# 19th century

The **19th century** lasted from 1801 to 1900. Some people call this the Victorian era because Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom.

Queen Victoria (1819–1901)
The Second Industrial Revolution started in most western countries during this century.

## Religion

* 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on 6 April.
* 1844: Persian Prophet the Báb founds Bábism. On 23 May he announced a revelation: the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.
* 1848: The Christadelphians founded by John Thomas (Christadelphian).
* 1871–1878: In Germany, Otto von Bismarck challenged the Catholic Church in the *Kulturkampf* ("Culture War")
* 1879: Mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist.
* 1879: First issue of "The Watchtower", the religious magazine of the Jehovah's Witnesses
* 1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a reform sect of Islam.
* 1891: Pope Leo XIII launches the encyclical *Rerum novarum*, the first major Catholic document on social justice

## Culture

The Great Exhibition in London. Starting during the 18th century, the United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise.
* 1808: Beethoven composes Fifth Symphony.
* 1812: Brothers Grimm fairy tale edition publishes *Snow White*.
* 1812: Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm - two princesses, Snow White and Cinderella, meet for the first time.
* 1813: Jane Austen publishes *Pride and Prejudice.*
* 1818: Mary Shelley publishes *Frankenstein*.
* 1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
* 1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece *The Raft of the Medusa*, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
* 1824: Premiere of Beethoven's *Ninth Symphony*.
* 1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's *Faust* premieres.
* 1837: Charles Dickens publishes *Oliver Twist*.
* 1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes *Self-Reliance*.
* 1845: Frederick Douglass publishes *Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave*.
* 1847: The Brontë sisters publish *Jane Eyre*, *Wuthering Heights* and *Agnes Grey*.
* 1849: Josiah Henson publishes The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself.
* 1851: Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
* 1851: Sojourner Truth delivers the speech Ain't I a Woman?.
* 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin.
* 1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of *Leaves of Grass*.
* 1855: Frederick Douglass publishes the first edition of *My Bondage and My Freedom*.
* 1862: Victor Hugo publishes *Les Misérables*.
* 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
* 1869: Leo Tolstoy publishes *War and Peace*.
* 1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premiers in Paris.
* 1876: Richard Wagner's *Ring Cycle* is first performed in its entirety.
* 1883: Robert Louis Stevenson's *Treasure Island* is published.
* 1884: Mark Twain publishes the *Adventures of Huckleberry Finn*.
* 1886: "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
* 1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, *A Study in Scarlet*.
* 1889: Vincent van Gogh paints *The Starry Night*.
* 1889: Moulin Rouge opens in Paris.
* 1892: Tchaikovsky's *Nutcracker Suite* premières in St Petersberg.
* 1894: Rudyard Kipling's *The Jungle Book* is published.
* 1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play *The Importance of Being Earnest*.
* 1896: George Burns is born
* 1897: Bram Stoker writes *Dracula*.
* 1900: L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

### Music

Ludwig van Beethoven
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century is in the Romantic style.

Many great composers lived through this era, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list also includes:

* Mily Balakirev
* Hector Berlioz
* Georges Bizet
* Alexander Borodin
* Johannes Brahms
* Anton Bruckner
* Claude Debussy
* Antonín Dvořák
* Mikhail Glinka
* Edvard Grieg
* Scott Joplin
* Alexandre Levy
* Gustav Mahler
* Felix Mendelssohn
* Modest Mussorgsky
* Jacques Offenbach
* Niccolò Paganini
* Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
* Gioachino Rossini
* Anton Rubinstein
* Camille Saint-Saëns
* Antonio Salieri
* Franz Schubert
* Robert Schumann
* Alexander Scriabin
* Arthur Sullivan
* Giuseppe Verdi

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 19th century are in *italics*

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1790s** | *1790* | *1791* | *1792* | *1793* | *1794* | *1795* | *1796* | *1797* | *1798* | *1799* |
| **1800s** | *1800* | 1801 | 1802 | 1803 | 1804 | 1805 | 1806 | 1807 | 1808 | 1809 |
| **1810s** | 1810 | 1811 | 1812 | 1813 | 1814 | 1815 | 1816 | 1817 | 1818 | 1819 |
| **1820s** | 1820 | 1821 | 1822 | 1823 | 1824 | 1825 | 1826 | 1827 | 1828 | 1829 |
| **1830s** | 1830 | 1831 | 1832 | 1833 | 1834 | 1835 | 1836 | 1837 | 1838 | 1839 |
| **1840s** | 1840 | 1841 | 1842 | 1843 | 1844 | 1845 | 1846 | 1847 | 1848 | 1849 |
| **1850s** | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 |
| **1860s** | 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 |
| **1870s** | 1870 | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 |
| **1880s** | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 |
| **1890s** | 1890 | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 |
| **1900s** | 1900 | *1901* | *1902* | *1903* | *1904* | *1905* | *1906* | *1907* | *1908* | *1909* |

### Significant People

* Bela Bartok
* Clara Barton
* Otto von Bismarck
* Ludwig van Beethoven
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Alban Berg
* Simón Bolívar
* John Wilkes Booth
* Johannes Brahms
* Luigi Cherubini
* Frederic Chopin
* Empress Dowager Cixi
* Muzio Clementi
* Leon Czolgosz
* Claude Debussy
* Frederick Douglass
* Antonín Dvořák
* Thomas Edison
* Albert Einstein
* Friedrich Engels
* Robert Ford
* Charles J. Guiteau
* Jesse James
* Abraham Lincoln
* Franz Liszt
* David Livingstone
* Karl Marx
* Henry McCarty (Billy the Kid)
* Felix Mendelssohn
* John Stuart Mill
* Napoleon I
* Swami vivekananda
* Franz Schubert
* Robert Schumann
* Johann Strauss II
* Richard Strauss
* Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
* Harriet Tubman
* Giuseppe Verdi
* Richard Wagner