Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Pope Gregory XVI

| Pope Gregory XVI |
| --- |
| Bishop of Rome |
|  |
| Papacy began | 2 February 1831 |
| Papacy ended | 1 June 1846 |
| Predecessor | Pope Pius VIII |
| Successor | Pope Pius IX |
| Personal details |
| Born | Bartolomeo Cappellari 8 September 1765 Belluno, Republic of Venice |
| Died | 1 June 1846 Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Gregory |

**Pope Gregory XVI** (Latin: *Gregorius PP. XVI*, Italian: *Gregorio XVI*; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846), born **Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 255th Pope from 1831 to 1846.

## Early life

Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari was born in 1765 in Belluno, which was part of then in the Republic of Venice.

## Priest

He became a monk in 1783; and he took the name Mauro. Dom Mauro became a priest in 1787.

## Abbot

Pope Pius VII confirmed his election as Abbot Vicar of the San Gregorio Monastery in 1805.

## Cardinal

In 1825, Leo XII made Dom Mauro a cardinal.

## Pope

In 1831, Cardinal Capillaria was elected Pope; and he chose to be called Gregory Gregory.

He use Austrian troops to stop a revolution in the Papal States.

## Related pages

* List of popes

The Coat of Arms of Gregory XVI
## Other websites

 Media related to Gregorius XVI at Wikimedia Commons

* "Pope Gregory XVI" . *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
* "Gregory XVI", *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory XVI
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived 2011-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, Cardinal Capillaria Archived 2012-08-06 at the Wayback Machine

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by Pius VIII |  **Pope** 1831–1846 | Succeeded by Pius IX |
# 1853

1853 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1853 *MDCCCLIII* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2606 |
| Armenian calendar | 1302 ԹՎ ՌՅԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6603 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 9–10 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1774–1775 |
| Bengali calendar | 1260 |
| Berber calendar | 2803 |
| British Regnal year | 16 Vict. 1 – 17 Vict. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2397 |
| Burmese calendar | 1215 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7361–7362 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬子年 (Water Rat) 4549 or 4489     *— to —* 癸丑年 (Water Ox) 4550 or 4490 |
| Coptic calendar | 1569–1570 |
| Discordian calendar | 3019 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1845–1846 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5613–5614 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1909–1910 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1774–1775 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4953–4954 |
| Holocene calendar | 11853 |
| Igbo calendar | 853–854 |
| Iranian calendar | 1231–1232 |
| Islamic calendar | 1269–1270 |
| Japanese calendar | Kaei 6 (嘉永６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1781–1782 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4186 |
| Minguo calendar | 59 before ROC 民前59年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 385 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2395–2396 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཆུ་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Water-Rat) 1979 or 1598 or 826     *— to —* ཆུ་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Water-Ox) 1980 or 1599 or 827 |

**1853** (MDCCCLIII)
was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1853rd year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 853rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 19th century, and the 4th year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1853, the Gregorian calendar was
12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

* October 4–5 – the Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire begins war with the Russian Empire
* August 24 - George speck, AKA George Crum, prepares the first ever Potato chip in Saratoga Springs, New York.

## Births

* March 30 – Vincent van Gogh, painter
* July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician

## Deaths

* March 30 – Abigail Fillmore, wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
# Holland

Holland
**Holland** is the name of a region in the western part of the Netherlands. Holland was a county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795).

Today, there is no country called "Holland". There are two provinces called "Holland" in the Netherlands: North Holland (Dutch: *Noord-Holland*) and South Holland (Dutch: *Zuid-Holland*). Those provinces were created in 1840. The earlier country and province of Holland used to be bigger, but some parts of that province were given to other provinces during the French occupation (1795-1813). For example, Willemstad became part of North Brabant, the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were given to Friesland, and the island of Urk to Overijssel. But for a short time during that period (1806–1810), there *was* a country called "Holland", the Kingdom of Holland, which was in the central and northern Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany.

