Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Influenza pandemic of 1918

The **Influenza pandemic of 1918** (commonly known as the **Spanish flu**) lasted for nearly three years, from March 1918 to December 1920. About 500 million people were infected across the world, which had at the time a population of 1.80 billion people. The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic. It killed 50 million to 100 million people. This was three to five percent of the world's population at the time. It was one of the greatest natural disasters in human history.

To keep up morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States. Papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit. It also resulted in the nickname **Spanish flu.**

Often, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.

There is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started. The pandemic may be a cause of the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s.

Another swine flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turned out to be new strain of H1N1. The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States and to the world.

## Gallery

* Number of deaths in New York City, Berlin, Paris, and London (Museum of Health & Medicine, Washington), c. 1918–1919
* Two American Red Cross nurses demonstrated treatment practices during the influenza pandemic of 1918.
* Albertan farmers wore masks to protect themselves from the flu.
* Policemen wearing masks provided by the American Red Cross in Seattle, 1918
* A street car conductor in Seattle in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks
* Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in St. Louis, Missouri (1918)
* Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919
* Burying flu victims, North River, Newfoundland and Labrador (1918)
* 1919 Tokyo, Japan
* Japanese poster in 1919
* Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station in Washington, D.C., during the influenza pandemic of 1918
* Cavalry memorial on the hill Lueg, memory of the Bernese cavalrymen victims of the 1918 flu pandemic; Emmental, Bern, Switzerland
# Indian Institutes of Technology

The **Indian Institutes of Technology** are schools that are owned and run by the main government of India. They follow the rules set by the Institutes of Technology Act passed in the year 1961. There are 23 IIT schools.
# Melbourne City FC

Melbourne City| Full name | Melbourne City Football Club |
| Founded | 2009 (2009), as Melbourne Heart FC |
| Ground | AAMI Park |
| Capacity | 30,050 |
| Owner | City Football Group (80%) Holding M.S. Australia (20%) |
| Chairman | Khaldoon Al Mubarak |
| Head Coach | Patrick Kisnorbo |
| League | A-League Men |
| 2020–21 | 1st (Premiers and Champions) |
| Website |  |
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**Home colours** |

**Away colours** |

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**Melbourne City F.C.** is a soccer club from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It competes in A-League Men, under licence from Football Australia.

## Honours

In most Australian sports, the term "Premiership" or "Premier" describes the club that won the knockout playoffs that follow the regular season, known in Australia as a "Finals Series". A-League Men instead uses "Champions" to describe this club. The term "Premier" instead describes the club that finished first in the regular-season standings (which the country's other football codes call "Minor Premiers").

* **A-League Men Premiership**
	+ **Winner (1)**: 2020–21
	+ Runner-up (1): 2019–20
* **A-League Men Championship**
	+ **Winner (1)**: 2021
	+ Runner-up (1): 2020
* **Australia Cup**
	+ **Winner (1)**: 2016
	+ Runner-up (1): 2019
# Egon Schiele

| Egon Schiele |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Egon Schiele (1890-06-12)12 June 1890 Tulln |
| Died | 31 October 1918(1918-10-31) (aged 28) Vienna |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Education | Akademie der Bildenden Künste |
| Known for | Painting |
| Notable work | Porträt des Albert Paris von Gütersloh, 1918; Self-portrait, 1912 |
| Movement | Expressionism |

**Egon Schiele** (12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) (pronounced [ˈʃiːlə], or SHEE-luh) was a painter from Austria. Some people see his work as expressionist, but also in the art nouveau movement. With Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, he was among the most important artists of Wiener Moderne. The most important collection of Schiele's work is in the Leopold Museum in Vienna.

Schiele died of influenza, at only 28 years old of the pandemic known as Spanish flu, which killed between 20 and 100 million people.

## Images

* *Woman with green stockings* (Frau mit den grünen Stümpfen), 1908
* *Self-portrait clothed in black* (Selbstporträt mit dem schwarzen Gewand),1910
* *Self-portrait* (Selbstportät), 1912
* *Woman, lying down* (Liegende Frau), 1917
* *Four trees* (Vier Bäume), 1917
* *Stein an der Donau II*, 1913
* *The Bridge* (Die Brücke), 1913
* *Old Mill* (Alte Mühle), 1916
* *Self-portrait* (Selbstportät)
* *Portrait Eduard Kosmack*, 1910
# Thracians

The ancient **Thracians** were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family. Those peoples lived in Thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the Balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe. The Bulgarians and Romanians are the genetic descendants of Thracians.
# Dadaism

Johannes Theodor Baargeld's *Typical Vertical Mess as Depiction of the Dada Baargeld*, 1920
*Fountain* by Marcel Duchamp, 1917
**Dadaism** is an avant-garde intellectual movement. It started around the time of the First World War. Although not at first an art movement,p60/61 it did influence art greatly for a time.

