Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Poverty line

The **poverty line**, which is also sometimes called the **poverty threshold**, is the smallest amount of money a person or a family needs to live on; to buy what is needed and is a line which is a gulf between the rich and the poor. It is the imaginary line drawn by the experts which has a particular amount if anybody earn income which is lower than this amount is known as poor and other who earn more than this amount is known as non-poor. People who are below this line are classified as poor. This line is used to decide who can get extra help with things like food, shelter or medical care. There is a poverty line based on the income and another based on consumption levels.

The poverty line is not the same in all countries. It can be decided by the economy. In the United States, the poverty line is different depending on how many people there are in a family. This is because it costs more to buy food and supplies for more people. So, for example, it is higher in a family with eight people than in a family with three people. The poverty line also makes sure the poor and rich are separated immensely. If there were not a poverty line, the distribution of goods to those of whom are actually poor, would decrease.

## Related pages

* Poverty
# Temperate climate

In geography, **temperate** latitudes of the Earth lie between the subtropics and the polar circles. Average yearly temperatures in these regions are not extreme, not burning hot nor freezing cold. Temperate means moderate.

Temperate zone in green
Unlike in the tropics, temperatures can change greatly here, between summer and winter. So, most places with a temperate climate have four seasons: Other areas with a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. One day it may be sunny, the next may be rainy, and after that it may be cloudy. This is normal in summer as well as in winter. These are the main types of temperate climate:

* A maritime climate is generally for locations near the sea. That includes London, Dublin, Melbourne or Auckland. Most places do not have a rainy season and a dry season. Prevailing winds in the temperate zone are from the west. The western edge of temperate continents usually get this maritime climate. Examples are Western Europe, and western North America at latitudes between 40° and 60° north (65°N in Europe).
* Some parts of the temperate zone have a Mediterranean climate, which have a dry summer – for example Rome, Cape Town, Santiago or Adelaide.
* Some parts of the temperate zone, especially in the northern part of the continental climate, have severe winters – for example Moscow or Minnesota – this is called a hemiboreal climate.
* Some places in the temperate zone have hot summers and cold winters, for example Chicago, Beijing, Budapest or Almaty.
* Small areas of a country may have their own microclimate. Even the UK has a little rainforest.

The 4 seasons in the temperate zone are Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter
# Aggregate demand

In macroeconomics, **Aggregate Demand** (**AD**) or **Domestic Final Demand** (**DFD**) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a time. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It shows the amount of goods and services that will be bought at all possible different prices.

## Other websites

* Elmer G. Wiens: Classical & Keynesian AD-AS Model - An on-line, interactive model of the Canadian Economy.
# Memory of the World Programme

The **Memory of the World Programme** is a part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is part of a strategy for preserving history. The programme focuses on archives and libraries.

The UNESCO programme began in 1992. It promote the importance of historical documents.

## International Advisory Committee

The program is administered by a body known as the International Advisory Committee (IAC). There are 14 members. Each is appointed by the UNESCO Director-General.

## Memory of the World Register

Select additions to the World Register are chosen at biannual meetings of the IAC.

* Bayeux Tapestry
* Biblioteca Malatestiana
* Gero-Codex
* Jikji
* Magna Carta
* Matenadaran
* Shahnameh
* Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
* Tabula Peutingeriana
* The Communist Manifesto
* The Diary of a Young Girl
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Vienna Dioscurides
* Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty

## Jikji Prize

The *Jikji* is the earliest known book printed with movable metal type in 1377.
The Jikji Prize was established with the South Korean government. The $30,000 prize and all costs associated with the prize are funded by South Korea.

### Recipients

* 2005: Czech National Library (Prague)
* 2007: Austrian Academy of Sciences, Phonogrammarchiv (Vienna)
* 2009: National Archives of Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)
* 2011: National Archives of Australia, Canberra.

## Other websites

* Memory of the World Programme official website
# Neoclassicism

Wedgewood porcelain vase, Staffordshire 1820: classical proportions and symmetry
The Medici Vase, decorated in "Pompeian" black and red. St Petersburg 1830
**Neoclassicism** is the name given to movements in the arts that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). Traditionally, Classicism is about the art made in antiquity (very long ago, in ancient times) or later art inspired by that of antiquity. But Neoclassicism is always about the art made later but inspired by antiquity. So, Classicism and Neoclassicism are often used together. It often means clearness, elegance, harmony, and rest made by careful attention to traditional forms.