Many people use the name "Holland" to refer to all of the Netherlands, including the other ten provinces. That is not correct and is like calling the United Kingdom, "England" or "Great Britain". Some Dutch people who live outside "Holland" find it unacceptable to refer to the entire country Holland. But acceptable when you refer "Holland" to the Netherlands national team.
# South Holland

| South Holland
Zuid-Holland |
| --- |
| Province |
| Duingebied Berkheide (municipalities of Wassenaar and Katwijk) |
| FlagCoat of arms |
| Map: Province of South Holland in the NetherlandsLocation |
| Map |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Established | 1840 |
| Seat | The Hague (Den Haag) |
| Area |
|  • Total | 3,308 km2 (1,277 sq mi) |
|  • Land | 2,698 km2 (1,042 sq mi) |
|  • Water | 609 km2 (235 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 37 m (121 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | −7 m (−23 ft) |
| Population (2023) |
|  • Total | 3,805,000 |
|  • Density | 1,410/km2 (3,700/sq mi) |
| Website | www.zuid-holland.nl |

**South Holland** is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called *Zuid-Holland* in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,805,000 people are living in South Holland (2023).

## Cities

The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.

Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.

## Landscapes

In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the *Bollenstreek* ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called *bulb fields*. Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.

The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.

## Islands

The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.

## Water resources

The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.

## Other websites

* Official website

Bulb fields in Lisse
# Ice age

Variations in temperature, CO2, and dust from the Vostok, Antarctica ice core over the last 400,000 years
Rise of temperature at the end of the last ice age
An **ice age** is a period that for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. That leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers.

'Ice age' is a term used in palaeoclimatology for the period of extensive ice sheets in the recent Pleistocene period. We now know that ice ages have happened a number of times in the past, the greatest and longest of which took place in the Proterozoic era, before multicellular eukaryotes evolved.

During ice ages, the sea level drops as water is held in the great ice sheets at the poles. How much it drops depends on several factors, such as the length of time that a cold period lasts.

## Stages

Within an ice age, there are stages. The longer cold stages are called **glacials** or glacial periods. The shorter warm periods are called **interglacials**. The last glacial ended about 11,000 years ago, when the present interglacial started. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist. The last two million years have been the Pleistocene ice age. During glacials, large and thick ice sheets covered much of North America and Eurasia.

Many glacial periods that have occurred during the last few million years are initially at 40,000-year frequency, but more recently ice ages have occurred at 100,000-year frequency.

This data come from a time that human beings had no large effect on the climate. Therefore, it is technically correct to say that humans had no effect on global climate in the Earth's history. However, in recent centuries they have burned much fossil fuel, which has partly been responsible for the present temperature rise.

## Related pages

* Snowball Earth
* Ice core
* Milankovitch cycle
* Orbital forcing
* Pleistocene
* Glaciation
* Global warming

## Other websites

* Cracking the Ice Age from PBS
* Climate patterns
# Netherlands during World War II

| German occupation of the Netherlands |
| --- |
| Part of The Western Front of World War II |
|  The Dutch City of Rotterdam after Heavy bombing May 14, 1940 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | May 10 1940 - May 5 1945 |
| Location | Netherlands |
| Result |
Dutch and Allied victory |
| Territorial changes |
The Netherlands occupied by Germany from 1940-1945 |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  Germany |  Netherlands
* Dutch resistance

 France (1940)  United Kingdom  Canada  Poland (1944-1945)  United States (1944-1945) |

During World War II, the Netherlands was taken by Germany by military force, and occupied it between 1940–1945. It started with the Battle of the Netherlands in 10 May 1940. On May 15, the Dutch government surrendered and the Germans took over. The Dutch government went to London. The country was liberated on 5 May 1945, when the Germans surrendered to the British and Canadian forces.

## Related pages

* Dutch resistance (people who fought against the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands)
# Bürgermeister

The German word **Bürgermeister**, often spelled in English as *Burgermeister* (or *Burgomeister* or *Burgomaster*), means *master of the citizens*.

A Burgermeister is chairman of the executive council (or cabinet) in many towns and cities in Germany. In France, the person is called a *maire*. In the Netherlands the person is called the *burgemeester*. The title is usually translated into English as *Mayor*, but the position of mayor is not quite the same as the Burgermeister.

