# Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)

| Russian invasion of Ukraine |
| --- |
| Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War (outline) |
|  Map of Ukraine as of 9 July 2025 (details):

  Continuously controlled by Ukraine  Currently occupied or controlled by Russia  Formerly occupied by Russia or Ukrainian-occupied Russian territory
 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 24 February 2022 – present (4 years, 3 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) |
| Location | Ukraine, Russia, Black Sea |

 |
| Belligerents |
| * Russia
	+ Donetsk PR
	+ Luhansk PR
* Belarus (in 2022)
* North Korea (in 2024)
 |  Ukraine

**Supplied by: NATO
 |
| Commanders and leaders |
| * Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov (until 2022)
* Gennady Zhidko (until 2022)
* Sergey Surovikin (2022-2023)
* Valery Gerasimov (since 2023)
 | * Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi (until 2024)
* Oleksandr Syrskyi (since 2024)
 |
| Strength |
| **Pre-invasion at border**: 169 000 to 190 000 **In February 2023**: 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine **In June 2024**: 700 000 active personnel in the area | **Pre-invasion total**: 196 600 military 102 000 paramilitary **July 2022 total**: up to 700 000 **September 2023 total**: over 800 000 |
| Casualties and losses |
|
Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. |

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. The invasion causes thousands of deaths every month. In regard to a possible ceasefire: no agreement has been made, as of 2026.

It is part of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014. The 2022 invasion started after the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis. Russia supported the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in the months before the invasion.

More Russian soldiers came to the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine on 21 February 2022. The invasion was condemned by many countries. In Russia, many opposition groups formed anti-war protests. Thousands of protesters were then arrested by the Russian government.

Millions of refugees fled to western Ukraine or to Poland and other countries. Many foreign countries denounced the invasion. On 2 March 2022, United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 demanded that Russia take its troops out of Ukraine.

## Background

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Memorandum (pictured)" was signed. It was signed by authorities from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Russian Federation. Those authorities promised to [protect or] safeguard Ukraine’s sovereignty in exchange for [Ukraine giving or] surrendering nuclear weapons" to Russia.

## Invasion

At about dawn, missile strikes began at locations across the country, including in the capital Kyiv. The Ukrainian Border Service said that its border posts with Russia and Belarus were attacked.

Explosions were heard in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa and the Donbas. Ukrainian officials said that Russia landed soldiers in Odesa and Mariupol and launched cruise and ballistic missiles at airfields, military headquarters, and military depots in Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Dnipro. Soldiers also went into Ukraine through Belarus. It is the largest attack by one country against another in Europe since World War II.

President Volodymyr Zelensky said that there would be martial law in Ukraine. Later he ordered the Ukrainian Army to kill as many Russian invaders as possible.

### February 2022

Moments after the invasion on 24 February, the Ukrainian government said that Russia took Chernobyl and Pripyat. The US government said that the Russians were holding the workers of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant hostage. At 22:00 (UTC+2), Russian forces captured Snake Island after a naval and air attack of the island. The thirteen border guards on the island were thought to have been killed in the bombardment after refusing to surrender to a Russian warship. President Zelenskyy announced that the border guards would be posthumously granted the title of Hero of Ukraine, the country's highest honor. However, it was found out later that the border guards were alive and captured by Russian forces.

On February 24, at "the village of Hostomel near Kyiv ... Russian troops [... tried] to land paratroopers at the Antonov airfield", according to media. Furthermore, about 30 Ukrainian soldiers from "HUR special forces had only Kalashnikov rifles, a few grenade launchers, one armored personnel carrier, and grenades. They shot down a Russian helicopter; Furthermore, other "helicopters were taken down by soldiers from the National Guard, according to media; About 500 [Russian] paratroopers were destroyed, by some groups of soldiers.

On February 25, while Russian soldiers approached Kyiv, Zelenskyy asked residents to create Molotov cocktails to "neutralise" the enemy. Putin meanwhile called on the Ukrainian military to overthrow the government. Ukraine gave 18 000 rifles (a kind of gun) to Kyiv residents who wanted to fight. Some Russian soldiers did enter northern Kyiv.

On 26 February, heavy fighting was reported to the south of Kyiv, near the city of Vasylivka and its air base. A Ukrainian fighter jet (Su-27) shot down a Russian transport plane (Ilyushin -76) carrying paratroopers near Vasylkiv. Hundreds of deaths were reported in Kyiv during this battle. That same day, Russia claimed to have captured Melitopol, near the Sea of Azov.

On 27 February, President Putin ordered Russia's nuclear deterrent forces to be on "special alert" because of "aggressive statements" by NATO. That same day, President Zelenskyy announced that Ukrainian and Russian officials had agreed to meet, without conditions. That same day, a Russian airstrike killed over 70 Ukrainian soldiers at a military base in Okhtyrka. Russian soldiers have been accused of killing civilians and the using of cluster bombs on civilians - which may be seen as war crimes.

### March 2022

On 1 March, Ukrainian sources said Belarus joined the invasion, sending its soldiers to the Chernihiv region in Ukraine's north. Belarus said this had not happened. On the same day, there was at least one rocket attack on Kyiv; With AFP as a source, media wrote that "Russian strike stirs symbolism at Kyiv Holocaust site". The next day, Russia claimed to have captured its first large city, the Black Sea port of Kherson, as fighting intensifies across many parts of Ukraine. That same day, the International Criminal Court began an investigation into possible war crimes committed in Ukraine.

On 3 March, Ukraine passed a law that states captured Russian military equipment and tanks does not need to be declared and tax will not be applied on them. The next day, Russian forces attacked and bombed the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant. The main reactor was not hit and fallout did not occur. That same day, foreign news outlets including the BBC, CNN, and many others stopped their reporting in Russia, after new legislation threatened 15-year jail terms for spreading "fake news".

On 5 March, Russia announced a temporary ceasefire to allow civilians to leave the cities of Mariupol and Volnovakha. The next day, Vinnytsia International Airport was destroyed by Russian missiles, as President Zelenskyy called for a no-fly zone to stop future attacks in Ukraine.

On 7 March, Ukraine rejected a proposal by Moscow to open refugee passages after Russia said refugees would only be allowed to reach Belarus or Russia.

Putin had denied on 7 February, that Russian conscripts were used in the invasion, because Russian law does not allow the use of conscripts in battle outside Russia. Russian media later said that conscripts were used.

On 13 March 30 Russian missiles hit the Yavoriv military base, close to the border with Poland, killing 35 and injuring 134 others.

On 24 March, NATO announced that four new battlegroups totalling 40 000 soldiers will be sent to Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, along with enhanced readiness for potential chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats.

On 29 March, Russia's deputy defense minister said that Moscow decided to "cut back" military activity near Kyiv and Chernihiv to increase mutual trust for future negotiations to agree and sign a peace deal with Ukraine".

### April 2022

On 2 April, Russia said that the country would not work with Western countries on the International Space Station until the "full and unconditional removal of illegal sanctions". The next day, Ukraine accused Russia and Putin of war crimes because of civilian killings such as the Bucha massacre. U.S. President Joe Biden called for Putin to be tried for war crimes. On 7 April, Russia was suspended from the United Nations Council on Human Rights. This followed a vote which was backed by 97 nations.

On 8 April, Russia attacked the Kramatorsk train station with missiles, which killed many civilians trying to evacuate, including children. On 13 April, the Russian flagship cruiser *Moskva*, the largest naval vessel to be sunk since the end of World War II, sank after an explosion off of the Ukrainian coast.

On 19 April, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Russia's military operation had entered a new phase, focused on the entire front line of Eastern Ukraine with the city of Kreminna reportedly the first to be captured.

### May 2022

On 14 May, Russian forces withdrew (or did leave) from Ukraine's second-largest city Kharkiv, in the north-east of the country.

The Battle of Kharkiv ended on 14 May 2022. Ukrainian soldiers won it.

On 16 May, the Siege of Mariupol ended in a Russian victory.

### June 2022

The Battle of Sievierodonetsk is going on, as of June's first week.

On 27 June, the Russian Armed Forces fired missiles at a mall in Kremenchuk, Ukraine, which killed sixteen people and injured over 50 others.

### July 2022

On 3 July, Russia and the Luhansk People's Republic took control of the entire Luhansk Oblast after seizing Lysychansk. On 14 July, a Russian missile attacked Vinnytsia in central Ukraine, which killed at least 22 people, including 3 children, and injured at least 100 others.

### August 2022

According to the Kyiv School of Economics, the conflict has caused $113.5 billion in damages and destruction in Ukraine. Transportation infrastructure and housing is the main reason for these damages.

### September 2022

Areas annexed, but not fully controlled by Russia in striped yellow-red.
On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions in an address to both houses of the Russian parliament. Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all condemned the annexation.

### October 2022

On 8 October, the Crimean Bridge partially collapsed due to an explosion. Russia accused Ukraine of being behind the blast and launched retaliatory missile strikes against Ukrainian civilian areas.

### November 2022

On 9 November, Russian troops began to withdraw from Kherson, the only regional capital they captured since the start of the invasion. The city was recaptured by Ukrainian forces, two days later, on 11 November.

### December 2022

In early December, heavy fighting was still going on near Bakhmut and south of Bakhmut (Battle of Bakhmut).

### January 2023

Challenger 2 (picture taken in Iraq)
Leopard 2
The British government said on 14 January 2023 that Ukraine would get 14 Challenger 2 tanks. These tanks are the first Western battle tanks (or western, main battle tanks) given to Ukraine.

On 25 January 2023, the German government said that Germany will send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine; The government will also allow other countries to do the same. German authorities can say if countries have permission to send those tanks. Later that day, the United States government said that 31 Abrams tanks will be sent to Ukraine.

### February 2023

In February, Poland's prime minister said that Poland can give some F-16 fighter aircraft to Ukraine. That can happen if all the NATO member countries agree to that.

Later in February the Wall Street Journal reported that China was handing over technology that the Russian military needs for the war in Ukraine. Other reports said that "Chinese state-owned defense companies" are "shipping navigation equipment, jamming technology and fighter-jet parts" to Russia.

Even later in February, authorities said that 8 Leopard 2 tanks would be going out of Norway (to Ukraine), "as soon as practically possible". Finland will send 3 of that kind of tanks. Poland delivered their first Leopard 2 battle tank, later in February.

### March 2023

8 battle tanks (Leopard 2) arrived from Norway.

### April 2023

The 2023 Pentagon document leaks became known in April. One part of the leak - a slide - says that more Russians than Ukrainians have died in the war. The size of the leak is c. 60 documents, or more than 100. Authorities from Ukraine, Russia and other countries have made comments about the leak.

### May 2023

Ukraine has "nine new brigades that [... as of May, are] being kept away from the front line. They will be joined by eight brigades of a recently-formed ‘Offensive Guard’ – highly-motivated volunteers chosen for [an upcoming] assault [against Russian soldiers]. Some 35 000 [...] were trained from two to four months", according to media.

### June 2023

The Kakhovka dam (2006)
The Kakhovka dam was damaged. Thousands of civilians were evacuated from areas that were either going to be flooded, or from areas that already were flooded. The lake behind the dam was drained out after a few days. The incident is sometimes called the Kakhovka dam failure.

Around the frontline settlement Novodonetske (map) in Donetsk oblast, Ukrainian marines were pushing back the Vostok Battalion, according to media (on 6 June).

A Russian general was killed in Zaporizhzhia oblast. He was the chief of staff of a Russian field Army. (Related page: field army)

Thousands of soldiers from the Russian private military company PMC Wagner, went across the Ukrainian-Russian border, and took control of two Russian cities. (Related page: Wagner Group rebellion)

On 27 June, the office of Belarus' leader published a video clip in which the Belarus' leader said that soldiers from PMC Wagner, can come and stay in military camps in Belarus. Authorities in Latvia and Lithuania asked NATO to add security before a "Wagner base" maybe will be created in Belarus. (Related page: military base)

#### Start of 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive

The 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive started no later than 8 June. It is a series of offensives (against Russian soldiers) on fronts in Donetsk Oblast, Zaporizhzhia oblast and [ Lukhansk oblast and] other places.

As of 8 June, much of the fighting (of the counteroffensive) is near the cities Orikhiv (map), Tokmak (in Tokmak ("municipality")), and Bakhmut (map) and other settlements.

### July 2023

The United States government said in July that it will export cluster bombs to Ukraine.

Ukrainian pilots will get training in F16 fighter-jets; The training is supposed to start next month.

General Oleg Tsokov was killed by a Storm Shadow missile in Berdiansk city (map). He was the deputy commander of the Southern Military District (Russia).

The 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion resulted in two deaths.

The major rail connection from Crimea to other parts of Ukraine where Russia has soldiers, was hit; The rail line was hit at the Chonhar railway bridge. The rail line is still broken (as of August).

### August 2023

This Landing Ship (or LST) has much damage (as of 2023). The *Olenegorsky Gornyak* is one of the ships of the Ropucha-class
As of 4 August, a Landing Ship, the *Olenegorsky Gornyak* has much damage. It was damaged by a drone boat, at the Novorossiysk naval base in Russia's Southern Federal District. The base is along (part of) the Black Sea; The drone carried 450 kilograms of TNT.

A Russian S-400 missile system in Olenivka on Crimea's Tarkhankut Peninsula, was hit and destroyed by Ukrainian missiles; Some Russian soldiers died.

Near Perevalne (map), Crimea, a military base under Russian control, was bombed by many combat drones; Some people died.

Four transport airplanes (Ilyushin-76) were damaged at an airport in Pskov oblast, Russia (map) during a Ukrainian drone attack.

Combat drones (from AFU) made of cardboard were used to destroy Russian aircraft at an airport in Kursk (map), Russia. Corvo drones were used.

Two more countries (Greece and Czechia) are going to train Ukrainian pilots in F-16 fighter-jets. The training program will be run by Denmark, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Poland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Romania, Portugal, Sweden and Norway.

### September 2023

Two patrol ships were damaged and had to go back to port. The length (of each ship) is 94 m (308 ft). Each ship is supposed to have 80 people on board. Picture from 2019
As of 3 September, parts of at least one Russian drone hit the ground in Romania (and near the village of Ceatalchioi (map) in Tulcea County). As of 9 September, parts of another Russian drone hit the ground in Romania.

In Sevastopol, Crimea, a Ropucha-class Landing Ship was destroyed and a Kilo-class submarine and a KC-701-class patrol boat were damaged. They were attacked by cruise missiles.

A Russian S-400 surface-to-air missile system has been destroyed (as of 14 September) near Yevpatoria, Crimea after being hit by two Neptune cruise missiles.

Two Russian ships (Project 22160 patrol ship) were hit by Ukrainian naval drones; Because of significant damage, the ships had to return to port.