## History

The movement, formed in Zurich, Switzerland, was heavily influenced by the war in Europe. Its artists rejected modern capitalist society. They used nonsense and protest in their works. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and were close to the radical far-left. The whole point behind Dadaism was to prove that anything could be art if the artist declared it to be. This was to prove that if everything could be art, then nothing could be art. This outraged many artists as Dadaism deemed their labour intensive artworks meaningless.

The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture.

## Influence

Its peak was 1916 to 1922, and it influenced surrealism, pop art, and punk rock. It went against the standards of society.
Followers of Dadaism included Antonin Artaud, Max Ernst, and Salvador Dali. A later version, called *Neo-Dada*, arose in the 1960s.

Dadaism began in central Europe, in Berlin and Zurich. Dadaism moved to Paris with Tristan Tzara. Tzara would go on to 'lead' the dadaists of Paris such as Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, and Marcel Duchamp.

Dadaism is also closely associated with the concepts of the grotesque, the absurd, and the macabre. The idea of ridiculing the absurdity of existence has its expression in the dramatic art of Samuel Beckett and the so called school of Paris, which included Arthur Adamov, Jean Genet, and Eugene O'Neill.

The word "Dada" may be an allusion to an infant's first words, such as "Mama". No one knows who invented the name, but there is some historical evidence which says that Tzara picked it out at random from a German-French dictionary, since "Dada" means "hobbyhorse" in French. A hobbyhorse is a long stick with a toy horse head attached which a child can hold in front of them to pretend they are riding a horse. Still, the source of the name is not widely agreed upon.
# Australian

**Australian**(**s**) might refer to:

## Australia

* Australia, a country
* Australians, citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia
	+ European Australians
	+ Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians who have ancestors partially or fully from the British Isles
	+ Aboriginal Australians, indigenous peoples of Australia as identified and defined within Australian law
* Australia (continent)
	+ Indigenous Australians, people indigenous to Australia
* Australian English, a dialect of the English language spoken in Australia
* *The Australian*, a newspaper

* All pages beginning with Australian
* All pages with titles containing *Australian*
# Newspaper

A place for buying newspapers
A **newspaper** is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news. Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country. Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription. One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand. Recycling of paper is common. It may be converted to new paper, for example.

Newspapers usually have many topics. They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comics and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes. Many have opinion sections. These sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper. The opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called *editorials*. Opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.

Newspapers started as handwritten newsletters distributed to a few merchants. In the 17th century they began being printed and sold to anyone who paid for one.

## Categories

## Format

## Advertising

## Journalism

## Related pages

* Media studies

## Other websites

* Newspapers Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine from List of Newspapers - Online Newspapers Directory
# Amiga

Amiga 500 system
The **Amiga** was a line of personal computers that Commodore International produced during the 1980s and early 1990s. The first Amiga computer, the Amiga 1000, possessed a HAM mode enabled the machine to display 4096 colors, a chip that enabled it to play back four channels of sound at once, an operating system with multitasking, and a graphical user interface at a time that these features were uncommon or not as developed as Amiga's. The Amiga is often said to have been ahead of its time. Although the Amiga did not sell well in America and Commodore went bankrupt, the Amiga developed a fandom and niche in Europe amongst video and graphics enthusiasts and gamers.

The Amiga was initially created by computer chip designer Jay Miner and Hi-Toro (later Amiga Corporation). In 1984, Commodore purchased Amiga Corporation. The first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, was released in 1985 after delays and marketing blunders. The second model, the Amiga 500, was released in 1987, and was the best selling of the Amiga computers. In 1994, Commodore declared bankruptcy. After the bankruptcy the Amiga was purchased by german company ESCOM.

## Other websites

* Amiga, by Joe Cassara, at urbandictionary.com
* A history of the Amiga, by Jeremy Reimer, at arstechnica.com
# Virtual reality

A person wearing the HTC Vive virtual reality headset
**Virtual reality** (often just called **VR**) is the name of reality for computer technology that makes a person feel like they are somewhere else. It uses software to produce images, sounds, and other sensations to create a different place so that a user feels like he or she is really part of this other place. That other place can be a real place (to take a tour in another country, for instance) or imaginary (playing a game).

A user uses a headset which consists of a screen to project the content, and speakers to produce sounds. The technology to do this needs special display screens or projectors and other devices. Often the picture will change when the user moves their head, they may be able to "walk" through this virtual space and to see things in that space from different directions, and maybe move things in that space. **Haptic feedback** might also be used to help make it seem more real - haptic feedback uses special gloves that make it feel like you touched something in real life.