## Municipal government

* **Bürgermeister** is used in Germany and Austria. It was used in Switzerland until the mid-19th century. In Switzerland now various names are used instead, such as *Gemeindepräsident*, *Stadtpräsident*, *Gemeindeammann*, and *Stadtammann*.
* In city-states there can be more than one *Bürgermeister*. The senior one, equivalent to the Minister-President has an extra title
	+ *Regierender Bürgermeister* ('Governing Mayor') in Berlin
	+ *Erster Bürgermeister* (literally 'First Mayor') in Hamburg
	+ *Bürgermeister und Präsident des Senats* ('Mayor and President of the Senate') in Bremen
* Many large cities also have more than one Bürgermeister, the senior is usually called the *Oberbürgermeister* or Lord Mayor.

*Ober-* is sometimes put in front of a title to show that it is higher than another, especially in military.

### Historical title

* *Präsidierender Bürgermeister* ('Presiding Bürgermeister') is a name sometimes seen in old documents and books.
# Papiamento

| Papiamento |
| --- |
| *Papiamentu* |
| Native to | Aruba, Curaçao, Caribbean Netherlands: Bonaire |
| Native speakers | 412,694 |
| Language family | Portuguese Creole
* Upper Guinea Creole
	+ **Papiamento**
 |
| Writing system | Latin (Papiamento orthography) |
| Official status |
| Official language in | Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-2 | `pap` |
| ISO 639-3 | `pap` |
| *Glottolog* | `papi1253` |
| Linguasphere | `51-AAC-be` |
| Location map of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, where Papiamento is spoken |

**Papiamento** (English: /ˌpɑːpiəˈmɛntoʊ/) or **Papiamentu** (English: /ˌpɑːpiəˈmɛntuː/) is a creole language spoken in the Caribbean. It is the most common language on the ABC islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao. It is also commonly spoken in Sint Eustatius and Saba.
# General Electric

General Electric Company|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | * NYSE: GE
* S&P 100 component
* S&P 500 component
 |
| ISIN | US3696041033 |
| Industry | Conglomerate |
| Founded | April 15, 1892 (1892-04-15), in Schenectady, New York through the merger of Edison General Electric Co. by Thomson-Houston Electric |
| Founder | * Charles A. Coffin
* Elihu Thomson
* Edwin J. Houston
* J. P. Morgan
* Thomas Edison
 |
| Headquarters | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | H. Lawrence Culp Jr. (Chairman & CEO) |
| Products | * Aircraft engines
* Electrical distribution
* Electric motors
* Energy
* Finance
* Health care
* Software
* Wind turbines
 |
| Revenue |  US$ 95.214 billion (2019) |
| Operating income |  US$ 1.271 billion (2019) |
| Net income |  US$ −5.439 billion (2019) |
| Total assets |  US$ 266.048 billion (2019) |
| Total equity |  US$ 29.861 billion (2019) |
| Number of employees | 205,000 (2020) |
| Divisions | * GE Additive
* GE Aviation
* GE Capital
* GE Digital
* GE Global Research
* GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy
* GE Healthcare
* GE Power
* GE Renewable Energy
* GE Ventures
 |
| Website | GE.com |
| **Footnotes / references** |

**General Electric** is a big and multinational company based in the United States. It was created in 1892 by Thomas Edison through merging several companies that initially made electrical things. In the middle 20th century it became a major maker of turbojet engines and now makes many things.

As of 2008, they are the third biggest company in the world. In May 2020, it sold its light bulb business.
# Baruch Spinoza

| Baruch de Spinoza |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Era | 17th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Rationalism, founder of Spinozism |
| Main interests | Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics |
| Notable ideas | Pantheism, Conatus, Deism, neutral monism, intellectual and religious freedom / separation of church and state, Criticism of Mosaic authorship of certain books of the Hebrew Bible, Political society derived from power, not contract |
|
Influences
* Hobbes, Descartes, Stoics, Avicenna, Maimonides, Nicholas of Cusa, Aristotle, Bacon, Plato
 |
|
Influenced
* Hegel, Marx, Davidson, Schopenhauer, Deleuze, Einstein, Fichte, Leibniz, Goethe, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, Althusser, Hardt, Negri, Fromm, Santayana, Schelling, Bookchin, Kant
 |
|  |

**Baruch Spinoza** also known as Benedict Spinoza (24 November 1632 in Amsterdam – 21 February 1677 in The Hague) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. He is considered to be one of the great Rationalist philosophers of the 17th century. Other famous rationalists include Gottfried Leibniz and René Descartes.