The rocket attack on Sevastopol Naval Base killed some Russian officers; An admiral was possibly one of the dead people. (Related pages, Sevastopol Naval Base, admiral)

### October 2023

Ukrainian soldiers have started using ATACMS rockets with warheads that have cluster munitions; The version of the rocket used in Ukraine, can go as far as 165 km; [Ukraine does not have (as of 2023) ] other versions which can go farther.

### November 2023

A Russian warship of the Karacurt-class was damaged.

A car carrying pro-Russian Chechen fighters was attacked and blown up by Ukrainian (resistance fighters or) partisans over the weekend (of 27 November), according to media; The ambush happened near Myrne (map), North of Melitopol (city).

### December 2023

On December 6, the United States Senate did not pass a law (or a *bill*), that would have sent [14] billions of dollars to Israel and [50] billions to Ukraine.

A Russian warship of the Ropucha-class (picture) was destroyed, in Feodosiya (map), Crimea; The wreck is alongside a pier and mostly under water.

On [December 27, U.S. time], the U.S. government made a decision to give $250 million in military aid.

### January 2024

A counter-battery radar (belonging to Russia) was destroyed: the 1К148 Yastreb-AV radar was destroyed; Two rockets were fired from [one or two] HIMARS rocket launcher.

Regarding F16 fighter jets: Denmark said that the delivery of those [is supposed to] happen in 2024's second quarter; The reason for the delay is that it takes time to train pilots and other people that are going to support the readiness of the 19 airplanes. Earlier (December 2023), media said that F-16 fighter jets are ready to be sent to Ukraine, and that the Dutch government is ready to give (the first) 18 of those airplanes.

### February 2024

Leaders of the European Union have said yes to giving 50 billion euros ($54 billion) to Ukraine; The aid is to support the Ukrainian economy; The first instalment of 4.5 billion euros ($4.9 billion) will arrive in March 2024.

Ukraine changed its commander-in-chief; Oleksandr Syrskyi became chief, replacing Valerii Zaluzhnyi.

Marines (of the AFU) will be trained by Norway's authorities.

In regard to when the first F-16 fighter jets, will come to Ukraine: The secretary-general of NATO said that "the decision [about when] to deliver F-16s to Ukraine would be left to each [... country, and they have their own rules or different] policies".

"Ukraine will join NATO. It is not a question of if, but [it is a question] of when", according to the secretary-general of NATO.

There are groups that are resisting the Russian soldiers; The resistance groups sometimes do surveillance, "reconnaissance missions [and], sabotage [...] in co-ordination with Ukraine’s" authorities; One of the groups is Atesh.

Ukrainian POWs returned on 8 February
### March 2024

"America’s best robot spy plane, the Global Hawk spent … hours over the east Black Sea sometimes swinging" ... "close to 100 km from the Russian mainland and" Sochi.

The U.S. authorities [sent] "a new package of weapons worth $300 million to Ukraine, and it [included] a number of [... ATACMS], according to U.S. officials [...] . The package [... included] a number of the Anti-Personnel/Anti-Materiel, or APAM, an older version of the long-range ATACMS, which travels 100 miles and carries warheads containing hundreds of cluster bomblets", according to media.

Ukraine has an intention (or idea), that in the future, [any] conscript (or a specific kind of soldier) will be set free from military service after [that] conscript has been fighting for 18 months; That plan is a response to a protest (that had female relatives of conscripts) in early November. The plan has not become law (as of 2024).

"One of the first times in nearly nine months the AFU ... launched an entire brigade into combat", according to media; That brigade made it possible for another brigade to be pulled away from battle; Later, Avdiivka was abandoned by Ukrainian forces.

A Bumblebee military airplane, model A-50U was shot down; That kind is used for airborne early warning and control, by Russian forces.

### April 2024

The U.S. government said "yes" to (more financial aid, or) $61 billion in military aid to Ukraine.;

About loaning military aid to Ukraine: presidential candidate Donald Trump is (earlier in April) not against military aid being loaned to Ukraine (instead of the U.S. government sending military aid as a gift); Trump said that, while politician Mike Johnson was standing next to him.

The 67th Brigade of Ukraine was taken off the rolls; The brigade was
broken up, by the orders of Oleksander Syrsky ; Parts of the brigade had earlier (given up, or) "abandoned positions in the Chasiv Yar sector [of the frontline,] under heavy Russian pressure"; The brigade had mostly volunteers from one political group.

Ukrainian forces used c. 12 rockets (or missiles) to hit "air bases and air defense installations across Crimea peninsula" (April 30); Some (or all) of the rockets were possibly *ATACMS*. (See /ATACMS)

A Russian warship, a Buyan-M corvette (picture) was attacked, damaged and set on fire in the Kaliningrad region.

### May 2024

Lithuanian soldiers are ready to be sent to Ukraine, so that they can train Ukrainian soldiers, according to the president of Lithuania.

### June 2024

Explosions, or "major explosions", were reported in Crimea and Krasnodar Krai according to media (June 12).

The ships and boats of the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet, are mostly staying in the Sea of Azov; In other areas of the Black Sea, many Russian ships and boats have beeen damaged or sunk.

### July 2024

At least three Russian drones crossed into a member-country of Nato, Romania. NATO says that there is no sign that there was an intention to attack Romania, according to media. At least one drone, was a kamikaze drone.

About F-16 fighter airplanes flying into Ukraine's airspace: One F-16 was seen (flying inside of Ukraine) as early as the last day of July. That is the first time since the start of the invasion.

A "Mi-8 military helicopter of the Russian forces ... was downed near Russian-occupied Donetsk"; It was attacked by a drone (and crashed into the ground).

### August 2024

Earlier that month, Atesh guerrillas said that they found the place of "a Russian Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system in the Volnovakha district of the Donetsk [... oblast]"; Furthermore, it is supposed to be “for hunting F-16s”, according to media.

#### Start of offensive (or counter-offensive) into Russia

The yellow dots and the red dots are settlements in Kursk Oblast, Russia
Ukrainian forces rolled some of their tanks and other military vehicles into Russia. The attack is called a counter-offensive, and the Kursk offensive (since 2024). Ukrainian soldiers went into Kursk Oblast (August 6). By August 9, there were around 10 000 or 12 000 Ukrainian soldiers in Kursk Oblast, according to an expert at CEIP. Earlier (August 8), Ukrainian soldiers were present in areas 35 kilometers from the Ukrainian border.

"A state of emergency [has been] declared [... in Kursk oblast] by" Russia's president.

Ukrainian media visited the town of Sudzha; The gas
metering station in Sudzha, is the only (way or) "route of Russian gas" to get "to Europe through Ukraine". Media showed pictures of Ukrainian soldiers removing the Russian flag from a building in the town of Sudzha; The flag was thrown on the ground.

Ukrainian forces have some soldiers in Belgorod Oblast (as of August 10).

"Ukraine [is creating, or] would create a “buffer zone” Kursk", according to media; Furthermore, “The creation of [... that] in the Kursk region is a step to protect [... Ukrainian ] border communities from daily shelling” by enemy forces, according to a member of Ukraine's cabinet.

### September 2024

Ukraine is [using drones or Ukraine is able] to strike places in Russia that are (up to) c. 1800 km away from Ukraine.

### October 2024

Six Russian soldiers who deserted the front line, got a temporary visa to an EU country, according to media.

About the Victory Plan of Ukraine's government: Ukraine's president said that “We’ve also received very positive signals from the United States,”; Furthermore, “We are expecting a visit from a team from [the U.S. government or] Washington, so that we can work on the points of the Victory Plan at all operational levels”".

"In Berdiansk, a railway bridge used by Moscow’s troops" was destroyed, according to media.

### November 2024

Media said that "The United States [has plans, or] aims to send [... some] contractors to Ukraine to help [... doing maintainance] on ... warplanes and air defense systems [... , according to] a US defense official".

Denmark signed contracts to buy Ukrainian built weapons for the Ukrainian military; The contracts are for $629 million. The deal is supposed to (help or) boost weapons production in Ukraine.

South Korea's leader met with China's leader; Furthermore, "[... South Korea] calls on [China's leader] Xi Jinping [to stop or] to halt [ North Korea's] military co-operation with Putin". Several thousand North Korean soldiers have come to Kursk oblast after Ukrainian forces took some of the fight (against Russian forces), into Russia's Kursk oblast.

Ukraine got permission to use ATACMS rockets to hit Russian territory; The president of the U.S. gave the permission.

### December 2024

A new group of F-16 combat airplanes, have arrived in Ukraine, according to the president of Ukraine (early December 2024).

Russia's military is still fighting in Syria (while also fighting in Ukraine).

The former chief "of the Olenivka prison was killed when his car blew up; Furthermore, he had been accused of "the 2022 terrorist attack on Ukrainian prisoners of war", according to media.

### January 2025

Donald Trump became president of the United States (after being out of office, for 4 years). Pete Hegseth [later became] the chief of the U.S. department of defense.

Keith Kellogg [became] the U.S. government's special envoy for Ukraine and Russia.

### February 2025

"Ukraine [... got] its first [ Mirage 2000 or] upgraded Mirage 2000 fighter jets from France", according to media; Media did not say how many airplanes that Ukraine got from that first group (of those planes) that came to Ukraine..

### March 2025

Drones from HUR, [a Ukrainian agency], did strike a drone factory in Obukhovo, Kaluga oblast, Russia; There were explosions and a fire at that industrial (place or) site.

### April 2025

Saab 340 AEW&C.
A mineral deal,
the Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement, was signed on April 30. (See Russian invasion of Ukraine§Ideas about peace)

In regard to the U.S. government sending military aid, $50 million: The [U.S. government or the] Trump administration said (April 30) to the U.S. Congress, that the government has an intention [or idea], of doing that; *Direct commercial sales*, is the kind of aid.

Ukraine got, earlier that month, an [ Argus radar airplane or] Saab 340 AEW&C. It is an Airborne early warning and control (picture) airplane.

9 people died due to a drone strike on a civilian bus.

### May 2025

Drones (from Ukraine's military) are "hitting missile production and energy facilities", according to media; Furthermore, such drones "have [ contributed to, or] killed mobile internet for dozens of Russian cities and towns"; Furthermore, in regard to "stranded [ air travelers, there are] tens of thousands of" those.

On May 17th, nine people (including a family) were killed after a Russian drone-strike hit a public bus.

There "are no more restrictions on [... Ukraine] using Western long-range weaponry against targets inside Russia", according to Germany's chancellor; However, Germany has not given long-range weapons (as of May).

Earlier (May 24), 13 Ukrainians were killed by a Russian attack in Kyiv. Hours later, hundreds (possibly even thousands) of Prisoners of War were switched between Russia and Ukraine.

### June 2025

C. 20 Russian aircraft were hit, in a drone attack inside Russia; C. 10 of those aircraft were destroyed; The name of the attack is Operation Spiderweb.

Russia shoots down 10 Ukrainian drones that were targetting Moscow. Ukraine has also been launching attacks on Russian drone factories.

### July 2025

The deputy head of the Russian Navy was killed in Kursk Oblast. On July 27th, a Russian drone hit a bus that was carrying Civilians. This drone killed 3 people and injured 19.

### August 2025

There is a group of countries, that are called *the coalition-of-the-willing*; They have pledged support to the Ukrainian government.

### December 2025

"Druzhba oil pipeline [in Russia] was hit by [... an] explosion on ... December 1", according to media; Furthermore, that happened on the "Taganrog-Lipetsk [part of the pipeline, or] section".

A British soldier died while at work in Ukraine. He died (December) "while [looking on or] observing Ukrainian forces [that were doing a] test [of] a new [weapon or] defensive capability", according to media. His "death [... is] the first official confirmation that British paratroopers ... are ... in Ukraine", according to media.

#### Front line and line-of-contact

There have been changes on the front line (or zero-line), every month.

* Kindrativka (map); The line of contact thru Sumy oblast is near the village (as of 2025's third quarter).

* The line of contact goes into Russia (from the border), and thru parts of Kursk oblast.

* The line of control goes into Russia (from the border), and thru parts of Belgorod oblast (as of 2025's second quarter).

* Lyptsi (map), the line of control is near (as of 2024's second quarter)

* Vovchansk (map), the line of control is near (as of 2024's second quarter). The city is in Chuhuiv raion.

* Oskil (picture); The river is near the line of contact (as of 2025's first quarter).
	+ Dvorichna (map); settlement to the West of the Oskil river. The line of contact is near (as of 2025's first quarter)
* Kupiansk (map), Ukraine; [near the line of contact as of 2024's third quarter]; The city is controlled by Ukrainian soldiers. The city is in Kupiansk raion.

* Synkivka (map), is near the line of control (as of 2024's second quarter)
* Krokhmalne (map), under Russian control as of 2024's first quarter; The settlement is in Kupiansk Raion, Kharkiv Oblast.

* Tabaivka (map), a frontline village (as of 2024's first quarter); It is in Kupiansk Raion.

Some of the Donetsk front is on the eastern front.

* The Siversk sector, is a name for part of the frontline (2025's third quarter).

* Bohdanivka, the village is on the frontline (as of 2024's first quarter). The settlement Khromove (map) in] Bakhmut Raion, is behind Russian lines (as of 2024's second)

* Chasiv Yar (map), near the line of contact (as of 2024's third quarter); Ivanivske (map), the line of contact was near (as of 2024)

* Kostiantynivka, near the line of contact. Farther from the line: Toretsk and Horlivka

* Pokrovsk; The *Pokrovsk sector*, is a name for part of the frontline.
	+ Other settlements in Pokrovsk Raion, include Avdiivka (map), and Marinka (map) and Baranivka (map) and Berdyche (map) and Hrodivka and Ivanivka(map) and Krasnohorivka (map) and Lozuvatske (map) and Nevelske (map), and Novokalynove (map) or Novokalynovo and Novooleksandrivka (map) and and Ocheretyne (map), and Oputne (map), controlled by Russia (as of 2024's first quarter) and Pervomaiske (map) Prohres (map) and Shevchenko (map), Sokil (map) and Stepove (map), and Tonenke and Umanske (map), and Vesele (map) Voskhod and Vovche

* + Donetsk City is 56 km from Pokrovsk. Russia controls the city as of 2025.

* Novopavlivka (map) is near the line of contact; The Novopavlivka sector, is a name for part of the frontline (2025's third quarter).

* Heorhiivka (map), near the line of contact (as of 2024's second quarter)
* Novomykhailivka (map), near the line of contact (as of 2023's fourth quarter); The village is in Pokrovsk Raion

* Velyka Novosilka (map), the settlement is near the line of control (as of 2024's fourth quarter).
	+ Other settlements in Volnovakha Raion, include Vuhledar and Novyi Komar and Staromaiorske (map) and Urozhaine (map) The settlement is in the *Berdiansk direction* (of the counteroffensive).

Berezove (map), is near both the *Zaporizhzhia front* and the *Donetsk front* (as of 2026's first quarter)

Zaporizhzhia front is part of the Southern front.