Examples of Neoclassicism in architecture include the White House and Neue Wache.

## Related pages

* Neoclassical economics
* Neoclassical realism

## Other websites

* Media related to Neoclassicism at Wikimedia Commons
* "Neoclassicism Style Guide". *British Galleries*. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2007-07-17.

Ostankino Palace by Francesco Camporesi, completed 1798 in Moscow
# Marius Petipa

Petipa in 1898
**Marius Petipa** (1818-1910) was a French dancer and the principal Ballet Master for the Imperial Ballet in St. Petersburg from 1869 until 1903. His works include *La Bayadere* (1877), a revised *Giselle* (1884), *The Sleeping Beauty* (1890), a revised *Swan Lake* (1895), and *Raymonda* (1898). Dance historian Lynn Garafola believes Petipa "had an incalculable effect on Russian ballet." She points out that he supervised the transition from Romanticism to Classicism in Russian ballet, and fused the Italian bravura and French lyrical techniques. Garafola writes, "[Petipa] helped transform an art dominated by foreigners and identified with the West into a Russian national expression."
# Romantic music

**Romantic music** is music written in the 19th century. This was the period called the “Romantic period” by musicians. In literature and some other arts the “Romantic period” is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century.

In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms. 18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry. The gardens of the palace at Versailles are a good example of this with their very tidy patterns of straight paths, circular ponds and neatly clipped hedges.

In music the Classical composers such as Haydn and Mozart liked to compose music which had a clear plan like sonata form.

In the Romantic period artists thought that feeling and passions were more important than formal plans. This can be seen in the gardens designed by Capability Brown, e.g. in at Blenheim Palace, Oxford. The gardens are made to blend into nature.

In music the Romantic composers may still use plans like sonata form, but feelings and passions are important. They often write what is called programme music which means: music that describes something or tells a story. Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony is called the “Pastoral” which means that it is about the countryside. Beethoven wrote in the Classical style until about 1803 when he started writing in the Romantic style. Later composers such as Felix Mendelssohn wrote pieces like *Hebrides Overture* which describes the sea coming into Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides Islands in Scotland. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) wrote a lot of music which tells a story. His *Symphonie Fantastique* is about an artist madly in love. Berlioz’s whole way of life was wild and romantic. He fell in love with an actress he saw on stage playing the part of Juliet in Shakespeare’s *Romeo and Juliet* and he actually married her! Other composers who wrote a lot of programme music include Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Richard Strauss (1864-1949). Strauss always wrote in a late-Romantic style even although he lived well into the 20th century.

The Romantic period was also the period of Nationalism. "Nationalism" means being proud of one's country. In the 19th century a lot of European countries as we know them were being formed. In music a lot of composers were writing music which was typical of their country. They often did this by using folk music. Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) wrote music which sounds very Czech. Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) wrote music with Russian folk songs in them. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) used German folk songs in his symphonies, and Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) collected English folk songs and put them in his music. One of those pieces was a Fantasy on the famous tune *Greensleeves*.
# Corporation tax

**Corporation tax** also called **corporate tax** or **company tax**, is a type of direct tax on the income or capital of companies, corporations and similar organisations. The tax is usually set at the national level, but it may also be set more locally in some countries. Corporate taxes may be referred to as income tax or capital tax, depending on the nature of the tax.

The purpose of corporate tax is to make money for the government by taxing the profits earned by corporations. The tax rate varies a lot from country to country. It is usually calculated as a percentage of the corporation's net income or capital. Corporate tax rates may also differ for local and foreign corporations.

Some countries have tax laws that require corporations to pay taxes on their worldwide income, regardless of where the income is earned. Some countries have tax systems which only tax the income earned within the country's borders.

A country's corporate tax may apply to:

* corporations incorporated in the country,
* corporations doing business in the country on income from that country,
* foreign corporations who have a permanent establishment in the country, or
* corporations deemed to be resident for tax purposes in the country.

The rules are different in each country. International businesses often organise themselves to take advantage of the differences. For example, in Estonia, enterprise profits are not subject to corporate or income tax until they are distributed to the founders – all profits generated by the enterprise can be used in full for business development or reinvested to generate additional income.