## Life

Spinoza's ideas were not cherished by the Jewish community in Amsterdam of the time, and Spinoza was excommunicated in 1656.

## Key ideas

An important idea in Spinoza's philosophy is that God and Nature (meaning everything that exists) are the same thing. Opposing dualism and free will as a determinist, Spinoza said that the body and the mind (soul) are two of God's infinite attributes.

There is no good or evil in Nature, and that these words only have meanings for human beings. For a person, an event that leads to happiness is good, and an event that leads to suffering is bad.

Spinoza describes two types of thoughts, or emotions:

* When a person acts from his own nature, he is said to be *Active*. The more you understand your actions, the more active you become. Active emotions lead to happiness and an understanding of God, as well as to Freedom.
* When a person is being influenced by another person, or a thing, he is said to be *Passive*.

The goal of every person is to intellectually love God (that is, understand Nature as much as humanly possible).

* Jewish Encyclopedia
# Flag of France

France|  |
|  |
| Name | *Tricolour* |
| Use | National flag |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | 5 March 1848 (First time adopted 15 February 1794) |
| Design | A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red |
| Designed by | Lafayette, Jacques-Louis David |
|  |
|  |
| Variant flag of France |
| Use | National flag |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | June 1976 (Dark version first adopted on 15 February 1794) |
| Design | As above, but with the light shades |
|  |
|  |
| Variant flag of France |
| Use | National ensign |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | 17 May 1853 (Previously the same as the national flag) Used in the darker shade |
| Design | As above, but with bars in proportion 30:33:37. (See French ensigns.) |
|  |

The **Flag of France** is called the "Tricolour" (French: *le drapeau tricolore*). It was adopted 15 February 1794. It is blue, white and red. 1976 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose the light colors.

## History

There were a lot of flags in the history of France.

* Flag of France in the 12th century
* Flag of France until the 14th century
* Royal Flag of France (Bourbon Dynasty)
* Flag of the King of France
* Flag of France from 1790 until 1794
* Flag of France during the Napoleonic Wars
* Flag of France from 1815 to 1830
* Flag of France in 1848
* Flag of Vichy France
* Flag of Free France
* Current Flag of France (Used in the darker shade)
* Current Flag of France (Used in the light shade)
# English Channel

The **English Channel** is a body of water that separates the island of Great Britain from the rest of Europe. People who live in the UK and want to visit Europe, or people from Europe who want to visit the UK, can take a ferry across or ride a train under the channel in a special tunnel called the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the *Chunnel*). Both the ferries and trains carry cars. It is 563 km long, 246 km wide, and its narrowest part (34 km) is the Strait of Dover. On a clear day, it is possible to see the cliffs of Dover from Calais on the French side.

In 1875, Matthew Webb became the first known person to swim the English Channel, crossing it in just under 22 hours. The first woman to do this was Gertrude Ederle. In 2004, over 600 people were recorded making the crossing. The fastest time was achieved by Bulgarian swimmer Peter Stoychev in 2007, who managed it in 7 hours. Recently, officials have outlawed swimming in the **English Channel**.

In France, it is known as *La manche* (The Sleeve).

## Other websites

 Media related to English Channel at Wikimedia Commons
# Provence

**Provence** is a region in southern France. It lies. Historically, it is limited by the river Rhône to the west, and the border with Italy to the east. It makes up the biggest part of the modern administrative region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In the past, the capitals were Arles, Aix-en-Provence and Avignon. Today, the regional capital is Marseille. Other important cities (prefectures) are Digne-les-Bains, Gap, Nice and Toulon.
# Clergy

Clergy from different religions at the WEF 2009 Annual Meeting
Clergy is the name for people who are leaders in their religious community. Their roles and functions vary, but usually they preside over specific rituals. They are also experts, and help establish the doctrines of their faith. Usually, there are specific rituals that make people become part of the clergy. Sometimes, clergy are elected by a group of people. The ritual that make people part of the clergy in Christianity is called ordination or consecration.