 The Zaporizhzhia front and some of the Donetsk front, are part of the Southern front. (The map is from 20 June 2026.) Pryiutne is on the Zaporizhzhia frontline, while Staromaiorske is on the Donetsk frontline.

* Ternuvate (map); Novodarivka (map), near the line of contact (as of 2024's fourth quarter); The line is part of the *Vremivka sector*; \*Pryiutne (map),controlled by Russia [as of 2024's first quarter]; The village is in Polohy raion.
* Chervone (map), near the line of control (as of 2024's third quarter)
* Huliaipole, near the line of control (as of 2024's third quarter)
* Charivne (map), near the line of control (as of 2024's third quarter). The line is part of the *Orikhiv sector*.

* Mala Tokmachka (map), village, near the line of control (as of 2024's third quarter)
* Novoprokopivka (map), controlled by Russia [as of 2024's first quarter]; The village is in Polohy raion.

* Levadne (map), near the line of contact (as of 2024's third quarter)
* Verbove (map), controlled by Russia [as of 2024's first quarter]; The settlement is in Polohy ("municipality"), Polohy, Zaporizhzhia.
* Robotyne (map), [the line of contact is near] (as of 2024's first quarter); The settlement is in Tokmak ("municipality"), Polohy; The settlement is in the *Melitopol direction* (of the counteroffensive).

* Kamianske (map), Vasylivka Raion; The village is near the line of contact (as of 2025). Other settlements: Lobkove (map) The settlement is in the *Melitopol direction* (of the counteroffensive). Other settlements: Piatykhatky (map), controlled by Ukraine [as of 2024's first quarter]; The settlement is in Stepnohirsk ("municipality"), Vasylivka

* Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant; It is shut down and, on the frontline, (as of 2024's first quarter).

In Kherson Oblast, there is a line of contact in

* the Krynky sector (map) has at least one Ukrainian [ outpost or] *bridgehead* (outside or in the village, as of 2024's first quarter). It is in Oleshky ("municipality"), Kherson raion.

Dachi (village) touches the bridgehead on the left side of the picture. Antonivka (town in Kherson "municipality") is on the right. In the picture, the river is flowing to the West before it turns to the South. Dragon's teeth (Picture from Germany)
* Dachi (map), controlled by Ukraine [as of 2024's first quarter]; The settlement is in Kherson ("municipality"), Kherson raion

A berm is a kind of barrier. Berms are often made of earth/soil, that has been compacted. Berms are level, and sometimes they get put on the side of a hill. Berms can be used as a defense line (or fortification line). (The picture, from Germany, shows one berm that is dirt-colored, and another berm to its left (and farther down the hill).
"The defensive lines" of the Russian forces have mines that can stop soldiers and mines that can stop vehicles; The lines also have "trenches [...], razor wire, earthen berms and dragon's teeth" for obstructing (or getting in the way of) infantry and battle tanks and armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. Those defensive lines "are over 24 km deep in some" places (as of July 2023).

"The front line ... in ... Zaporizhzhia [Oblast] and ... Donetsk [... Oblast] is some 150 kilometers ... long and in most places 30-40 kilometers ... wide", according to media (2025).

The length of the front, is c. 1250 kilometers (775 miles), as of 2025.

Mines have been put on top of mines, and that destroys (or breaks) equipment for mine clearing.

Highway M14 is the main line of supply for Russian soldiers in Crimea; The highway goes in a western direction from Melitopol; The highway is not within range, of the places from which Ukraine is using HIMARS [and M270] vehicles to launch [GMLRS] rockets (as of 2023's third quarter).

##### Ukrainian counteroffensive

Ukrainian soldiers after taking back control of Klishchiivka
In Belgorod oblast (Russia), Ukrainian soldiers are continuing a counter-offensive (as of 2025's second quarter).

Russia took control of some villages in eastern Ukraine [as late as 2025's third quarter]. Ukraine took back [some villages] in 2025.

Ukrainian soldiers are attacking in the Melitopol direction from western Zaporizhia oblast, and they are also attacking "in the Berdyansk" direction, from eastern Zaporizhia oblast and western Donetsk oblast.

###### Kursk Campaign (in Russia)

As of late October 2025, Ukrainian soldiers still held some positions in Kursk Oblast. Earlier [and as of 2025's second quarter], Ukraine [was] continuing its counter-offensive in Kursk oblast, Russia.

* The line of contact goes into Russia (from the border), and thru parts of Kursk oblast:
	+ Snagost (map), village, near the line of contact (as of 2024's third quarter)
	+ Korenevo
	+ Obshchy Kolodez (map), near the line of control (as of 2024's third quarter); The village is in Korenevsky district.
	+ Sudzha (map), town, near the line of control (as of 2024's third quarter)

## Supplying weapons and other military aid

The United States and European countries are taking supplies to an airport near the Ukrainian border - but on the outside of Ukraine; Things that are being supplied are anti-tank rockets, Stinger rockets (can be used against aircraft, and can be fired while resting on the shoulder of a soldier), [ battle tanks and other] armoured vehicles; automatic weapons, ammunition, MREs (food for soldiers, and the food does not need [more] cooking before eating), and fuel.

Prioritised Ukraine Requirements List, or PURL, is [a way or a] "scheme [so that NATO member] countries [can] pay [the United States government, or] Washington for defense systems and munitions in US warehouses that are then shipped to Ukraine", according to media; Countries that have purchased weapons in this way, are the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.

Tomahawk rocket
In regard to Tomahawk rockets: Ukraine is asking (as of October 14, 2025) for some (of those) rockets that can go 2400 kilometers (1500 miles). The U.S. president has not said "yes" (as of that day).

The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) has authority (as of October 2025) to give information about targets; He can give such information to Ukraine's military, and he can give some other military aid; Earlier that year, such authority was held at a higher level (or, that of the U.S. secretary of defense).

In regard to Gripen fighter jets: Ukraine will get those jets; The first one is supposed to come (to Ukraine) "sometime in 2026", according to media. Sweden [has agreed, as of October 2025, or] is “committed to exploring all the possibilities” of transferring Gripens", according to media's quoting of Sweden's prime minister; In regard to *Gripen E*: Ukraine can get that version, "within three years".

Earlier that month, the U.S. government gave notice, to the U.S. Congress in regard to a $51 million sale of weapons for Ukraine.

A Ramstein meeting happened as late as October 2025. An earlier meeting was the [28th] meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group, also known as the Ramstein group. The meetings are for co-ordinating sending more military equipment to Ukraine. The alliance has 54 countries, as of 2023; The group is led by the UK (as of 2025).
There has been a meeting, about every month.

In regard to the One Way Effector drone: The contract to make those, was given to Modini, a [British] company (April 2025).; It has to be able to go "500 kilometers [... and be] ground launched,[... and have] a flight speed of [... c.] 600 km/h, according to media; Furthermore, "The payload should be "200 to 300-kilogram ... based on the ... Mk82 aerial bomb"; It can be a "missile, drone, or another technology"; Each weapon is supposed to cost no more than £400 000, and that does not include "the payload, fuses [... and a place for] testing"; 20 weapons have to be produced every month, by the end of 2025.

In regard to M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition: U.S. authorities have said "yes" to Ukraine's forces to get those landmines.

JSOW, or *Joint Standoff Weapon*. (Picture from a United States Navy ship)
Joint Standoff Weapon or JSOW, is a kind of glide bomb that Ukraine is going to receive, according to U.S. authorities (September 2024).

"India has continued [as of September 2024] to allow the supply of Indian-made artillery shells to Ukraine", according to media. Furthermore, "European buyers have been transferring these shells to Ukraine for over a year".

"The leaders of the US and UK met in Washington (earlier in September 2024), [... to make] a decision to allow Ukraine to use Storm Shadow (picture) long-range missiles on Russian territory"; The decision is [delayed or] postponed (as of the first half of September).

Production of 155 mm artillery shells, has started in Ukraine, according to Oleksandr Kamyshin (an advisor to the president of Ukraine)].

Earlier in 2024, "Leaked Russian state documents [... say that Russia] secretly [... got] sensitive [things or] goods from India to support its war in Ukraine", according to media; Sanction that have been put in place by Western nations, were bypassed.

In November 2023, the US government told about a (new) $100 million military aid package to Ukraine that is supposed to include: a new HIMARS launcher that media says is able to launch GLSDB (or Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb) missiles; The aid package will also have Stinger missiles and TOW missiles and 105 mm and 155 mm shells.

Finland's government is going to double [multiply by 2] the production of "155mm artillery shells as well as 81mm and 120mm mortar" shells; Because of that, the government will invest " over $ 130 million over the next three to four years".

Regarding building barrels for howitzer [a kind of cannon]; British authorities have made an agreement (2024) that [ a British factory] will start making those parts again; Earlier, Britain had stopped making those important parts for howitzers.

Norwegian companies now can sell weapons and defense equipment, directly to Ukrainian authorities; The government of Norway said that on the first day of 2024.

Norway said (2024's first quarter) that it will pay 1.6 billion kroner, or $153 million (to or) towards the Czech initiative to purchase artillery ammunition for Ukraine. Earlier (in 2024) Norway decided to send two F-16 fighter jets to Denmark to help train Ukrainian pilots.

pbv 302 (picture), Infantry fighting vehicle (related page, Combat vehicle, will be (coming from, or) delivered from Sweden; About 80 or 100 of those are expected to come, according to media in 2024's second quarter.

Six CB90 fast assault boats (picture) will be [delivered or] transfered to Ukraine, according to media in 2024.

As of 2025, the United States has [ invested] or "committed over $174 billion [for Ukraine's warfare or] to the nation at war"; Furthermore, "some [of that money is] invested in the ... arms industry [in the United States] to help supply" Ukraine's military.; Furthermore, [the use of the money was followed, or] "the money is accounted for via US audits", according to a U.S. authority.

In July 2025, U.S. president "Donald Trump ... said [that] the US will send more weapons to Ukraine", according to media.

In regard to a law proposal (as of December 2025) in the U.S. that aims to give Ukraine more military aid: It is supposed to give "$400 million in [ military aid or] security assistance"; The U.S. Senate is supposed to vote (about National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026the proposal), in the future.

Norway
* A transport plane flew (3 March 2022) out of Norway with M72 anti-tank weapons - 2 000 of those rocket launchers; Each weigh either 2 kg or 3 kg.
* Shells for howitzers: 10 000 were sent by 4 January 2023; The shells are 155mm wide.

## Worldwide reactions

In regard to fundraising for atom bomb, to be controlled by Ukrainian authorities: Fundraising for the purchase of that, started immediately after a meeting ended (February 28, 2025) between Ukraine's president and the U.S. president.

"Ukraine closed its embassy in Havana ... , accusing Havana of (taking part, or) complicity in Russia’s war", according to media.

Earlier (February 24, 2025), fifteen leaders from the Western countries were in a group picture at Independence square, Kyiv; They showed their support for Ukraine's 3 years of fighting the Russian invasion.

In September 2024, "IMF [... delayed or postponed a] planned consultation [visit or] mission to Russia indefinitely", according to media; Furthermore, "nine European countries protested against the IMF’s plans to resume missions to Russia".

Earlier that month, "The Crimean Platform summit, which [... is supposed to talk about] the ongoing situation in Crimea, [was] taking place in Kyiv. Leaders from" some countries were there, including Lithuania's president, Latvia's prime minister and the president of the senate of Czechia.

Earlier (in 2024), the "Ukrainian President ... said [that the government] will not renew a gas transit contract [...] that allows Russia to pump gas [... thru Ukraine] to Europe", according to media; Furthermore, the contract ends on the last day of 2024.

The president of Russia gets criticism from other Russians; In 2024, "militia leader, Georgy Zakrevsky, said that the Russian army should" (remove Putin from power, or) overthrow him.

Since 2024, the "Russian propaganda network that has cultivated Americans like Tucker Carlson and Scott Ritter is ... officially considered a Kremlin *intelligence apparatus*" [or group of people], according to media.

Earlier (and in 2022), U.S. President Joe Biden said there would be sanctions on banks VEB.RF and Promsvyazbank.

On 24 February 2022, the Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison said there would be travel bans. There would also be financial sanctions against eight members of Russia's national security council.

The United Kingdom, United Nations, France, Germany, Spain, Japan, Sweden, Turkey, Norway, Canada, and Italy have also disagreed with the invasion.

On 24 February 2022, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen said the group has allowed "massive" actions that would target technological transfers, Russian banks and Russian assets. That same day, President Putin said Western countries that take part in the actions "will face consequences".

On 26 February, the European Union, the United States and their allies say that they support in removing Russian banks from the SWIFT payment system. The next day, many European nations announced a ban on Russian flights in their airspace.

On 28 February, Switzerland, Monaco, Singapore, and South Korea put in place economic sanctions on Russia such as controlling exports and assets. These countries were once seen as neutral during global conflicts.

Tugan Sokhiev, the musical director and conductor of the Bolshoi Theatre [quit his job, or] did resign because he [wanted to stay neutral] or not take side in the conflict.

On 2 May, Russia announced it may be pulling out of the International Space Station in two years, because of the economic sanctions imposed on the nation because of the invasion.

In response to the invasion, on 15 May 2022, President of Finland Sauli Niinistö said that Finland will apply for membership in NATO. The following day, Sweden said that it would do the same.

Chinese authorities are stopping "Russian Boeing and Airbus aircraft, which foreign leasing companies own, from flying through or landing in its airspace"; That policy started in May 2022.

C. 60 military recruitment offices in Russia, have been attacked (as of January 2023); Some of those were set on fire; Some of the fires were a result of use of Molotov cocktails.

Finland became a member of NATO in April 2023.

A Finnish newspaper (Helsingin Sanomat) made a virtual room (picture) in the game Counter-Strike. That room has news articles about the war, in English and Russian. The room was made to avoid censorship of news media, in Russia.

The president of the United States said yes to a plan, for training Ukrainian pilots to fly F-16 fighter jets.

The making "of a new Ukraine–NATO Council", was announced at the summit meeting for member-countries of NATO (or *2023 Vilnius summit*).

The Ukraine–NATO Council [did] meet on in July 2023, to discuss the situation in Ukraine. The council has [close] contact with Ukrainian authorities and NATO.

French authorities are not saying "no" to sending French soldiers to fight in Ukraine, in the future; On the other hand, NATO's secretary-general said (in 2024) that NATO-soldiers will not get sent to Ukraine.

Sweden became a member of NATO (March 2024).

American actor Mark Hamill has taken actions to support (the AFU or) Ukraine; He has headed fundraising for buying drones for Ukraine; He has also let Ukraine authorities use the voice of Luke Skywalker in some messages from the authorities.

NATO is involved in having weapons sent to Ukraine, and contributing about (more) training Ukrainian soldiers; The NATO Mission to Ukraine is a name used about that, but the name is not formal (as of 2024's second quarter).

