Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Chaïm Soutine

Amedeo Modigliani, *Portrait of Soutine*, 1916
**Chaïm Soutine** (13 January 1893 – 9 August 1943) was a Belarusian expressionist painter who settled in Paris.

## Selected paintings

* *View of Céret*
* *Self-Portrait* (1918)
* *Nude*
* *Le groom* (1925)
* *Paysage aux toits Rouges* (1919)
# Arthur Dove

| Arthur Garfield Dove |
| --- |
| Arthur Dove, *Sails,* 1911/12 |
| Born | (1880-08-02)August 2, 1880 Canandaigua, New York |
| Died | November 23, 1946(1946-11-23) (aged 66) |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Modernism, Abstract art |

Arthur Dove, *Nature Symbolized,* 1911
**Arthur Garfield Dove** (August 2, 1880 – November 23, 1946) was an American artist. An early American modernist, he was the first American abstract painter to be shown publicly. In recent years it has become clear that Manierre Dawson was probably slightly ahead of Dove and Kandinsky in producing pure abstracts.

## Selected paintings by Arthur Dove

* 1911–12
* 1911–12
* *Dark Abstraction*, 1917
* *Clouds and Water*, 1930
* *Moon*, 1935
* "04 PERCENT" 1942
* 1929
* 1935
* 1940
* 1930

* Morgan, Ann Lee 1984. *Arthur Dove: life and work, with a catalogue raisonné*. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0874132223
# African art

**African art** is art made in Africa or by Africans. Although the term itself is debatable, as there are few other continents whose art is grouped in this way, and given the differences between individual countries within Africa, historically art from Africa has often been considered in this way.

## Other websites

* National Museum of African Art Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Inside African art
# F. W. Murnau

| F. W. Murnau |
| --- |
| Murnau circa 1920-1930 |
| Born | Friedrich Wilhelm Plumpe (1888-12-28)December 28, 1888 Bielefeld, Province of Westphalia, German Empire |
| Died | March 11, 1931(1931-03-11) (aged 42) Santa Barbara, California, U.S. |
| Burial place | Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1919–1931 |

**Friedrich Wilhelm "F. W." Murnau** (28 December 1888 – 11 March 1931) was a German movie director. He was one of the most influential directors of the silent movie era. He was born in Bielefeld and attended the University of Heidelberg. He studied art history. He was openly gay. He was 6'4 (193 cm). He was said to have an icy disposition and an obsession with film. He was a combat pilot during World War I. He directed his first movie *Der Knabe in Blau* (English: The Boy in Blue) in 1919.

Murnau's most famous movie is *Nosferatu* (1922). It was based on the book *Dracula*. *Faust* was Murnau's last German movie. *Nosferatu* and *Faust* were two of the first films to have original music. Some of his German movies were considered to be Expressionist movies.

Murnau went to Hollywood in 1926. He joined the Fox Studio. He made *Sunrise* in 1927. It did not make a lot of money. It did receive an Academy Award in 1929. Murnau's next two movies were sound movies. They were not well received. Murnau was disappointed. He quit Fox. He went to the South Pacific. In Bora Bora he made *Tabu*. The movie was censored in the United States for images of bare-breasted Polynesian women. Murnau died in an automobile accident in Santa Barbara, California. He is buried in Stahnsdorf near Berlin.Only 11 people attended his funeral. One of them was Greta Garbo.

## Other websites

* *F. W. Murnau* at AllMovie
* F. W. Murnau on IMDb
# Modernist literature

**Modernist literature** is the literary form of modernism. It does not mean "modern" in the sense of recent in time.

Literary modernism has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a break with traditional styles of poetry and verse. Modernists experimented with literary form and expression. Ezra Pound's maxim was "Make it new". The horrors of the First World War had an effect. Thinkers such as Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx were influential.

Modernist literature was at its height from 1900 to 1940, and featured such authors as Knut Hamsun, Vladimir Nabokov, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Franz Kafka, Joseph Conrad, Virginia Woolf, Andrei Bely, W.B. Yeats, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, D.H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Gertrude Stein, Samuel Beckett, Menno ter Braak, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Mikhail Bulgakov, Robert Frost and Boris Pasternak.

One strand of modernist literature is the concept of *the outsider*. A good survey is the book of this title by Colin Wilson.