Virtual reality is different than **augmented reality**, which shows the real place that a person is in, but changes or adds to it. Pokémon Go is an example of augmented reality. Augmented reality headsets are also commercially available such as the Microsoft HoloLens.
# Windows 3.x

Windows 3.x|  |
| Windows 3.1 |
| Developer | Microsoft |
| OS family | Microsoft Windows |
| Source model | Closed source |
| Released to manufacturing | May 20, 1990 (1990-05-20) |
| Latest release | Windows for Workgroups 3.11 / November 8, 1993 (1993-11-08) |
| Kernel type | Other |
| License | MS-EULA |
| Official website |  |
| Support status |
| Unsupported as of December 31, 2001 |

**Windows 3.x** is a no-longer supported family of Microsoft Windows operating system, released in 1990-1994. Notable operating systems in this family include Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1. This Windows could run in either Standard or 386 Enhanced memory modes. Both of the modes used a Graphical User Interface (or picture-based), and supported a mouse, but 386 Enhanced Mode was faster and was better at multitasking (or doing many things at once). Windows NT 3.x was released in 1993-1996.

It also had many features from versions of Windows before it. These included a calculator, a notepad, and more. It also brought in many new features, like the Program Manager (which is still in Windows XP (pre-Service Pack 2) today - Start>Run>progman.exe), and the icons and programs looked better.

Windows 3.x was made better in 1992, with Windows for Workgroups 3.1x (1992-1993), that added networking support.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by Windows 2.x |  **Windows versions** 1990-1995 | Succeeded by Windows 9x |
# List of search engines

## Search engines for finding websites

* Google Search, a search engine by Google

* Yahoo! Search, a search engine by Yahoo!

* Microsoft Bing, a search engine by Microsoft
* DuckDuckGo
* Ecosia
* Khujoweb

## Search engines for finding other things

* Tenor, a search engine for searching moving picture files in the Graphics Interchange Format
* GIPHY, another search engine for searching moving picture files in the Graphics Interchange Format
* TikTok, a search engine for short-form video content, owned by Chinese tech giant ByteDance
* Vine, another search engine for short-form video content
* YouTube Shorts, another search engine for short-form video content, currently owned by Alphabet Inc.
* YouTube, a search engine for online videos, currently owned by Alphabet Inc.
# This PC

My Computer icon in Windows Chicago
**This PC** is seen on the Microsoft Windows computers. This PC allows the user to access the local drives, such as the local disk, also known as the C: Drive. The user can also access external drives. Examples of an external drive are a floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D:). This PC also lets the user access Documents and other files.
Whenever any external drive is attached to the computer, the user can directly access that drive from the This PC menu. "This PC" gives an overview about different types of drives present in the computer. The This PC folder is a gateway to all the data stored on the computer, attached devices, and the network -- as well as a shortcut to most of your system information.
# Universal health care

**Universal health care**, sometimes referred to as **universal health coverage**, **universal coverage**, or **universal care**, usually refers to a health care system which provides health care and financial protection to all citizens or residents of a particular country.

## Related pages

* Right to health

## Other websites

* Achieving Universal Health Care (July 2011). *MEDICC Review: International Journal of Cuban Health and Medicine* **13** (3). Theme issue: authors from 19 countries on dimensions of the challenges of providing universal access to health care.
* Catalyzing Change: The System Reform Costs of Universal Health Coverage Archived 2010-12-02 at the Wayback Machine (November 15, 2010). New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. Report on the feasibility of establishing the systems and institutions needed to pursue UHC.
* Physicians for a National Health Program Chicago: PNHP. A group of physicians and health professionals who support single-payer reform.
* UHC Forward Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine Washington, D.C.: Results for Development Institute. Portal on universal health coverage.
# Northeastern Region (Iceland)

Northeastern Region
The **Northeastern Region** (Icelandic: *Norðurland eystra*) is a region in the north of the Iceland. The population of the region was 28,618 (2007). The biggest town in the region is Akureyri, with a population of 17,300.

## Related pages

* Regions of Iceland
# Role-playing video game

**Role-playing video games** are a video game genre. They are the electronic version of tabletop role-playing games. The first titles in the genre date back to 1975.

## Subgenres

### Massively Multiplayer Online

MMORPGs (**M**assively-**M**ultiplayer **O**nline **R**ole-**P**laying **G**ame), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together. Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape.

### Text-Based

Text Based RPGs are not too different from Traditional RPGs, generally based on the Dungeons and Dragons game. However some Text Based RPGs are not for combat, but are for socializing and meeting others.
With many Text Based RPGs you need a client, a program to send what you say to the server, which can be located in another country. Many clients are basic and display text in one colour, but there are others that use colours, enhancing the readability of the contents.