NATO has [... done stuff, to make better its] its “forward presence”" [against armed forces that are perceived as unfriendly], according to media; Furthermore, that is "Following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine"; Furthermore, NATO has put battlegroups or "multinational battlegroups in Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia"; Furthermore, the battlegroups are supported by warships "and combat aircraft along NATO’s eastern flank, from the Baltic Sea ... to the Black Sea".

[Some or many] Ukrainian sportspeople no longer shake hands with sportspeople that compete for national teams from Russia and from Belarus, according to media. Well-known cases, includes the case (in 2023) of Orla Kharlan (she won an Olympic gold medal in 2024).

The winner of the 2024 Olympic gold medal in high jump, said that this medal is for Ukrainian defenders of our country; Furthermore, thanks to defenders, she can be [at the Olympic games] and carry the Ukrainian flag. She also said, according to media, that her medal is for "the nearly 500 athletes and coaches who have been killed since Russia invaded her country in 2022".

Six Finnish childred were guests at a summer camp in Crimea. They, and a group traveling from Sweden, were guests of the occupation government.

A Danish lawmaker said (2024) that Denmark has given more than twice as much (to Ukraine), as Norway has given; Furthermore, Denmark has a *gross domestic product* that is 33% less than Norway's; Furthermore, the lawmaker says that Denmark will gladly give more, but that does not help a lot, as long as Denmark's neighboring countries do not (give or) contribute (more, or) in a similar way.

### Reactions in literature, *press photography*, festivals and art

Nikolai Lugansky, a Russian pianist, is scheduled to play in Norway in December 2025; At least one local politician says that it is "not wise" to have him play together with bands that are financed by the Norwegian government.

A crowd of people in Saint Petersburg, Russia sang a song by Noize MC (picture), a Russian rapper; International media has shown video clips from the (happening or) event; Media said (October 15) that "Young Russians [... sang] a forbidden song [... by a] pro-Ukrainian rapper ... . The crowd [... sang] his song 'Cooperative Swan Lake' in which he calls for Putin to be [pushed from power, or] overthrown".

Mr. Nobody Against Putin, a documentary movie, got a prize at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival; David Borenstein directed the movie.

At Expo 2025, in Japan, Ukraine has a (place to show stuff, or a) pavillion; The name of the pavillion is *The Not for Sale Store*; There "Visitors to the exhibit [can] scan barcodes and watch stories about life in Ukraine during the Russian invasion", according to media.

2000 Meters to Andriivka (documentary film) has Mstyslav Chernov as its director.

The Grand Press Photo competition has been won several times, by photographers that took pictures of (parts of) the invasion.

In 2024, a "controversial [... movie] by a director who had worked with Russia’s RT [ television channel] was scheduled to be [shown or] screened at the [movie] festival in Toronto, but after a wave of protests, the organizers [did not show the movie, or] suspended the screening", according to media; The documentary movie is “Russians at War”.

Earlier in 2024, the movie *Treasure* by Stephen Fry, (came out, or) was released on a free *video sharing* social media website.

The [picture book or] photo book *Saints*, by Sasha Maslov (Ukrainian-American), came out in 2024.

Earlier (2023), a book by Sofi Oksanen, a Finnish-Estonian author, came out (or was published), *In the same stream: Putin's war against women*.

There is a "cultural front" that earns money outside Ukraine; Artists in "the front" earn money thru cultural activities, and then they give some of the money to Ukraine's fight against Russian forces.

### Sanctions

The EU has put sanctions on Putin and the Russian foreign minister, as of 3 March 2022.

AIIB, or Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, is stopping loans to Russia and Belarus, media said on 4 March 2022.

EU countries have closed their airspace for Russian aircraft; On 6 June 2022 Montenegro and North Macedonia closed their airspace for the plane that was supposed to fly - Russia's foreign minister - to Serbia.

Russian cargo trucks do not have permission to drive into the European Union; However, it is okay to have a tractor unit that does not have Russian license plate, pull Russian semi-trailers into and within the EU.

Cars that have Russian license plates, do not have permission (as of 2023's fourth quarter) to drive into Poland, Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

The International Criminal Court ICC has issued an arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova because of Ukrainian children being (moved or) relocated against their will - by Russian authorities.

A company from Finland, sold (as late as 2023) some equipment to measure weather, to a company in Taiwan; The equipment went by land (instead of by airplane); Media said (2024) that the equipment seems to have arrived in Russia without getting to Taiwan; Sanctions against Russia seems to have been broken, in that case.

As of 2024, there are sanctions that are supposed to stop Russia from selling gold to Western countries; However, Russia is selling gold to some countries in Africa, and that gold is sometimes being sold (to Western countries), as gold-from-Africa.

As of 2024's first quarter, the chief executive officer of Nornickel Group, is on the sanctions list of the United States, Great Britain and Canada, but not the EU.

Norway [is stopping] Russian citizens from crossing the Russian-Norwegian border; That rule [started] on May 29, 2024.

The production of Russia's "Su-57 fighter jets" has maybe stopped (as of October 2024) because of "trade sanctions [... that have been set in place] by the United States and its allies".

### Other protests

Pro-Ukrainian protests have happened in front of many Ukrainian and Russian embassies. There have been many protests in Armenia, Australia, Bulgaria, Belgium, Canada, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, the UK, and the US. In the Czech Republic, some 3 000 people protested in the Wenceslas Square in Prague.

On 14 March 2022, a woman held a sign with an anti-war message on the set of a news program on Channel One Russia during prime time; The sign said: "NO WAR. Stop the war. Do not believe propaganda they tell you lies here"; The sign also said, "Russians against war". Marina Ovsyannikova was arrested by police. She got a fine the next day and was then free to go from jail. The Russian court system sentenced her (in 2023's fourth quarter). She is supposed to be in a penal colony for 8 and a half years. However, she already escaped (from) Russia, in 2022.

### Businesses

On 3 March 2022, Lukoil's board of directors said that it supported a stop (right now) to the armed conflict. On 8 March, some famous brands including McDonald's, Coca-Cola and Starbucks stopped sales in Russia, in response to its attacks on Ukraine.

The production of Lada cars stopped - and was in suspension, media said in March 2022.

On 16 May 2022, McDonald's said that it will permanently shut down its fast-food operations in Russia due to the "humanitarian crisis" and "unpredictable operating environment" caused by the invasion.

Since June 2023, Scandinavian Airlines has stopped selling products from Mondelez on its flights; That company owns Toblerone and the brands Freia and Daim. The airline has airport lounges; Products from PepsiCo are no longer served there [as of 2023's fourth quarter].

The NACP (or National Agency on Corruption Prevention) put Nestle on its list of international sponsors of the war in Ukraine because Nestle still (is doing business or) operating in Russia.

In regard to shipping companies (for passengers and cargo) in the Baltic Sea, boycotting Marabou products from Mondelez: Viking Line and
*Tallink Silja* stopped ordering product in 2023, but did not stop selling; However, Tallink stopped the boycot in 2024's second quarter; Viking Line has still stopped selling Marabou products.

### Adding soldiers to the Ukrainian forces

From Russia, there are "Volunteers from Bashkortostan, the “Bashkort unit"; In 2024, volunteer soldiers took prisoners among Russian forces; Those volunteers also captured an infantry fighting vehicle.
About foreign soldiers maybe getting Ukrainian citizenship if they fight for the International Legion: Yevhen Yenin (First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs) has said that the laws of Ukraine allow (or give permission) for that; The press agency Ukrinform said that [in March] 2022.

In March 2022, the Ukrainian Armed Forces published the first picture of International Legion soldiers; The picture showed some of those soldiers in a trench on the outskirts of Kyiv.

As of the same month, foreigners are given military training at Yavoriv military base.

The Sibir Battalion has around 60 soldiers, according to estimates (from 2023's fourth quarter); The soldiers are Russians that are fighting against Russia's armed forces.

Finland is one of the countries from which around 100 people have been fighting in Ukraine; Most of those people are back in Finland, according to estimates by broadcaster YLE.

### Adding soldiers to the Russian forces

An article on website YLE.fi (in 2023) wrote that an activist from Sakha Republic, Russia, is saying that Russia is using minorities as soldiers- in a way that is a form of ethnic cleansing; Furthermore, the activist said that Russian authorities have picked up - by helicopter - indigenous people that are in the wilderness while they are herding reindeer; Thereafter indigenous people have been forced into military service.

Vacio, a rapper, has been called in to military service [in 2024, two weeks] after going to a party called the Almost Naked Party. Authorities say that it was wrong to have the party while people are dying in [the war or] special military operation in Ukraine.

In 2024, India's prime minister asked [Russia] for "the urgent return of Indian [... people] who had been recruited to fight for the Russian army in Ukraine", according to media; Furthermore, those Indian people, said that "they had been misled [or deceived] during recruitment".

### Rebuilding infrastructure

The Ukraine Recovery Conference was held (again) in 2024; The meeting was held in Germany; People who came, included officials from Ukraine and other countries (related page, Recovery).

Earlier, 10 bridges [were] being sent (and paid for) by Norway's authorities, media said in December 2022.

### Financial aid and countries gaining financially

Many countries have given financial aid to Ukraine's government.

At least one country has (as of April 28, 2024) had a (bigger or) increased income as a direct result of [Russian authorities using its natural gas supplies to finance the war, or] "Putin's *natural gas* war"; That (extra) income was more than 1500 billion Norwegian kroner, and 2% of that was given to Ukraine. Two days later, six billion Norwegian kroner were added by Norwegian authorites; That was on top of the 15 billion that those authorities already have given in 2024, in regard to military aid.

Earlier (and as of 2023), at least one country has (earned or) profited Norwegian kroner 334 billion, from the war, according to a thesis, for two masters degrees) in Europe. In 2024, Naomi Klein said that Norway's increasing wealth or "record profit, is [in part] a result of the war in Ukraine".

Earlier (February 2023), Norway's prime minister said that Norway will give Norwegian kroner 15 billion, for one year's (financial aid or) "assistance package": half of the money will be spent on things related to the military; The other half will be spent on (civilians or) the civil sector. After the first year, Norway will give (over a four-year period), 60 billion Norwegian kroner.

### Visits by the leaders of countries and the most powerful international organisations

Ukraine's president went (September 2024) to the United States; He had meetings with both candidates for the 2024 presidential election; He also met the U.S. president, and had meetings "with U.S. lawmakers [at or] on Capitol Hill".

Earlier, Ukraine's president went to the United States, and had meetings with U.S. politicians.

#### Visits to Ukraine

Leaders of other countries have visited the leadership of Ukraine. After the start of the 2022 invasion, the British prime minister was the first leader (of a country), to visit (April 9, 2022).

Germany's leader visited again, in late 2024.

Earlier (2022), French president came, and British prime minister (visited in August 2022 and earlier that year). the German leader, and Norway's prime minister came. In 2023, the United States' president, came. In 2024, Finland's new president came.

The secretary-general of NATO came again (as late as 2024's second quarter).

The president of the European Council visited in 2023.

In 2024, India's prime minister came. The new secretary-general of NATO came to Ukraine; He had only been in office for two days (when he came in October).

In 2025, Canada's prime minister came.

### Reactions in Ukraine

The national teams of Ukraine, are not allowed to compete (in sports) against teams from Russia and Belarus; The laws of Ukraine are saying that (as of 2023).

Some influencers have become internet celebrities because of the war. One of them is a soldier that operates drones. He makes a cooking program on a social media website.

If a Ukrainian man has three [or more] children, then he has (2025) no obligation to become a soldier.

## War crimes

"For the first time since the start of [... the war], Ukraine has handed over a Russian [... soldier] to a foreign" country, so that the soldier can stand in court in regard to a war crime charge, according to a Ukrainian authority; Furthermore, "One of [the soldier's] victims was a Lithuanian citizen"; Furthermore, a court in Lithuania has ruled that he must stay in jail for at least three months, "[before or] ahead of a trial".

30 Ukrainian POWs have been executed (by members of the Russian military) over some months, according to a United Nations report (published in March 2024).

Earlier (2022), media said that the International Criminal Court has started an investigation into crimes against humanity in Ukraine since 2013, as well as war crimes in the 2022 invasion.

The Ukrainian court system has held trials regarding war crimes:

* The first war crimes trial was held in May 2022, regarding a Russian soldier who was ordered [or told] to shoot a civilian; He said that he is guilty; His punishment is a lifetime prison sentence; His case is under appeal (as of 2022's second quarter).
* Two Russian soldiers were found guilty of having fired rockets at 2 towns; 11 years and 6 months in prison, is the punishment.

A group of Ukrainian journalists, Bihus.info, got (in 2024) a prize, partly for having uncovered war crimes by the Russian military; That Norwegian prize is Fritt Ord Award for freedom of the press.

### A Russian on trial (in an EU country)

An EU country started (2024) a trial against a Russian citizen; He has en (idea or) intention, is that he will appeal the guilty verdict (2025). He is charged with 5 war crimes (as of 2024's fourth quarter). Police in an EU country suspects a Russian citizen of committing war crimes in Ukraine in 2014. Earlier (and as of December 2023), that Russian is under arrest in an EU-country. Earlier (in 2023's fourth quarter), police started a preliminary investigation against Voislav Torden, who is suspected of having done terrorism in Ukraine, and he is therefore suspected of having done at least one crime.

Earlier (December 2023), he was released from police custody and immediately he was put into the custody of border guards. Earlier his name was Yan Petrovsky. (In 2022, the Rusich Group and its commanders Milchakov and Yan Petrovsky were included in the US sanctions list for their "special cruelty" in the battles in the Kharkiv oblast.) A decision (in early December 2023) from Finland's supreme court, says that Torden will not be (handed over or) extradited to Ukrainian authorities.

## Weapons

The SDB (or *Small Diameter Bomb*) is a bomb that becomes a glide bomb when the wings (come out or) are extended. By adding some stuff, the SDB can become a *Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb*
ATACMS rocket; A rocket is supposed to get checked again, if it stays out of use for a long time.
Ukraine is using

* Brimstone; Those rockets (or missiles) are used against targets on the ground. It can be launched from the ground or by aircraft.
* Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (or GLSDB), a kind of weapon that has a range of 151 km (94 miles); The weapon's warhead is on the glide bomb (the SDB or *Small Diameter Bomb*). The SDB is in use (since 2024's first quarter). SDB [bombs] are likely one of the weapons of the F-16 fighter airplanes that Ukraine got (inside its borders), by the last day of July 2024.

* ATACMS rocket, or Army Tactical Missile System; [At least] one type of *long-range ATACMS* is in use (as of 2024's second quarter); Those rockets can go either 270 km or 300 km (170 miles or 190). Another kind can go 165 km, and its warhead can have 500 kg of explosives. Some of the rockets have cluster bombs: M74 bomblets. The rockets use either of the (following) two kinds of rocket launchers: HIMARS or the M270. The estimated prices of ATACMS: The price of the M39 is $1 476 000 (as of fiscal year 2022). The price of the M57 is about $1 700 000 (fiscal year 2021).