## Other websites

* Modernist literature at the Open Directory Project
# Federico García Lorca

| Federico García Lorca |
| --- |
| García Lorca in 1932 |
| Born | Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (1898-06-05)5 June 1898 Fuente Vaqueros, Granada, Andalusia, Spain |
| Died | 19 August 1936(1936-08-19) (aged 38) Near Alfacar, Granada, Spain |
| Occupation | Dramatist, poet, theatre director |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Period | Modernism |
| Literary movement | Generation of '27 |

**Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca**; (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads during the Spanish Civil War. He was gay. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death. The Garcia Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar. However, no human remains were found.

## Related pages

* *Le Monde*'s 100 Books of the Century, a list which includes *Gypsy Ballads*
* List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

* Gibson, Ian (1989). *Federico García Lorca*. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 0571142249. OCLC 21600658.
* Stainton, Leslie (1999). *Lorca: A Dream of Life*. London: Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0374190976. OCLC 246338520.
* Doggart, Sebastian; Michael Thompson, eds. (1999). *Fire, Blood and the Alphabet: One Hundred Years of Lorca*. Durham: University of Durham. ISBN 0907310443. OCLC 43821099.
* Hernandez, Mario (1991). *Line of Light and Shadow: The Drawings of Federico García Lorca*. Translated by Maurer, Christopher. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1122-4.
* Maurer, Christopher (2001) *Federico García Lorca:Selected Poems* Penguin

## Other websites

* The Lorca Foundation Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Huerta De San Vicente, Grandada - The Lorca Family home now a museum
* *Lorca censored to hide sexuality* - article by *The Independent*, 14 March 2009
* LGB biog of García Lorca Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
* *Lorca and Censorship: The Gay Artist Made Heterosexual* Archived 2013-06-22 at the Wayback Machine - essay by Eisenberg, D; FSU
# Louis Kahn

| Louis Kahn |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | (1901-02-20)February 20, 1901 Kuressaare, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire |
| Died | March 17, 1974(1974-03-17) (aged 73) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Parent(s) | Bertha Schmuilowsky Leopold Schmuilowsky |
| Awards | AIA Gold Medal RIBA Gold Medal |
|  |
| Buildings | Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban Yale University Art Gallery Salk Institute Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Phillips Exeter Academy Library Kimbell Art Museum |
| Projects | Center of Philadelphia, Urban and Traffic Study |
|  |

**Louis Isadore Kahn** (born **Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky**) (March 5 [O.S. February 20] 1901 – March 17, 1974) was an Estonian-born American architect. His career was set in Philadelphia.

He founded his own atelier in 1935. While continuing his private practice, he was a design critic and professor of architecture at Yale School of Architecture from 1947 to 1957. From 1957 until his death, he was a professor of architecture at the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania.

Kahn died of a heart attack on March 17, 1974 in a bathroom at Penn Station in Manhattan, aged 73.
# Henryk Gorecki

Henryk Gorecki
**Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki** (6 December 1933—12 November 2010) was a Polish composer. His most famous work was his *Symphony No. 3*, the *Symphony of Sorrowful Songs*, written in 1992. More than one million recordings have been sold which makes it the most popular recording by a contemporary composer, getting to number 6 on the British album charts.

In 2010 Gorecki was given The Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honour.
# Metamodernism

**Metamodernism** is a term that describes a way of thinking in academia that goes further than postmodernism. Metamodernism involves mixing modernist and postmodernist ideas, and sometimes even older, traditional ones. Metamodernists think that the negative approach of postmodernism of denying all ideas of truth is limited because it does not give a way forward much of the time. They also feel that the modernist idea of making new ideas has its benefits for being more optimistic than postmodernism. Metamodernists think the modernist ideas are not enough though, saying that postmodernism is useful as it keeps us alert. It is one of the ways to explain what comes after postmodernism.

Imagine a swing going back and forth. That's how some people think about metamodernism. It moves between the serious feelings of modernism and the sarcastic feelings of postmodernism. Others, like philosopher Jason Storm, say that metamodernism is not a swing going back and forth, but a spiral which spirals upwards. Jason Storm said that postmodernism is more like a spiral which goes downwards. That means that rather than criticising ideas (postmodernism), building on them while also criticising them (metamodernism).