### Action role-playing

Action RPGs are role-playing video games with action game elements.

### Roguelike

"Roguelike" is a term for games that use the primary mechanics from the 1980 video game *Rogue*. The mechanics in question are procedural generation and permadeath. Many popular roguelikes include Cult of the Lamb, Hades, The Binding of Isaac, and Slay the Spire.
# Shirō Ishii

| Shirō Ishii |
| --- |
| Ishii in military uniform |
| Native name | 石井 四郎 |
| Born | (1892-06-25)June 25, 1892 Shibayama, Chiba, Japan |
| Died | October 9, 1959(1959-10-09) (aged 67) Tokyo, Japan |
| Allegiance | Japan |
| Branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1921–1945 |
| Rank | Surgeon general (lieutenant-general) |
| Commands | Unit 731, Kwantung Army |
| Battles / wars | * Second Sino-Japanese War
* World War II
 |
| Awards | Order of the Golden Kite, Fourth Class |

Surgeon General **Shirō Ishii** (石井 四郎, *Ishii Shirō*; [iɕiː ɕiɾoː]; June 25, 1892 – October 9, 1959) was a Japanese microbiologist, army medical officer, and war criminal who served as the director of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Ishii led the creation and use of biological weapons at Unit 731 in Manchukuo during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, including the bubonic plague attacks at Chinese cities of Changde and Ningbo, and planned the Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night biological attack against the United States. Ishii and his coworkers also experimented with humans unethically, resulting in the deaths of over 10,000 people, most of them civilians or prisoners of war. Ishii was later granted immunity in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East by the United States government in exchange for information and research for the U.S. biological warfare program.
# Operation Weserübung

| Operation Weserübung |
| --- |
| Part of World War II |
| Operational scope | Strategic |
| Location | Denmark and Norway |
| Planned by | Nazi Germany |
| Commanded by | General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst |
| Target | Denmark and Norway |
| Date | 9 April 1940 04:15 9 April – 18:00 10 June (Central European Time (CET)) |
| Executed by | Nazi Germany |
| Outcome | German Victory
Germany occupies Norway and Denmark |
| Casualties | * Kriegsmarine: 1 heavy cruiser, 2 light cruisers, 10 destroyers, various U-boats, transports, and smaller warships (total: 5,296 casualties)
* Denmark: 26 killed, 23 wounded
* Norway: 116 ships lost, 1,700 killed
* Royal Navy: 1 aircraft carrier, 2 cruisers, 7 destroyers, 1 submarine, various transports, and smaller warships
* French Navy: 1 destroyer, 1 submarine
* Polish Navy: 1 destroyer, 1 submarine
* Allies (total): 4,902 casualties
 |

On 9 April 1940, the Wehrmacht launched a invasion of Denmark and Norway. In under six hours, the Danish surrendered, and the Germans launched the invasion of Norway.

By 10 June, both governments had surrendeed to the Germans.
# Allied Powers of World War I

**The Allied Powers of World War I** were the countries who fought against the Central Powers in World War I. Major countries included the British Empire, France, the Russian Empire, the United States, Italy, and Japan. Most of these countries would fight alongside each other again in World War II, except that Italy and Japan would fight alongside Germany instead.

Allied Coalition in blue, Central Powers in orange. Gray countries are neutral.
The Allied Powers in Europe were already allies before the war began. Serbia was an ally of Russia, and Russia was an ally of Britain and France. The war started because the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia in 1914, which led to a chain reaction of countries declaring war on each other.

At first, the United States was neutral, it was not part of either side. However, after several acts made by Germany against the US, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and would fight for the Allied Powers.

Russia's campaign against the Central Powers went very poorly. Many Russian soldiers were poorly equipped and trained, many Russians were killed, and poverty and starvation became worse problems than before. Many Russians blamed Czar Nicholas II's poor leadership for Russia's problems, so he was overthrown and sent to exile. The Russian Provisional Government who replaced him also made many Russians upset because they promised that Russia would continue fighting the war. After the March Revolution that overthrew the Czar, communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin made a deal with Germany. The deal was that he would stop the fighting between Russia and Germany if they sent him to Russia to overthrow the government. Lenin's slogan for his communist government was "peace, land, and bread". This meant that the communist government promised no more fighting in the war, land redistribution so that everyone in Russia could have an equal amount of property, and that food would be plentiful. After the Communist Party took over Russia in the October Revolution, they fulfilled their promise to Germany and ended Russia's fighting in the war.

In World War II, Italy would join Germany in the Axis Powers because its leader, Benito Mussolini, had a similar ideology to Nazism. Japan was disappointed with the end of World War I because it did not gain as much as it wanted. Japan would also join the Axis Powers because it thought it would help the Japanese Empire grow faster than if it did with the Allies.