* GMLRS rockets (picture); Those rockets in Ukraine have a range of at least 84 km (52 mi), 227mm is the diameter of the rockets

* + *HIMARS* is an often-used name for a kind of rocket launcher: M142 HIMARS. It can carry one ATACMS rocket (or six GMLRS rockets), at a time. The launcher is sometimes called *MLRS*.

The M270 rocket launcher
* M270, a multiple rocket launcher; It can carry two ATACMS rocket (or 12 GMLRS rockets), at a time. The launcher is sometimes called *MLRS*.

* M777 howitzers (picture; a kind of cannon); It uses 155mm shells.
* M109 howitzer and shells with a range of 30 km.
* Bohdana, howitzer
* Hawkeye (howitzer), 105mm shells, in use since 2024's second quarter
* Phoenix Ghost, a kind of drone that can blow up (or explosive drone) or loitering weapon; It can fly for up to 6 hours

* Scythe, drone

* NLAW (picture), shoulder-fired missile (or rocket); Battle tanks are one kind of target for those weapons.
* Javelin anti-tank missile system

* AMRAAM rockets (for NASAMS II); Ukraine has NASAMS air defense system.
* IRIS-T, surface-to-air missile; It can go up to 20,000 m (66,000 ft) above sea level. It can travel 25 km (16 mi) (but not higher than 20 km).

* ADM-160, a kind of decoy missile (or a kind of Military dummy); (picture)

* Hellfire (rockets or) surface-to-surface missiles; each of those missiles (in Ukraine) is fired from a tripod that is put on the ground; weight of the missile: 45kg.

* CAESAR (cannon or) howitzer
* Milan anti-tank (rocket or) missile.

* Tryzub, a "laser system [... that] can down aircraft at altitudes" more than 2 kilometers

* ALQ-213(V), electronic warfare system; "It is almost certain that the [... system has been] installed" in some F-16 fighter jets (as of August 2024).

| Model | Picture | Info |
| --- | --- | --- |
| JDAM-ER (smart bomb or precision-guided munition) |  | Also known as GBU-31 JDAM-ER. |
| HARM or AGM-88 HARM |  | A missile (or rocket) that can find a radar system, and then blow up the radar It can be fired from aircraft. The rocket is supposed to blow up things on land or at sea.

  |
| Sidewinder (missile or rocket) |  | AIM-9X Sidewinder IR |
| HAMMER (bomb) |  | The bomb is rocket-assisted. Full name, *Armement Air-Sol Modulaire* (AASM) ('Modular air-to-ground armament') The bomb gets dropped from Ukraine's MiG-29 and Su-27 airplanes. |
| Glide bombs, with kit by Medoid (Ukrainian company) |  | Range, 60-80 kilometers |
| Storm Shadow (cruise missiles) |  | The missiles in Ukraine, can fly more than 250 km (155 mi), and they are launched from a kind of bomber aircraft. The rockets use stealth technology, according to Ukrainian media. |
| Flamingo (missile) |  | It is in use in combat, according (2025's third quarter) to the company that makes the weapon. |
| Long Neptune, system D |  |  |
| Ruta (drone) |  |  The drone is made by Destinus. |
| TOW or BGM-71 TOW |  | An anti-tank rocket; The name *TOW* comes from T**ube-launched, **o**ptically tracked, **w**ire-guided*; The warhead (in the picture) is blue; To its left is the rest of the rocket; The picture shows (thin) copper wires that are ("feeding" or) being fed out of the rocket; The wires are used to control the rocket. |
| Ruger long-range rifle in .338 caliber |  | It is used by snipers. Ammunition used is .338 caliber Lapua Magnum. |
| Alligator (rifle) |  | It is used as a sniper rifle; Made in Ukraine |
| Horizon's Lord |  | A rifle or anti-material rifle. It is also used by snipers; It can use ammunition of (different sizes, or) various calibers. The rifle's Ukrainian name: Volodar Obriyu |
| Victrix Trone (rifle) |  | These rifles are used by snipers of the AFU; Those rifles have bullets (with) .375 caliber. |
| M2 Bradley |  | an infantry fighting vehicle in the family of Bradley Fighting Vehicles; Its automatic cannon uses 25mm ammunition; About 190 have been given (as of 2024's first quarter); The type used is *M2A2 ODS-SA*, which "stands for “**O**peration **D**esert **S**torm – **S**ituational **A**wareness”, and that model has "improved electronics, optics, and protection systems". |
| Marder 1 |  | infantry fighting vehicle |
| Gepard |  | Anti-aircraft gun; The vehicle has its own propulsion and two machine cannons or automatic cannons. |
| Skynex (part of Skyshield system) |  | The anti-aircraft system has revolver cannons; The systems can shoot at rate of 1000 rounds per minute; It uses AHEAD ammunition. |
| MaxxPro |  | a kind of MRAP (combat vehicle) (picture from Iraq) |
| Stryker (armored personnel carrier) |  |  |
| Leopard 1AV5 |  |  |
| Strv 122 |  | Full name: *Stridsvagn 122*; The tank (or main battle tank) has much of its design from the Leopard 2 tank. |
| T-72AG |  | a tank or main battle tank |
| Martlet (missile) |  | "Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMM)" is another name for it. It is used as a ground-to-air rocket, in Ukraine. |
| 'armoured howitzer 2000' Panzerhaubitze 2000 |  |  |
| Ingeniorpanservogn |  | a modification of Leopard 1; It is used for mine clearing. |
| AMX-10RC |  | armored fighting vehicle (related page: military vehicle) |
| PTM-3 mine |  | Anti-tank mine |

### Surface-to-air rockets

| Model | Picture | Info |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Patriot rockets (or missiles) |  | It shoots down ballistic rockets, also.
Variant (or model) of MIM-104:
* M902 Patriot PAC-3
 |
| Buk |  | 9K37
* 9K37M1; FrankenSAM, surface-to-air missile system that uses [c. 3 or] three different missiles: Sea Sparrow, AIM-7 Sparrow (picture), and Sidewinder, and Patriot missiles and Patriot sensor elements; Those are launched from a 9K37 Buk missile launchers that has been modified by Ukraine.
 |
| Hawk with phase III improvements |  |  |

### Drones, sea drones and ground drones

| Model | Picture | Info |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Robot dog (ground drone) |  | They are used for "combat tasks" (at least since 2024's third quarter) and (scouting or) reconnaisance; The "second-generation Brit Alliance Dog (BAD2) is equipped with remote-sensing technology and a thermal camera, allowing it to" move thru difficult terrain, according to media. *Robodog* is another name for *robot dog*. Media has said that "Vampire drones [are being used] to deliver robot dogs to positions" close to [the line of contact, and past it]", according to media. |
| Droid TW 12.7 |  | It has tracks [instead of wheels], and a "Browning 12.7 mm machine gun"; It is an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). |
| Leleka-100 |  | A Loitering weapon; |
| Mangust |  | 'Mongoose'; interceptor drone; "a reusable jet-powered drone", according to media |
| AR5, and AR3 (drone) |  | Made by Tekever, a company. |
| HX-2 “Karma”, also known as "the Helsing kamikaze drone" or Mini-Taurus |  | Ukrainian forces are supposed to have them, by the end of 2024. They are made by Helsing (company). |
| RAM-2X |  | Made in Ukraine; Picture has been shown in media (as early as 2024's fourth quarter) |
| RAM-2 |  |  |
| Peklo |  | These rocket-drones are made in Ukraine; known since late 2024. |
| UJ-22 |  | a combat drone, or an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), or battlefield UAV; |
| Darts (drone) |  | Fixed-wing; Such drones have done damage to helicopters (that are flying, or) in flight; |
| Foxbat |  | drone |
| Sych or Sich (*Січ*) |  | These drones have become combat drones after getting (changes or) modifications. They were first (shown or) presented as being used for (scouting or) reconnaisance. |
| Puma |  | drone

  |
| Bobr kamikaze drone |  | kamikaze drone |
| Vector (drone) |  |  In the photo, the Vector (drone) is on the left side of the picture. |
| Baba Yaga ('witch') |  | bomber drone; Other names: *Vampire* |
| Palianytsia (drone), or Palianytsia (missile) |  | The kind of *missile system* is, rocket drone; Sometimes it is called Palyanytsya, a "jet-powered kamikaze drone". Kyiv Post, showed a picture "[... that maybe is of] the Palianytsia hybrid missile drone" (2024's fourth quarter). A version, can go 650 km (as of 2025). |
| FP-2 |  | The kamikaze drone has a range of 200 km; The warhead weighs 105 kg. Fire point is the company that makes the drones. |
| Lyutyy (drone), sometimes spelled *Liutiy* |  | Its warhead is 50 kg when its mission is 1.000 km. A 75 kg warhead has a range of "less than 800 kilometers (500 miles)". *Liutiy* means *fierce*. |
| Mavic |  |  |
| Matrice |  |  |
| Suchomimus (drone) |  | Ukrainian name, *Сухомімус*. Named after a dinosaur |
| Bayraktar TB2 |  | combat drone |
| Agras T30 that has been changed |  |  |
| UA Dynamics Punisher |  | Ordnance dropping drones |
| Revolver 860 |  | Ordnance dropping drones |
| Drone that throws flames, or "Dragon drone" |  |  Ukraine is "using fire-spewing [or flame throwing] drones against Russian positions in tree lines and forests" (2024's third quarter). |
| 3310 (drone) |  | Its purpose "is to destroy [Russian] drones" that have flown into Ukraine. |
| Black Hornet Nano |  |  |
| Vector |  | Drone used for scouting (or reconnaissance and observation The drone is made by Quantum-Systems (a company). |
| Ukrspecsystems Shark |  |  |
| Raven |  |  |
| Switchblade 600 |  |  |
| Kazhan |  | "strike drone" |
| V-BAT |  | It can do vertical take-off and landing. |
| X-10 |  | The drone has been tested by Ukraine (as of 2024). |
| Project Octopus (interceptor drone) |  | Project OCTOPUS |
| Sting (drone) (interceptor drone) |  |  |
| Batyar |  | Its warhead is 18 kg |
| Matki (mothership drone) |  |  |
| P1-Sun |  | interceptor drone, made by SkyFall |
| MAGURA V5 (sea drone) |  | a sea drone or unmanned surface vehicle (USV); Its "R-73 missile [can explode on targets that are more than 300 m away, or] has a “dead zone” of about 300 meters (984 feet)", according to media. One of these drones shot down 1 or 2 Russian helicopters on 2024's last day; Another Russian helicopter was damaged. |
| Sea Baby (sea drone) |  |  |
| Kozak Mamai (sea drone) |  |  |
| Stalker (sea drone) |  | sea drone |
| Marichka (underwater drone) |  | underwater drone; It is "six-meter-long, multi-purpose strike drone that can travel up to 1000 kilometers", according to media. |

In regard to turning manually operated drones into AI-powered drones: A company has a contract with US Department of Defense to make "33,000 ... kits that turn manually operated drones into" AI-powered attack drones, according to media; Furthermore, the kits have "a camera and radio module that turn manually operated drones into AI-powered weapons"; The drones are supposed to be handed over in 2025.

Interceptor drone, is a kind of drone, according to media. Those drones can attack other drones, in the air. (See, interceptor)

"Jamming systems used [against drones] at [the front line or] the zero-line [use or] covered frequencies from 350 MHz to 950 MHz, but an attack drone [... was found by soldiers, that was using or] operating on 150 MHZ, something they had not seen before", according to media in 2025's second quarter.

UX 11 Colibri; Some kamikaze drones have been shipped to Ukraine, by France; They are expected to arrive "a few days" after the beginning of November 2024.

As of 2024's third quarter, Ukraine is making (its own) "flight controllers and motor speed regulators" for drones, but the "engines and control units are still Chinese"; Production is going on in the Ukrainian city of Lviv.

Warheads "from the [...] Javelin anti-tank system [... have sometimes been used] in first-person view (FPV) attack drones", according to media (in 2024).

Lord (drone) is still [being constructed or] under development (as of 2024's fourth quarter); The range of those drones is supposed to be 2000 km.

In regard to some drones, that are missiles; "Long-range one-way-attack drones are essentially a type of [missile or] missile projectile", according to [at least] one expert (in 2024).

Mothership drones are in use.

Ukraine "has rapidly established specialized sUAS units" [or small Unmanned aircraft system], according to media.

### No longer used by Ukrainian forces

No longer supplied to Ukrainian forces,

* Excalibur (Picture) 155 mm artillery shells (picture); This kind of ammunition for artillery, has a "range of up to 40 kilometers" (related page, shell (projectile)). Its projectile can be steered after being fired. In 2024, there was an end to (turning over to, or) giving this kind of shell to Ukrainian forces.

### Used by Russian forces

Russia is using

TOS-1A rocket launchers on the ground and two rockets in the air (Picture from 2011)
* Gerbera (drone), known to have been used as early as 2024's third quarter.
* Parodiya (drone), used as a decoy; The main "mission [of these airplanes] is to spoof more expensive strike drones [... used by Ukraine, according to] military analysts"; Parodiya drones have a Luneburg sphere (picture).

* TOS-1 (*ТОС-1*), a multiple rocket launcher that can also use rockets with thermobaric warheads; Those warheads kill through "pressure wave, and more importantly, the subsequent [ decompression of air - sometimes called a *vacuum* ...], which ruptures the lungs. ... If the fuel [burns or] deflagrates but does not [... explode], victims will be severely burned and will probably also [... breathe] the burning fuel".
* Geran-2 and Shahed-136, a family of drones that can blow up (or explosive drone; see explosive)
* T-90 tanks, T-90M and T-90S (which is the kind which Russia sells to other countries, or *export version*)
* Lancet, a family of drones; *Lancet 3* has a range of 50 km.
* R-77, air-to-air missile; also R-37

* MT-LBV, a kind of armoured personnel carrier, which is a kind of combat vehicle; Picture
* Kinzhal ('dagger'), missile; This kind has been used 3 times in 2022; and six times in 2023's first quarter However, The Financial Times said that "about 15" had been fired at Ukraine, until the rocket attacks on 9 March.
* R-330Zh Zhitel, signal jamming equipment for electronic warfare; Picture
* K-300P Bastion-P (NATO reporting name *SS-C-5 Stooge*), a *mobile coastal defence missile system*.

* Borisoglebsk-2, electronic warfare (EW) system; It is [fastened to - or] mounted on a MT-LBu (ground) vehicle.
* Murom-M, airspace surveillance system; It can do thermal imaging.
* Kasta-2E2, a radar from the Kasta 2E family of radars (picture); It is used for *early warning*.
* S-500 Prometheus Surface-to-air rockets system; Parts of the system are on Crimea (as of 2024's second quarter); The system has 77P6 launch vehicle, 55K6MA and 85Zh6-2 command posts, the 91N6A(M) radar for "acquisition and battle management", the 96L6-TsP [radar for] ([ target acquisition or) "acquisition", the 76T6 radar for multimode and 77T6 radars [for ABM engagement]; These things are fastened to BAZ trucks or trailers.

