Papal bull to create the tribunal, with the assistance of Tomás de Torquemada.

During the Spanish Inquisition, many people were burnt to death in front of crowds on the streets. Using infamously brutal means, the Spanish Inquisition stabilized power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom.

## Background

The burning of heretics at stakes (*auto-da-fé*) in a marketplace during the Spanish Inquisition.The rulers of Spain asked the Pope to start the Inquisition to hunt for Jews who converted to Catholic Christianity but were accused (often falsely) of being disloyal to their Christian faith.

In 1492, they demanded that all *morisco* leave Spain. Many left, but many stayed and claimed to be Christians. The Inquisition became busy deciding which ones were truthful. In 1502, the Muslims were also ordered out. Some parts of Spain actually enforced this order. When Protestants appeared, the Inquisition said they were faking as Christians.

Approximately 150,000 people were prosecuted during the centuries of the Spanish Inquisition. Most trials ended with the defendant giving up his beliefs and being let go. About 3000-5000 were executed. The Inquisition became less active in later years and was completely abolished in 1834.

## Denial

### The Vatican

In 2004, the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) published findings that the judges of the Inquisition were "not as brutal as previously believed". The RCC also denied that most trials were carried out by Catholic courts, while claiming that the victims put on trial were often "tortured for only 15 minutes in the presence of doctors".

### Spain

Movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition. Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.

## Related pages

* Supersessionism
* Antisemitism in Europe
# Epiphany (holiday)

Nativity scene with the adoration of the Magi.**Epiphany** is a Christian holiday or festival on January 6. It celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi ("wise men") visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star. It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2. Epiphany is included in the Christmas time.

## Related pages

* Bible
* Judea
* Holy Land
* Christmas
* Christianity
* Roman Empire
* Second Temple

## Other websites
# Pope Leo XIII

| Pope Leo XIII |
| --- |
|  |
| Papacy began | February 20, 1878 |
| Papacy ended | July 20, 1903 |
| Predecessor | Pope Pius IX |
| Successor | Pope Pius X |
| Personal details |
| Born | Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaelle Luigi Pecci March 2, 1810 Carpineto Romano, département of Rome, French Empire |
| Died | July 20, 1903(1903-07-20) (aged 93) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Motto | *Lumen in coelo* |
| Other popes named Leo |

**Pope Leo XIII** (Latin: *Leo PP. XIII*; Italian: *Leone XIII*, March 2, 1810 — July 20, 1903), born **Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death.

## Monsignore

Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.

In 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria.

## Bishop

Pecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878.

## Cardinal

In the consistory of 19 December 1853, Pope Pius IX appointed the then Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia to the college of Cardinals thus, assigning him to the Priestbyterial Title of San Crisogono, Archbishop Pecci was one of the two prelates who at that time were elevated the other one was Abp. Camillo di Pietro (later Dean of the College of Cardinals).

## Pope

In 1878, Cardinal Pecci was elected Pope.

After his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican.

Pope Leo was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man."

At age 93, the pope died from pneumonia and old age.

### After his death

The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica. His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.

## Related pages

* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

The Coat of Arms of Leo XIII
## Other websites

 Media related to Leo XIII at Wikimedia Commons

* "Pope Leo XIII" in *Catholic Encyclopedia*, 1913
* "Leo XIII" in *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Vatican webpage, Leo XIII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived 2011-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, Gioacchino Cardinal PecciArchived 2013-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
* *Catholic Encyclopedia*, "List of Popes"

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by Pius IX |  **Pope** 1878–1903 | Succeeded by Pius X |
# Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 12th President of Turkey |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  28 August 2014 |
| Prime Minister | Ahmet Davutoğlu (2014–16) Binali Yıldırım (2016–18) |
| Vice President | Fuat Oktay (2018–2023) Cevdet Yılmaz (2023–present) |
| Preceded by | Abdullah Gül |
| Leader of the Justice and Development Party |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  21 May 2017 |
| Preceded by | Binali Yıldırım |
| **In office** 14 August 2001 – 27 August 2014 |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Ahmet Davutoğlu |
| 25th Prime Minister of Turkey |
| **In office** 14 March 2003 – 28 August 2014 |
| President | * Ahmet Necdet Sezer
* Abdullah Gül
 |
| Deputy | Expand
*Cabinet I* (2003–07)* Abdullah Gül
* Mehmet Ali Şahin
* Abdüllatif Şener

Expand
*Cabinet II* (2007–11)* Cemil Çiçek
* Hayati Yazıcı (2007–09)
* Nazım Ekren (2007–09)
* Bülent Arınç (2009–11)
* Ali Babacan (2009–11)