Metamodernists choose to swing back and forth between modernism and postmodernism This is to avoid the negative aspects of either getting in the way of progress. For example, they might cause people to not listen to each other.
In short, metamodernism is a way of thinking and creating that mixes and moves between being alert and being heartfelt, trying to understand and express the complex and connected world we live in today.

## Early Ideas

The word "metamodern" first popped up in 1975 with Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, talking about new ways of writing stories in America. Over the years, different people used "metamodern" to describe new art and literature that mixed modernism and postmodernism.

Back in 2002, Linda Hutcheon said we needed a new name for what was coming after postmodernism. She felt postmodernism was ending and challenged people to find a new name for the current cultural phase.

## Examples

In 2010, Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker wrote about metamodernism. Vermeulen and van den Akker are considered two of the main thinkers of metamodernism. They noticed a mix of old and new ideas in culture, like a swing between hope and sarcasm. They thought of metamodernism as a mix of old and new feelings, like being both naive and smart at the same time. They listed lots of examples in their work like the architecture of Herzog & de Meuron, the films of David Lynch, and art by Bas Jan Ader, Peter Doig, Olafur Eliasson, Kaye Donachie, Charles Avery, and Ragnar Kjartansson.

Some filmmakers have started using the word to explain the films they are making. One example is the oscar-winning film Everything Everywhere All at Once, where the directors The Daniels said they wanted to make a metamodern film. In the film, they achieve this by writing a story about a mom and daughter pair who are struggling, showing how they try to solve tensions between old and a new ways of thinking and living in the modern world.
# Peter Cosgrove

| His Excellency General the Honourable Sir Peter Cosgrove AK, MC |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 26th Governor-General of Australia |
| **In office** 28 March 2014 – 1 July 2019 |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Tony Abbott Malcolm Turnbull Scott Morrison |
| Preceded by | Dame Quentin Bryce |
| Succeeded by | David Hurley |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | Peter John Cosgrove  (1947-07-28) 28 July 1947 Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Spouse(s) | Lynne, Lady Cosgrove |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence | Government House, Canberra |
| Alma mater | Royal Military College, Duntroon |
| Military service |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch/service | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1965–2005 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Chief of the Defence Force (2002–05) Chief of Army (2000–02) International Force for East Timor (1999–00) 1st Division (1998–99) 6th Brigade (1992–93) 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1983–84) |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War International Force for East Timor |
| Awards | Knight of the Order of Australia Military Cross *Complete list* |

General (Australia) **Sir Peter John Cosgrove**, AK, MC (born 28 July 1947) is a retired senior Australian Army officer. He was the 26th Governor-General of Australia from 2014 to 2019.

## Other websites

* Cosgrove bio Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, Australian War Memorial
* Cosgrove bio, www.icmi.com.au
* Pictorial bio, www.diggerhistory.info
# Government bond

A **government bond** is a financial bond issued by a government.

If the bond is issued in a currency that the government controls then it defines the risk-free rate of return for that currency. This is because governments control money supply; they control the issue or printing of money.

Bonds issued by the British government are usually referred to as **gilts** and those issued by the U.S. government are usually called **treasuries**, short for "Treasury Note". Alongside bonds issued by the Japanese government and the E.U. central bank, these are the world's most stable and reliable securities.

Governments of many other countries must borrow in currencies that they do not control - this makes their bonds more risky and has led to debt crises in countries like Argentina and Greece.

Because they are considered zero risk, government bonds have an essential role in the financial system. For example, banks and insurance companies are legally required to hold them as collateral against their liabilities.
# Austerity

**Austerity measures** (political-economics) are government actions that try to reduce government budget deficits. They do this by spending less, increasing tax, both, or some other clever ways.

Austerity measures are used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts. The measures are meant to reduce the budget deficit by bringing government revenue closer to spending.

In most macroeconomic models, austerity policies generally increase unemployment as government spending falls. Decreased government spending reduces public and maybe private employment. Also, tax increases can reduce consumption by cutting household disposable income. Some say that reducing spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio because government expenditure itself is a part of GDP.

For example, after the Great Recession, austerity measures in many European countries were followed by increasing unemployment and debt-to-GDP ratios despite smaller budget deficits. When an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise. This results in a reduction in private investment. This then reduces economic growth. Where there is excess capacity, the stimulus can result in an increase in employment and output.