* "2S6 “Tunguska”
* Hyacinth-S 152-mm self-propelled gun 2S5

* KAB-500S-E, a guided bomb; It uses satellite navigation. The bomb can be dropped from as high as 5 000 m (16 000 ft); While it is falling, it can end up (*operational* range), 40 km away or less. It does not have a propulsion system. Sometimes it is called a *glide bomb*. It is part of the KAB-500 family of bombs.
* Qaem-5 (picture), a guided bomb
* so-called barn tanks (related page, barn) are also known as [*turtle tank* or] *turtle* or *blyat-mobile*

* T-80, tank or *main battle tank*; It is "less widely use in the Russian army than the T-72" (as of 2024); There were only 360 in the Russian army (as of 2000). The "secret Russian Volnorez (Breakwater) counter-drone electronic warfare (EW) system" has been found on [at least one] T-80, according to media; That system was installed on the tank.

* Pantsir rocket (picture), also called "Greyhound", by NATO; surface to air missile; It costs c. 13 million U.S. dollars [internationally]. The S-1 model is [one of the models] in use.

* Granit-M or R-419GM (picture), a radio-relay station; It costs 25 million U.S. dollars.
* Msta-S, howitzer; It has its own propulsion.
* Buk-M1-2; "The latest version [...] is estimated to cost around $100 million" (as of 2024), according to media.
* Sapphire (electronic warfare system), in use since 2023 (at least)

* Buk-M3
* Buk-M2

* ZFB-05, armored personnel carrier

* Tor missile system; The Gauntlet air defense system is a part of it.

* Kh-59MK, cruise missile

* PARS-S Stepashka, anti-drone rifle (or gun); Ukrainian authorities has taken apart, one of those weapons (as of 2024).

* BMD-4, infantry fighting vehicle that can cross deep water; picture

* Zoopark (picture), radar system

* Oreshnik (missile)

Russia has

* "9C19 Ginger, this Soviet-era self-propelled sector survey radar station is [a part of, or] an integral component of the S-300V"
* TOS-2, a thermobaric weapon (also called aerosol bomb, a vacuum bomb or a fuel air explosive (FAE))

* Izdeliye-55, or 'Product 55 (drone)

### Used by both sides

* fiber-optic drones; Those have a fiber-optic line that rolls out of a spool, as the drone moves away from where it was launched.

* Cluster bombs

* 2S7 Pion, cannon with its own propulsion system; The cannon uses 203 mm shells.

* AZP S-60 (picture), anti-aircraft gun; Ammunition can be found so that the gun can be used for [attacks on armored vehicles] "anti-armor or [attacks on groups of soldiers or] anti-personnel roles".

* UR-77 Meteorit, mine clearing vehicle; It has also been used to clear a way - 6 metres wide and up to 90 meters long, for Russian forces to get into trenches that are held by Ukrainian forces.

* T-72B3M, a tank (or main battle tank). It is part of the *T-72 family* of tanks.

### Loss of aircraft

Russia has lost at least 200 combat airplanes and helicopters (as of 2024's second quarter), according to Oryx (an organisation).

## Strength and training

France finished training and equipping a new Ukrainian brigade (November 2024); About 4 500 soldiers are in the 155th "Anna of Kyiv" brigade.

F-16 pilots; Ukraine has 20 of them (as of 2024).

Earlier (and by Fall 2023), more than 60.000 Ukrainian soldiers had been trained in the West.

### Soldiers and other people in the military

* Ukraine:
209 000 (armed forces)
102 000 (paramilitary)
20 000 foreign volunteers
* Russia:

":~175 000 to 190 000

* Donetsk PR:
20 000
* Luhansk PR:
14 000

In May 2022, Ukraine authorities says it has 700 000 servicemembers on active duty fighting the Russian invasion.

There are "68,000 women listed as serving in the Ukrainian army in 2024", according to media. The number of women that have an enlistment contract (they are soldiers) to the Ukrainian Armed Forces: 50 000 (as of December 2022).

Reserves (or soldiers not on active duty):

* Ukraine:
900 000 according to media in 2021

#### At the start of the invasion

* Russia:
175 000 to 190 000 (armed forces)
34 000 (separatist militias)
* Ukraine:
196 600 (armed forces)
102 000 (paramilitary)

## Casualties

More than 100 000 soldiers have died. Over 1 000 000 soldiers are injured.

According to data provided by the Ukrainian authorities up to about 1 111 480 Russian and pro-Russian soldiers were killed or wounded to 1 October of 2025.

According to data provided by the Russian authorities up to about 1 118 900 Ukrainian and pro-Ukrainian soldiers were killed or wounded to 1 January of 2025.

From Australia, about seven soldiers had died (by early October 2024).

From Finland, at least two soldiers (in the International Legion) had died (by the end of 2023).

* The number of Danish people that died or are missing on the front line, is six (as of 2025's fourth quarter).

Some Colombian soldiers have lost a leg or an arm; At least a dozen have died.

Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (see hantavirus) has become a problem on the Russian side of the Kupiansk (map) front, according to Ukraine authorities (2023's fourth quarter); The disease has resulted in significant loss in ability to fight, according to media.

### Treating wounded soldiers in other countries

No injured Ukrainian soldiers had yet been taken into Norway (as of 31 May 2022); On 31 May, the (Norwegian) minister of justice was ordered (or told) to come to parliament, later that day to answer questions about that. That evening, the justice minister said that Norway will let injured Ukrainian soldiers come to Norway; Those soldiers will be part of a total of 550 injured Ukrainian civilians and soldiers. On 12 June 2022, the first wounded soldiers came to Norway.

### Civilians

* The UN said that (15 January 2023): at least 7 031 civilians have died, because of the war.

## Impact (on refugees, culture sector, water infrastructure, and the environment)

The offices of Ukraine's largest printing house were attacked (May 23, 2024 in Kharkiv) by Russian forces; Seven people were killed.

Water infrastructure has damages. In regard to water infrastructure in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine: During the invasion [of Donetsk and Luhansk], "the water supply situation [there] has, like that in Crimea, become a problem for the occupiers as the source [and water infrastructure] of much of their water ... are controlled by Ukraine", according to media (2025). Many pipelines, and pumping stations and power lines (for those stations), are broken.

Environmental problems: The river Seym has (as of 2024) pollution; Media has called it an environmental disaster.

### Refugees

* **Acc. to the UN (21 March 2022):**4.3 million+ refugees and 6.5 million internally displaced person.

The President of Moldova, Maia Sandu, said over 4 000 Ukrainian citizens had crossed into Moldova since the invasion started. Poland [did get ready for] a large number of refugees to enter the country. To make border crossings easier, Poland lifted COVID-19 entry rules. Ukrainian refugees started crossing into Romania as well. Most of them entered through Siret in Suceava County. Romania said refugees did not need to quarantine or follow COVID rules.

## Details about the warfare

In regard to use of chemical weapons: "More than 2000 Ukrainian [... soldiers] have been [put in hospital] due to chemical weapons poisoning caused by [...] Russian forces since the [... beginning] of Russia's ... invasion of Ukraine", according to media in 2024. Furthermore, at "least three people have died".

In regard to the use of fighting holes for two people: There is an increase in use of those foxholes (or defensive fighting position), according to media (as of 2025); This came about, largely because drones are being used to drop munitions onto a bunker so that an explosion can make a new opening into the bunker; Thru that new hole, another drone, can fly thru the hole and look for soldiers to hurt inside the bunker.

In regard to booby traps: Dead soldiers have been buried in graves; In some incidents, a body in a grave has been connected to a booby trap: when a grave is opened and a body is touched, then a grenade or other explosive weapon (see explosive), blows up.

In regard to use of artificial intelligence for warfare: As of 2024, "Russia has ... used artificial intelligence to help launch its attacks while AI has helped Ukraine defend itself from [many attacks on computer systems, or] the cyber onslaught".

Houses and apartment buildings have been (broken or) destroyed or damaged.

## Ideas about peace

Ukraine and Russia had peace talks as late as July 2025. No "direct [talks or] dialogue", are happening between Ukraine and Russia [as of the beginning of January 2026].

"UK, France and Ukraine signed (January 7, 2026) a ... declaration of intent [or a kind of agreement,] to confirm details [... in regard to a *multinational force*] to safeguard [... a possible] peace agreement", according to media.

Negotiations between the team of the Ukrainian president, and a U.S. team, happened earlier (December 14 and 15), in Berlin; Ukraine's president said that "If Ukrainian [... soldiers] withdraw 5–10 kilometers" from the line-of-contact, then why should not Russian soldiers also do the same, but on the other side of the line-of-contact, according to media. Ukraine's president was (then) talking about the idea about a buffer zone or economic zone.

In the same city, a proposal was signed (December 15) by c. a dozen European leaders; It says (or some of its points are)

* a European-led multinational force Ukraine that [will or] would help with
	+ "the [building up again, or] regeneration of Ukraine's forces"
	+ "securing [the airspace or] Ukraine's skies"
	+ "supporting safer seas, including [ waterways through Ukraine, or] through operating inside Ukraine"

* a "ceasefire monitoring and [ceasefire] verification [ procedure or] mechanism"; That should be US-led (or led by the United States).

* a "legally binding commitment" for [ways or] "measures to restore peace and security, [... if there comes another] armed attack"

* "significant support" for the Armed Forces of Ukraine at a "peacetime level of 800,000" [soldiers]

Furthermore, those European leaders held talks for two days, before they signed; Those leaders are Germany's chancellor, the UK's prime minister, France's president, Netherlands PM, Polands's prime minister, Italy's prime minister, Denmarks prime minister, Finland's, Lithuania's president, and Norway's PM, Sweden's PM, and the leader of EU.

Earlier (and as of December 14) Ukraine's president "is ... willing to freeze the [line of contact or] front line", according to media. "Ukraine says ‘No’ to ... demilitarized zone", according to media, on December 15..

In regard to "an “armed non-alignment” model to secure [Ukraine's] future": A "think tank [in the U.S. capital is suggesting, or] argues that vague security promises [will not stop, or] won’t stop" Russia's leader, according to media (December 17); The think tank is advocating (for) a kind of non-alignment model. (Related page, Non-Aligned Movement)

Earlier (December 10), and in regard to Ukraine maybe giving away some land, to stop Russia's invasion: A suggestion that Ukraine will maybe consider (or think about), was received by the U.S. president, according to Germany's chancellor; The chancellor said that while standing next to the Secretary General of NATO.

A phone call was held (earlier that day) by Germany's chancellor and other European leaders and the U.S. president.

Officials have (as of December 11) a "framework that [... is still being changed]", according to media; Furthermore, officials also have "a separate security-guarantee document drafted [by not only one country, but by the US and European partners and Ukraine together, or] jointly with the US and European partners"; Officials also have "a ... reconstruction plan for Ukraine". The reconstruction plan, and the security-guarantee document, and the (mentioned) framework, are all part of a [peace package or] "a broader peace package".

In regard to security guarantees: Diplomats are trying (as of December 11) to make material guarantees that are strong; Diplomats are also trying to make legal guarantees that are strong.

Earlier (and as of December 8), Ukraine has made a "document [that is about, or] covers security guarantees for Ukraine in the event of a ceasefire", according to media; Furthermore, such things have been part of "discussions with both the US and the Coalition of the Willing"; That coalition of countries, is "committed to [... giving] Ukraine ... security guarantees" [in the future].

There was a meeting (earlier that day) between Ukraine's president, France's president, Germany's chancellor, and the UK's prime minister. They did meet in London, at the home of the United Kingdom's prime minister.

Earlier (November 30, 2025), there was a meeting in Miami between Ukrainian and U.S. authorities. As of December 7, there have been six rounds "of high-level meetings in two weeks", between Ukrainian and U.S. authorities. The meetings in December, have happened "without the one U.S. official [that the] Europeans trust": Marco Rubio.

Earlier (October 2025), there was a meeting between the president of Ukraine, and the U.S. president.

Earlier (September 4), a (meeting or) summit was held in Paris to [continue the creation of security guarantees, or] pushing for security guarantee for Ukraine; France's president and UK's prime minister led the meeting.

Earlier (August 18), Ukraine's president and the U.S. president had a meeting (in the capital city of the United States). At the end of that meeting, some leaders of European countries, [did meet Ukraine's president or] joined Ukraine's president. A new meeting [started] the same day; The U.S. president and Ukraine's president [were] there, with France's leader, and NATO's leader, and United Kingdom's leader, and European Commission president, and Germany's leader, and Italy's leader, and Finland's.

Earlier that month, [leaders of western countries, or the] "West [were coming together , or uniting] to block [a] peace deal without Ukraine", according to media.

In regard to security guarantees: In August 2025, Lindsey Graham, a US congressman, "called for security guarantees for [... Ukraine] before [making deals about peace, or] inking any deals [... about trading land, or doing] territorial swaps", according to media; Furthermore, he said that land exchanges should only take place “after [... Ukraine gets] security guarantees", according to media.

Earlier (April 23), officials from Ukraine and other European countries said (in a meeting with U.S. officials), that "Sanctions against Russia should [... stay in place] until [... there is a] peace [... that lasts for a long time; The sanctions] must be [... put back in place] if Russia breaks" the peace or its conditions; Furthermore, "Western allies should provide ... security guarantees, possibly [... similar to the security guarantee between NATO member-countries or similar to] NATO’s Article 5"; That proposal goes against the peace plan of the U.S. government; The details of the U.S. plan, are not known to the public.

Ukraine's government has 3 "red lines for Ukraine in any peace deal", according to media (March 17); Furthermore, the foreign minister says that the government will not "[stop its plans for membership in NATO and EU, or] compromise on its EU and NATO aspirations, or agree to a [weaker or] neutered military"; Furthermore, the government "[will not or] would not recognize Russian-occupied territories".

"British and French military trainers [or a kind of teacher] are expected to be sent to western Ukraine", according to media (last week of April).

A *mineral deal* (or agreement) was signed April 30. Earlier ideas (or drafts) of the deal, is about minerals "including oil and gas". Another name for the mineral deal, is Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement.

A meeting between the president of Ukraine, and the U.S. president, happened in April. The following month, the US vice-president and the US secretary of state met the Ukrainian president.

A peace plan, the Three Pillar Peace Plan, has been put forward by Mark Burns, a pastor, and politician Lindsey Graham, and the Peace Through Strength Institute.

The inner circle of the U.S. president, in regard to the peace plan and the war, includes politicians Don Bacon, and Brian Fitzpatrick.

Earlier (February 27), the British prime minister met with the U.S. president to talk about Ukraine; Trump got a letter from king Charles and was invited to the palace for a dinner (on some other day).