Not everyone can become part of the clergy. Different denominations exclude different groups of people.

## Related pages

* Clergyman
* Estates of the realm
* Muslim clergy
* Rabbi
* Priest
# Gérald Darmanin

| Gérald Darmanin |
| --- |
| Darmanin in 2025 |
|  |
| Minister of State and of Justice |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  23 December 2024 |
| Prime Minister | François Bayrou Sébastien Lecornu |
| Preceded by | Didier Migaud |
| Member of the National Assembly for Nord's 10th constituency |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  8 July 2024 |
| Preceded by | Vincent Ledoux |
| **In office** 22 June 2022 – 22 July 2022 |
| Preceded by | Vincent Ledoux |
| Succeeded by | Vincent Ledoux |
| **In office** 20 June 2012 – 27 January 2016 |
| Preceded by | Christian Vanneste |
| Succeeded by | Vincent Ledoux |
| Minister of the Interior and Overseas |
| **In office** 6 July 2020 – 21 September 2024 |
| Prime Minister | Jean Castex Élisabeth Borne Gabriel Attal |
| Preceded by | Christophe Castaner |
| Succeeded by | Bruno Retailleau |
| Minister of Public Action and Accounts |
| **In office** 17 May 2017 – 6 July 2020 |
| Prime Minister | Édouard Philippe |
| Preceded by | Christian Eckert |
| Succeeded by | Olivier Dussopt |
| Mayor of Tourcoing |
| **In office** 4 April 2014 – 9 September 2017 |
| Preceded by | Michel-François Delannoy |
| Succeeded by | Didier Droart |
| Member of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais |
| **In office** 26 March 2010 – 30 March 2014 |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Gérald Moussa Jean Darmanin  (1982-10-11) 11 October 1982 Valenciennes, France |
| Political party | LREM/RE (2017–present) |
| Other political affiliations | RPR (1998–2002) UMP (2002–2015) LR (2015–2017) |
| Spouse(s) |
Morgane Jumez
​ ​(m. 2010; div. 2017)​
Rose-Marie Devillers
​ ​(m. 2020)​ |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Sciences Po Lille |
| Profession | Jurist • Politician |

**Gérald Moussa Darmanin** (born 11 October 1982) is a French politician who has been the Minister of State and of Justice since 2024. He was the Minister of the Interior in the governments of Jean Castex, Élisabeth Borne and Gabriel Attal from 2020 until 2024. Darmanin was Mayor of Tourcoing from 2014 to 2017 and Minister of Public Action and Accounts in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe from 2017 until 2020.
# European People's Party

| European People's Party  |
| --- |
|  |
| President | Manfred Weber (DE) |
| Founded | 8 July 1976; 49 years ago |
| Headquarters | Rue du Commerce, 10,
1000 Brussels, European Quarter, Belgium |
| Ideology | Christian democracy Liberal conservatism Conservatism Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Centre-right |
| European Parliament | 182 / 720 |
| European Commission | 11 / 27 |
| European Council | 11 / 27 |
| Website |
| epp.eu |

The **European People's Party** (**EPP**) is a centre-right European political party, made up of Christian democratic, conservative, and liberal-conservative parties from countries across the European Union. It was started by Christian-democratic parties in 1976. Since then it now has parties with other centre-right political perspectives. On 31 May 2022, the party elected as its President Manfred Weber, who was their candidate for President of the European Commission in 2019. The current President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen is also from the EPP through her membership of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany.

It has been the largest party in the European Parliament since 1999 and in the European Council since 2002. It is also the largest party in the current European Commission. Ursula von der Leyen and Roberta Metsola are members.

For the 2024 European Parliament election Weber is talking about stability and security for Europe. He says jobs, defence, migration and the “fight against criminals” are the most important things.