Expand
*Cabinet III* (2011–14)* Bülent Arınç
* Ali Babacan
* Beşir Atalay
* Bekir Bozdağ (2011–13)
* Emrullah İşler (2013–14)
 |
| Preceded by | Abdullah Gül |
| Succeeded by | Ahmet Davutoğlu |
| 28th Mayor of Istanbul |
| **In office** 27 March 1994 – 6 November 1998 |
| Preceded by | Nurettin Sözen |
| Succeeded by | Ali Müfit Gürtuna |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly |
| **In office** 9 March 2003 – 28 August 2014 |
| Constituency | * Siirt (2003 by-election)
* Istanbul (I) (2007, 2011)
 |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1954-02-26) 26 February 1954 Kasımpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey |
| Political party | Justice and Development Party (2001–2014; 2017–present) |
| Other political affiliations | * National Salvation Party (before 1981)
* Welfare Party (1983–1998)
* Virtue Party (1998–2001)
 |
| Spouse(s) |
Emine Gülbaran ​(m. 1978)​ |
| Children | * Ahmet
* Bilal
* Esra
* Sümeyye Bayraktar
 |
| Residence | Presidential Complex |
| Alma mater | Marmara University |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Government website Personal website |

**Recep Tayyip Erdoğan** (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician of Georgian origin. He is the 12th and current President of Turkey, he took office in 2014. Before that, he was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014, making him the de facto ruler of Turkey for over 2 decades while increasingly solidifying more political power and influence over time. He is the chairman of the ruling Justice and Development Party since 2001 which he founded that year. Erdoğan was Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998.

Erdoğan was a semi-professional footballer from 1969 to 1982. The stadium of the local football club of the Istanbul district he grew up in, Kasımpaşa S.K. is named after him.

Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (b. 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. The couple have two sons (Ahmet Burak, Necmeddin Bilal) and two daughters (Esra, Sümeyye).

The 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt tried to overthrow President Erdogan.
# Pope Dionysius

| Pope Saint Dionysius |
| --- |
|  |
| Papacy began | 22 July 259 |
| Papacy ended | 26 December 268 |
| Predecessor | Sixtus II |
| Successor | Felix I |
| Personal details |
| Born | Dionysius ??? Greece |
| Died | (0268-12-26)26 December 268 Rome, Roman Empire |

**Pope Dionysius** (??? − 26 December 268) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 22 July 259 until he died on 26 December 268. He was born in Greece.

| Catholic Church titles |
| --- |
| Preceded by Sixtus II |  **Pope** 259–268 | Succeeded by Felix I |
# Pope Valentine

Pope Valentine
**Pope Valentine** (in Latin: *Valentinus*; c. 800 – 10 October 827) was head of the Roman Catholic Church and head of the Papal States for two months in 827.

## Other websites

* Catholic Encyclopedia

| Catholic Church titles |
| --- |
| Preceded by Eugene II |  **Pope** 827 | Succeeded by Gregory IV |
# Pope Innocent IV

| Innocent IV |
| --- |
|  |
| Papacy began | June 25, 1243 |
| Papacy ended | December 7, 1254 |
| Predecessor | Pope Celestine IV |
| Successor | Pope Alexander IV |
| Personal details |
| Born | Sinibaldo Fieschi c. 1195 Genoa |
| Died | 16 July (1254-12-07)December 7, 1254 Naples |
| Other popes named Innocent |

**Pope Innocent IV** (Latin: *Innocentius Quartus*; c. 1195 – December 7, 1254), born **Sinibaldo Fieschi**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 181st Pope from June 25, 1243 until his death in 1254.

## Early life

Fieschi was born in Genoa. The Fieschi were a noble family of Liguria.

His nephew will become Adrian V.

He studied at the universities of Parma and Bologna.

## Cardinal

Pope Gregory IX made Fieschi a cardinal on September 18, 1227.

## Pope

Cardinal Fieschi was elected pope on June 25, 1243. He chose the name Innocent IV. Ottobuono Fieschi was the pope's cardinal-nephew during this reign.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes. The central problem of his papacy was a conflict with Frederick II, who was the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1245, Pope Innocent called church leaders to the Council of Lyons in France.

Innocent granted the use of the red hat to the cardinals in 1245. The red had was a symbol of the cardinal's readiness to shed their blood in the cause of the church.

## Related pages

* List of popes
* List of popes from the Fieschi family

The Coat of Arms of Innocent IV
## Other websites

 Media related to Innocentius IV at Wikimedia Commons

* "Pope Innocent IV" . *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived 2011-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, Cardinal Fieschi Archived 2015-01-23 at the Wayback Machine

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by Celestine IV |  **Pope** 1243–1254 | Succeeded by Alexander IV |