Earlier that month, Ukraine's president said that “If there is peace for Ukraine, [and] if you really need me to leave my [... job, then] I am ready. ... I can exchange it for NATO [or a membership in NATO, for Ukraine]” ; He can (or is willing to) leave his job immediately [or right away] if necessary.

Earlier (February 18, 2025) some people from the US government and from the Russian government, had a meeting (in Saudi Arabia), about peace in Ukraine.

Earlier (February 17 and 18), a group of leaders of EU countries came to an *emergency summit* [or meeting]; It was held by France's president. The leaders came from the *member countries* of the Weimar+ group. Some of those leaders say that "[... their countries can take some of their soldiers to Ukraine, or deploy] peacekeepers to Ukraine to back up any peace deal".

Earlier (and in February),
Ukraine's president said that he "does not believe in security guarantees without" the United States.

In regard to Ukraine maybe getting Taurus rockets (picture); "We should be willing to [give such rockets to Ukraine, or] deliver them, but only if" there is agreement between EU countries, according to the leader of politcal party CDU; He said that at the Munich Security Conference.

Media said that the U.S. government "has been clear that we expect European partners to take the lead in establishing [... security or] a security framework [... according to] a US State Department spokesperson" (February); Furthermore, the U.S. government asked how can it help its European partners, so that the partners can take charge of securing peace in Ukraine: "[how many soldiers and how much weapons, will maybe] be needed from the US to [keep in place a peace deal, or] sustain a peace deal".

The Munich Security Conference has ended on February 16, 2025. "No Russian government representatives [were] at the conference, according to media..

Earlier in December, there was a meeting in France; The presidents of France and Ukraine, met with the president-elect of the United States. Media says that a "Ukrainian official said they had discussed "some key conditions" for ending the war"; Furthermore, "the presidents discussed at the meeting that there should be something that would guarantee [that there can be trust in that peace, or] the reliability of the peace".

Earlier (November 2024), Ukraine's president said that "The war will end, but there is no exact date. Certainly, with the policies of [the upcoming president's team or] the team that will now lead the White House, the war will end sooner", according to media.

A peace agreement during the upcoming presidency of the United States (2025-), will likely have a part or "outline [... that] will involve: Lines get frozen along the current front, but no [lessening of sanctions, or] sanctions moderation on Russia until a long term agreement is reached" about land. An article in the Kyiv Post said that earlier in November 2024.

Earlier (September 2024), "The Permanent Representative to the United Nations for the US [... said] that Kyiv’s allies in Washington have seen the new “peace plan” drafted ... by Ukraine's president [...], calling it “a plan that can work”", according to media.

Earlier that month, "India’s National Security Adviser [... is supposed to] travel to Moscow for meetings with" Russia's president; The goal is to resolve the war in Ukraine".

The leader of China and the president of Ukraine have not met "since the start of the war", according to media (end of July 2024); However, they did speak "once by telephone, in April 2023".

Earlier in July, there was a first visit "of any senior Ukrainian official [in China] since Russia invaded Ukraine" in 2022. During the visit, Ukraine's government told "China that Russia [is] not ready for 'good faith' talks" about peace, according to media. The foreign minister of Ukraine came to China, and had talks with the foreign minister of China.

The Vatican's secretary of state met with Ukraine's president in Kyiv; They talked about peace and exchanges of prisoners between Russia and Ukraine.

The June 2024 Ukraine peace summit, happened in Switzerland..

Earlier (May 2023), Ukrainian authorities said that all Russian forces must leave Ukraine, before there can be any negotiations about peace. In November 2023, Ukraine's president said a similar thing.

In regard to using NATO membership (for Ukraine) as a bargaining card (or something to trade for something else): at least one NATO member-country has shared the idea with authorities outside its own government. In August 2023, the Director of the Private Office of the NATO Secretary General said that "I think that one solution could be that Ukraine gives up [land or] territory, and gets a NATO membership" [as part of that deal or] in return". Someone else that has the same idea, is a former advisor of Ukraine's president.

In November 2023, media said that one of the ideas would result in giving support for Russia's [military attacks or] aggression: A former secretary-general of Nato said that the area that the Ukrainian government has under its control, should become a NATO-member.

Indonesian leaders have come with ideas about peace (as late as 2024); One idea is to make a joint economic zone; Furthermore, "economic cooperation and having the two countries being dependent on each other", can be a way "to reduce hostilities".

Officials from many countries, have attended meetings about peace; One meeting [happened] in June 2024; "freedom of navigation and food security" and nuclear security [including possible guarantees that Russia will not use nuclear bombs, [were] major topics. Russia did not go to that meeting. In August 2023, there was a (meeting or) conference in Saudi Arabia, without Russian officials. Earlier (June), there was a meeting in Denmark, without Russian officials.

Views of leaders whose countries do the most business with Russia: India has not joined the countries that have an embargo against Russia; However, India's prime minister said (in September 2022, to Vladimir Putin) that now 'is not an era of war' [or a time for war].

The Russian president and the U.S. president had a meeting in August 2025; The 2025 Russia–United States Summit happened in Alaska, and lasted some hours.

U.S. authorities are thinking about having [ private military companies or] "armed contractors from the US [that] could help build fortifications to protect American interests [or mines where some of the earnings will be used to pay for U.S. military equipment that Ukraine already got], according to media; Furthermore, maybe that will make it more difficult for Russia to break a ceasefire.

Some countries are thinking about maybe putting soldiers (from their country's military), in Ukraine; Those countries include "Australia, Belgium, Canada, Estonia, France, Lithuania and the United Kingdom" (as of 2025's third quarter); Those soldiers could be part of a "Re-assurance force" or "boots on the ground", according to media; On the other hand, at least one country is thinking about sending soldiers [but only after the war is finished,] for post-war reconstruction. Norway will send [some] soldiers, after a ceasefire is in place, according to the primeminister of Norway (January 2026).

In regard to "back-channel [or secret] talks that [... can get] Ukraine pressured into [giving up territory or] surrendering territory in exchange for [U.S. companies getting possibilities to earn much money in Russia, or] U.S. corporate access to Russia"; Such talks have happened, according to media. Such secret talks have "[been about or] touched on rare-earth minerals, gas extraction, and even [bringing back to life or] reviving the Nord Stream pipeline", according to media. Russia's leader wants the United States and Russia to do [more] business with each other, before a peace deal can happen, according to media.

During a hearing in the U.S. Congress (in December 2025), a congressman demanded an answer to why "the [ Trump administration or] administration has not given ... the green light [to Congress] to pass the" law proposal, the Graham sanctions bill; Furthermore, according to media, the "patience runs thin" in the U.S. Congress. Another name for the bill, is Sanctioning Russia Act of 2025.

"A top aide to [... Russia
s president] suggested that Russian troops could [leave the Donbas region or] be withdrawn from [... the] Donbas region, but the territory would remain under the control of Russia’s National Guard and police", according to media.

In regard to maybe becoming a member of the EU: A peace deal can maybe include a [ timetable for Ukraine to become a member of EU, or a] membership timetable.

In regard to the next [thing to do, or] phase after a peace deal gets signed: "signing ... is just the transition to the next phase of negotiations"; Furthermore, "There will be negotiation on implementation of [... a signed] deal [..., and] interpretation of [parts or] the original provisions of the agreement, and dispute resolution".

The leader of the team of Ukrainian negotiators is Rustem Umerov.
People who are on the team of Russian negotiators, include Kirill Dmitriev.

The team of U.S. negotiators, is run by Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner.

## Idea about elections (during war)

Martial law (in Ukraine) is supposed to last, at least until [February 2026]. Also, "Elections can not ... be held in Ukraine under martial law, which must be [made longer or] extended every 90 days", according to media. The next Ukrainian presidential election is likely to happen when martial law has been finished for 60 days (according to Verkhovna Rada's chairman). Another idea is that *martial law* must have been finished for six months.

In regard to parliamentary elections: a new date, has not been chosen [as of 2025's first quarter].

Oleksiy Arestovych said (in 2023's fourth quarter) that his (idea or) intention is that he will be one of the candidates "whenever the next [ presidential] elections will be held in Ukraine". The previous presidential election, was in 2019.

### Ideas that the president (of Ukraine) has

In 2025, Ukraine's president said that when the war has ended, then he will (quit the job as president, or) resign; After the war, he will not become a candidate for election as president.

Earlier (November 2023), Ukraine's president said that a time of war, is not the right time for an election.

Earlier (August 2023), Ukraine's president said that Ukraine has money for fighting against invaders and buying weapons; The government does not expect to take some of that money to set up (wartime) elections. However, if other countries pay for elections (in Ukraine, during this war), and if Ukrainian lawmakers understand that we need elections during the war, then laws can be changed to make those elections possible, according to Ukraine's president. He also said that the cost of elections during times of peace, is around 5 billion Hryvnja (Ukrainian money).

## War economy

A Ukrainian authority said (2025) that "victory is only possible" thru significant damage to the war economy of Russia; According to Valerii Zaluzhnyi, "destruction of its (or Russia's) military-economic potential", is necessary.

In regard to doing damage to oil tankers that are under sanctions: Ukraine has hit at least three oil tankers in 2025's fourth quarter. Two of those [three] tankers were set fire to when they were transporting"Russian oil [... in November] off the Black Sea coast of Turkey", according to media; The ships are thought to be part of a shadow fleet. The attacks are an example of hitting "financial infrastructure [that is keeping up or] sustaining [... Russia's] war effort", according to media.

In regard to Ukraine (during 2025), doing damage to the economy of Russia: [damage has been done, that has been estimated to cost] $74 billion; That estimate includes the damage during the attack on "Syzran oil refinery [... in Syzran] part of a campaign to [do damage, or] erode [... part of Russia's economy or the] military-economic potential totaling $74B in 2025 so far", according to media.

"FSB [ in Russia are doing] raids [in their own country, as of August 2025; The raids are like, or] function as a cash-collection program", according to media; Furthermore, "Agents squeeze governors and generals for [... money] while Ukraine’s drone strikes [... make] transport and insurance" more expensive; The railways are now getting slower; Furthermore, because transportation on railways has more risk now, then that transportation has gotten more expensive.

Earlier (March 2022), the 2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute started. Large parts of the gas flow from Russia, was cut; "However, ... the EU immediately limited [... use of natural gas] and [found or] subsequently found [other or] alternative sources", according to media.

"Russia has increased its military spending by another 30% year-on-year, reaching a record 11.9 trillion rubles ($149 billion) in the first nine months of 2025, according to new calculations by Janis Kluge of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

For one hour of [war or] "war effort", Russia is spending c. $25 million (or nearly two billion ruble), according to media (December 2025).

### Financing military aid in Ukraine

As late as Q3 2025, [money or] funding was committed to military aid for Ukraine, thru PURL; The Prioritized Ukraine Requirements List (PURL) has been promised $500 million from Germany.

In regard to a new way (August 2025) of paying for weapons production in Ukraine, while reducing [possibilities or] risk for corruption: "payments [from the Dutch government, some 800 million Euro ] will be deposited into an escrow account [... in a Ukrainian bank], which then [gives or] issues a [special or] first-tier guarantee to [... the Netherlands] that the [... money] will be used ... for the ... drones" that the contract is about, according to media; Furthermore, the guarantee says that the money will be returned to the Dutch government, "if obligations are not met".

In regard to the US-Ukraine Reconstruction Fund for joint natural resource extraction: "Ukraine’s government will soon (as of August 14) announce a [new or] renewed competition for investors to develop two oil and gas fields in western Ukraine", under the reconstruction fund, according to media.

## Military units

* Alpha Group (picture), a special forces unit; It is part of Security Service of Ukraine

* Ukrainian People's Self-Defence. It is a paramilitary group.

* Aerorozvidka. It is a *volunteer NGO*

* Yellow Ribbon. It is a resistance group; Members of this kind of group, are often called partisans.
* Popular Resistance of Ukraine, a resistance group

* Berdiansk Partisan Army, a resistance group

* Kraken Regiment (pictures). Its chief takes orders directly from the chief of the Directorate of Intelligence (*HUR*).
* .
	+ Shaman Battalion (picture). The commander is "Shaman" (nom de guerre), as of 2025.
	+ Special Purpose Unit "Artan”
	+ Special Purpose Unit "Timur"
		- "Bratstvo" Battalion
		- "Stuhna" Battalion
		- Volunteer Reconnaissance Battalion "Sonechko"
		- Special Purpose Unit "Vidar"
		- Special Purpose Unit "Aratta" (formerly the 8th Battalion of the Ukrainian Volunteer Army)
		- "Nobody" Unit
		- "Chimera" Unit
		- "Paragon Company" Detachment
	+ Special Purpose Unit "Kabul 9"
	+ Krila (*Крила*) or *Special Purpose UAV Unit "Wings"*
	+ Special Purpose USV Unit "Group 13"
	+ International Legion of Defense Intelligence of Ukraine, sometimes called *DIU Legion*.
		- Tactical Group "Athena"
		- Ronin Team. Sniper and Reconnaissance company.

* 1st Tank Brigade. It is part of *Ukrainian Ground Forces*, *Operational Command North*.
* 1st Special Purpose Brigade
* 1st Assault Regiment. It is sometimes called *1st Separate Assault Regiment*; It is fighting in the Pokrovsk sector (as of 2025's third quarter). Da Vinci Wolves Battalion is a former name of the unit.
* 3rd Assault Brigade; As of 2025, it is being changed into a corps; It will get more soldiers; The corps is supposed to have "12,000 to 15,000 [... soldiers at the front-line] and around 700 to 900 heavy weapons like tanks, armored personnel carriers or artillery"; Furthermore, the corps will have "up to 50,000" people, when one also counts those who are in "air defense [units], intelligence, EW and" units that do military logistics (picture) or support, according to media.
* 4th Tank Brigade
* 26th Artillery Brigade
* 27th Rocket Artillery Brigade
* 30th Mechanised Brigade
* 31st Mechanized Brigade
* 47th Mechanized Brigade, part of the occupation force in Kursk, Russia (as of 2024's fourth quarter).  *47th Mahura Mechanized Brigade*, is another name of the unit.

* 58th Motorised Brigade
* 61st Mechanized Brigade
	+ 99th Mechanized Battalion
* 72nd Mechanised Brigade
* 110th Mechanised Brigade

* 10th Mountain Assault Brigade "Edelweiss", are fighting in Kupiansk raion, Kharkiv, and the soldiers destroyed Russian tanks outside Siversk (map), Bakhmut as of 2024's fourth quarter. It is part of Operational Command West.
	+ 8th Separate Assault Battalion
* 14th Mechanised Brigade, defending Kupyansk, Kharkiv oblast (as of 2024's fourth quarter)
* 22nd Mechanized Brigade
* 24th Mechanised Brigade, sometimes called the *King Danylo 24th Brigade*, in Chasiv Yar (as of 2024's fourth quarter);
* 44th Artillery Brigade
* 53rd Mechanised Brigade
	+ 24th Assault Battalion
* 68th Jaeger Brigade
* 88th Mechanized Brigade. The brigade did not exist [or was not a real thing].
* 128th Mountain Assault Brigade

* 17th Tank Brigade, part of Operational Command East
* 42nd Mechanized Brigade
* 54th Mechanised Brigade
* 55th Artillery Brigade
* 92nd Mechanised Brigade; As of 2025, it is being changed into a corps; It will get more soldiers; The corps is supposed to have 12 000 to 15 000 soldiers at the front-line, according to media. It is part of the occupation force in Kursk, Russia (as of 2024's fourth quarter).
	+ 22nd Motorised Infantry Battalion
* 93rd Mechanised Brigade
* 107th Rocket Artillery Brigade

* 5th Tank Brigade, part of Operational Command South
* 28th Mechanised Brigade (Colonel Vitalii Huliaiev †)
* 40th Artillery Brigade
* 56th Motorised Brigade
* 57th Motorised Brigade
* 59th Motorised Brigade
* 60th Mechanized Brigade
* 131st Reconnaissance Battalion
* 3rd Tank Brigade
* 15th Artillery Reconnaissance Brigade
* 19th Missile Brigade
* 42nd Mechanised Brigade
* 43rd Artillery Brigade
* 49th Infantry Battalion
* 63rd Mechanised Brigade
* No longer a unit, 67th Mechanised Brigade
* 98th Infantry Battalion
* 115th Mechanised Brigade
	+ 225th Assault Battalion
* 116th Mechanized Brigade
* 117th Mechanized Brigade
* 142nd Rifle Brigade
* 214th Rifle Battalion
* .
	+ Kakhovka operational group
	+ Khortytsia operational-strategic group
	+ Separate Presidential Brigade
	+ Skala Battalion
	+ Sheikh Mansur Battalion

* 32nd Marine Artillery Brigade. It is part of the Ukrainian Marine Corps.
* 35th Marine Brigade
	+ 18th Separate Marine Battalion
	+ 88th Separate Marine Battalion
	+ 137th Separate Marine Battalion
* 36th Marine Brigade
	+ 1st Separate Marine Battalion
	+ 501st Separate Marine Battalion
* 37th Marine Brigade
	+ 505th Separate Marine Battalion

* 38th Marine Brigade
	+ 503rd Separate Marine Battalion
* 140th Marine Reconnaissance Bataillon
* 406th Marine Artillery Brigade
* 414th Strike UAV Brigade, also known as "Birds of Magyar"; Other names are *414th Unmanned Aircraft Brigade*, and a former name, *414th Marine Unmanned Strike Systems Regiment*.

* 1st Guard and Patrol Division, part of  Ukrainian Navy
	+ *Nikopol*
* 8th Raid Protection Ships Division
	+ *Netishyn*

* 9th Surface Ships Division
	+ Its *command ship *Donbas** (picture) sank during the Siege of Mariupol.
	+ These (boats or ships) were captured: *Korets*, *Kremenchuk*, *Vyshhorod*, *Ackerman*. *Lubny* sank.

* 28th Auxiliary Division
	+ *Pochayiv*
	+ *Balta*
* 29th Surface Ships Division; The amphibious warfare ship *Yuri Olefirenko* (picture) is not under Ukrainian control (as of 2024), but Russia says that it was captured, and later sunk; The *Henichesk* sank.

* 30th Surface Ships Division. These (boats or ships) were lost: the frigate *Hetman Sahaidachny* (picture; It capsized). The *patrol boat*, *Sloviansk* (picture; It sank.)

* 385th USV Brigade
* Dnieper Fleet
	+ 26th Naval River Ships Division
* 10th Naval Aviation Brigade
* Angels Detachment, sometimes calle *Angels special forces unit*
* 801st Underwater Special Forces
* 1st Air Force Combined Rifles Brigade, part of *Ukrainian Air Forces*
* 7th Tactical Aviation Brigade
* 15th Transport Aviation Brigade
* 25th Transport Aviation Brigade
* 39th Tactical Aviation Brigade
* 40th Tactical Aviation Brigade
* 114th Tactical Aviation Brigade
* 204th Tactical Aviation Brigade
* 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade
* 383rd Unmanned Aircraft Brigade
* 456th Transport Aviation Brigade
* 831st Tactical Aviation Brigade
* Ukrainian Anti-Aircraft Defense Rocket Forces
	+ 96th Anti-aircraft Missile Brigade
	+ 138th Anti-aircraft Missile Brigade
	+ 160th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade
	+ 201st Anti-aircraft Missile Brigade
	+ 208th Anti-aircraft Missile Brigade
	+ 11th Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment.
	+ 14th Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment
	+ 156th Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment
	+ 223rd Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment
	+ 225th Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment
	+ 301st Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment
	+ 302nd Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment
	+ 540th Anti-aircraft Missile Regiment

* Ukrainian Radar Forces
	+ 1st Radio Technical Brigade
	+ 14th Radio Technical Brigade
	+ 138th Radio Technical Brigade
	+ 164th Radio Technical Brigade
* 7th Air Assault Corps
	+ 25th Airborne Brigade, fighting in the Pokrovsk sector (as of 2025's first quarter);
	+ 46th Airmobile Brigade

* + 71st Jaeger Brigade, fighting in the Kurakhove sector (as of 2024's fourth quarter)
	+ 77th Airmobile Brigade
	+ 78th Airborne Assault Regiment
	+ 79th Air Assault Brigade
	+ 80th Air Assault Brigade
	+ 81st Airmobile Brigade
		- 5th Battalion Tactical Group
		- 90th Airmobile Battalion
		- 122nd Airmobile Battalion
	+ 82nd Air Assault Brigade
	+ 95th Air Assault Brigade
		- 13th Airmobile Battalion
	+ 148th Air Assault Artillery Brigade
	+ 132nd Air Assault Reconnaissance Battalion

* Ukrainian Special Operations Forces
	+ 1st Special Purpose Detachment
	+ 3rd Special Purpose Regiment
	+ 8th Regiment of the Special Operations Forces, fighting in Kursk oblast, Russia (as of 2024's fourth quarter). Other name, 8th Separate Special Purpose Regiment
	+ 73rd Naval Special Operations Center, fighting in Kursk oblast, Russia, as of 2024's fourth quarter; The unit is sometimes called *73rd Marine Center* or *73rd Naval Special Purpose Center*;

* Ukrainian Territorial Defense forces
	+ 101st Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 102nd Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 103rd Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 105th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 106th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 107th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 109th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 112th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 113th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 114th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 115th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 118th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 123rd Territorial Defense Brigade
		- 48th Separate Assault Battalion, fighting in Volnovakha raion, Donetsk (as of 2024's fourth quarter)
	+ 126th Territorial Defense Brigade
		- 220th Battalion
	+ 127th Territorial Defense Brigade
		- 225th Territorial Defense Batallion
	+ 129th Territorial Defense Brigade
	+ 130th Territorial Defense Battalion
	+ 227th Territorial Defense Battalion
	+ 241st Territorial Defense Brigade
		- 252nd Territorial Defense Battalion

* + .
		- International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine. One of its units, no longer exists (since July 2023), the *Pahonia Regiment*.
			* Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion
			* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
			* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
			* Delta Knights Unit
			* Military Unit A3449
				+ Freedom of Russia Legion
				+ Russian Volunteer Corps
				+ Sibir Battalion
				+ Karelian National Battalion
				+ Belarusian Volunteer Corps. One of its units, no longer exists (since November 2024), the Terror Battalion.
				+ Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
				+ Polish Volunteer Corps
				+ Georgian Legion
		- Krym Battalion
		- Ukrainian Volunteer Army
			* Hospitallers Medical Battalion
			* Norman Brigade
		- Resistance Committee

* Ukrainian Unmanned Systems Forces
	+ 14th UAV Regiment
		- 3rd Battalion "Nachtigall"

* State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. Its chief answers directly to the *internal affairs minister*.
	+ 1st Hart Brigade
	+ 2nd Podilsk Detachment
	+ 3rd Pomsta Brigade
	+ 4th Kharkiv Detachment
	+ 6th Lutsk Detachment
	+ 7th Lviv Detachment
	+ 8th Berdyansk Detachment
	+ 10th WATCH Detachment
	+ 11th Kramatorsk Detachment
	+ 15th Steel Border Brigade
	+ 17th Izmail Detachment
	+ 24th Mohyliv-Podilskyi Detachment
	+ 25th Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Detachment
	+ 26th Odesa Detachment
	+ 27th Mukachevo Detachment
	+ 31st Chernivtsi Detachment
	+ 79th Kherson Detachment
	+ 94th Chop Detachment
	+ 105th Chernihiv Detachment
	+ Ukrainian Sea Guard

* National Guard of Ukraine
	+ Ukrainian Air Guard
	+ Special Operations Center Omega
		- Hostri Kartuzy ('Peaky Blinders'), strike drone unit
	+ Special Purpose Unit Typhoon
	+ National Guard Headquarters Protection & Support Battalion
	+ United Communications Node
	+ 16th Artillery Brigade
	+ 22nd Foreign Diplomatic Missions Protection Brigade
	+ 45th Oleksandr Krasitskyi Regiment
	+ Offensive Guard
		- 1st Azov Corps. The corps is supposed to have 12 000 to 15 000 soldiers at the front-line, according to media.
			* Azov Brigade or *12th Special Operations Brigade "Azov"* (picture);
		- 1st Presidential Operational Brigade
			* 1st Serhii Kulchytskyi Battalion
		- 3rd Spartan Brigade
		- 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade
		- 13th Khartiia Brigade; As of 2025, it is being changed into a corps; It will get more soldiers; The corps is supposed to have 12 000 to 15 000 soldiers at the front-line, according to media. The brigade is also known as *13th National Guard Brigade Khartiya*.
		- 14th Chervona Kalyna Brigade
		- 15th Kara Dag Brigade

* + Public Order Protection Guards.
		- 11th Hrushevsky Brigade
			* 18th Public Order Protection Battalion
		- 19th Public Protection Regiment
		- 21st Kalnyshevsky Brigade
		- 23rd Khortytsia Brigade
		- 25th Prince Askold Brigade
		- 31st Oleksandr Radievskyi Brigade

* + Transport Protection Guards
		- 19th Convoy Battalion
		- 27th Pechersk Brigade
		- 34th Convoy Battalion

* + Combined Guard.
		- 2nd Galician Brigade
			* 15th Separate Battalion
		- 5th Slobozhansk Brigade
		- 17th Poltavska Brigade
		- 18th Sloviansk Brigade
			* 2nd Special Operations Donbas Battalion
		- 26th Separate Battalion
		- 27th Separate Regiment
		- 32nd Volyn Battalion
		- 34th Kherson Regiment
		- 35th Sumysky Regiment
		- 40th Danylo Nechai Regiment
			* 13th Separate Battalion
		- 50th Vysochan Regiment
			* 4th Kruk Battalion
		- 75th Zhytomyr Battalion

* + State Objects Protection Guards
		- 2nd Shostkinsky Regiment
		- 4th Pavlograd Regiment

* + CBRN Guards. One of its units, no longer exists (since 2023), the *12th Operational Brigade*.
		- 1st NPP Protection Battalion
		- 3rd NPP Protection Battalion
		- 4th NPP Protection Battalion
		- 5th NPP Protection Battalion

* Special Tasks Patrol Police
	+ Khyzhak Brigade
	+ Liut Brigade
		- Safari Regiment
		- Tsunami Regiment
			* Tavr Battalion
		- Luhansk Regiment
		- Dnipro-1 Regiment
			* 3rd Aerorozvidka Group
			* 4th Kryvbas Company
			* 6th Krym Company
		- Myrotvorets Battalion
			* 4th Tornado Company
		- Skif Battalion
		- Zakhid Battalion
			* Svityaz Company
			* Bohdan Company
		- Enei Battalion
			* Sviatoslav Company
		- Shtorm Battalion
	+ Kyiv Regiment
		- Sich Battalion
	+ Lviv Battalion
	+ Vinnytsia Battalion
	+ Chernihiv Battalion
	+ Ternopil Battalion
	+ Kherson Battalion
	+ Poltava Battalion
	+ Sumy Company
	+ East Company

* National Police of Ukraine
	+ KORD Brigade
* 6th Special Purpose Regiment, part of the Ranger Corps. The fighting is in Kursk oblast, Russia, as of 2024's fourth quarter. *6th Ranger Regiment*, is another name of the unit.

### Russian units

* 810th Naval Infantry Brigade, fighting in Kursk oblast, Russia (as of 2024's fourth quarter).
* 83rd Guards Air Assault Brigade, were hit in Kursk oblast, by rockets being fired from HIMARS (2024's fourth quarter)

* 39th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
* 37th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
* 36th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
* 40th Naval Infantry Brigade
* 5th separate tank brigade
* 218st Tank Regiment
* 60th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade
* 114th Motorized Rifle Regiment
* 143rd Motorized Rifle Regiment from the 127th MRD
* 1st squad BARS
* 69th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade
* 22nd separate special purpose brigade
* 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment
* 1152nd motorized rifle regiment
* 503rd Motorized Rifle Regiment, at Nesterianka (as of 2024's fourth quarter)
* 125st Regiment (DPR)
* 429th Motorized Rifle Regiment, near Kamianske, Vasylivka Raion
* 5th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

## Sale of military equipment that does not work as advertised

In December 2025, media said that dust masks were being sold as masks against tear gas (or CS gas). Masks for a total of Norwegian kroner 100 million, were sold to a government, so that Ukrainian soldiers could get the masks; The masks were only FFP1 masks, under
European respirator rules. Later that month, members of Norway's parliament said that the purchase must stop; Furthermore, members of parliament have demanded answers from the minister of defence. Later that month, an editorial in VG, a newspaper, called the purchase, *a scandal*. A fake picture was used during promotion of the mask; The main picture for promoting the mask, showed a soldier with one of the masks; The mask was copied into a picture that Russian authorities published in 2016; The fake picture showed a Russian soldier. The chief of an NGO that has given 6 000 drones to Ukraine, said that this incident is a betrayal against Ukrainian soldiers.

Parliament's
kontroll-komiteen, a committee, is not done (as of January).

## Related pages

* Spillover of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* List of ongoing armed conflicts
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Ghost of Kyiv
* The Long Breakup, a film by the filmmaker Katya Soldak about the relationship between Ukraine and Russia.
* Vitalii Skakun, a Ukrainian "Suicide Bomber" that helped slow Russian advances into Ukraine. Formerly a combat engineer.
* 2023 Wagner Group rebellion

## Other websites

 Media related to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons

* Part of Putin's national address pre-invasion, comments archived at Archived 2022-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, video archived at ghostarchive.org