## Related pages

* Functional finance
* Neoliberalism
* Planned shrinkage
* Trickle-down economics

## Other websites

* The Austerity Zone: Life in the New Europe – videos by *The New York Times*
* Socialist Studies Special Edition on Austerity (2011)
* Panic-driven austerity in the Eurozone and its implications Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji, 21 February 2013 Archived 23 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
* NYT Review of Books – Paul Krugman – How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled – June 2013
* IMF Working Paper-Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh-Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers-January 2013
* How Austerity Kills. *The New York Times.* 12 May 2013.
* *The Austerity Delusion; Why a Bad Idea Won Over the West* May/June 2013 Foreign Affairs
* Video: Richard Koo debates Kenneth Rogoff about the need for austerity, Institute for New Economic Thinking inaugural conference, 22 April 2010
* *"Debt may be 'Schuld' in German, but it's 'belief' in Italian and 'faith' in English"* Interview with Mark Blyth Science Portal L.I.S.A., 26 January 2015
* Austerity’s Greek Death Toll: Study Connects Strict Measures to Rise in Suicides. *Truthdig.* 4 February 2015.
* Hundreds of mental health experts issue rallying call against austerity. *The Guardian.* 17 April 2015.
* Juice Rap News (April 2015). The EuroDivision Contest, a satire/parody of austerity
* Is austerity the new normal? A look at Greece and France, Tony Cross
* Life Under Austerity. *Jacobin.* 12 July 2015.
* Austerity policies do more harm than good, IMF study concludes. *The Guardian.* 27 May 2016.
* When left-leaning parties support austerity, their voters start to embrace the far right. *The Washington Post*. November 20, 2018
# Life (magazine)

Life was an American magazine published weekly until 1972. It later published monthly from 1978 until 2000. During its golden age from 1936 to 1972, *Life* was a wide-ranging weekly general interest magazine known for the quality of its photography.

After 2000, Time Inc. continued to use the *Life* brand for special issues. *Life* returned as a weekly newspaper from 2004 to 2007.

On January 30, 2012, the LIFE.com URL became a photo channel on Time.com.
# Florida land boom of the 1920s

The **Florida land boom of the 1920s** was the first real estate bubble in Florida. It happened between 1924 to 1926. It attracted investors from all over the United States and around the world. It left behind new properties in Florida. Some of these properties were racially segregated for many years.

The main cities affected by this economic bubble were Miami Beach, Coral Gables, Hialeah, Miami Springs, Opa-locka, Miami Shores, and Hollywood, Florida. It also left behind failed projects such as Aladdin City, the original plan of Boca Raton, Chevelier, Fulford-by-the-Sea, Interocean City, Isola di Lolando, Okeelanta, Palm Beach Ocean, Poinciana, and Sun City.

The economic bubble made new cities. It ended in a financial collapse that ruined many investors and property owners. It made the local economy worse for many years after.

## Background and history

Devastation after the Miami hurricane of 1926
The economic growth in the 1920s, along with a lack of knowledge of weather conditions and bad building standards started it. People outside of the United States pictured Miami as a tropical paradise. More tourists began to visit Miami or immigrate to Miami.

By 1925, investors were beginning to read negative articles about Florida investments. *Forbes* magazine wrote that Florida land prices were based on no real land value. The Internal Revenue Service began to say that the economic bubble was as a big sham operation. In October 1925, the main railroad companies in Florida stopped sending many products to the state. Also in 1925, Florida began to pass laws to control real estate. One law was that salespeople had to have licenses and offices. This caused more demand for office spaces.

The city's image as a tropical paradise began to crumble. In May 1926, the boom was about to end. The 1926 Miami hurricane ended the boom, and the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane completely stopped it.

## Other websites

* University of South Florida Libraries: *Suniland* *Suniland* (published between 1924 and 1926) was distributed across Florida and beyond. The magazine both promoted and documented the land boom in Florida.
# COVID-19 recession

Coronavirus recession| Map showing real GDP growth rates in 2020, as projected by the International Monetary Fund |
| Date | 20 February 2020 – present |
| Location | Worldwide |
| Type | Global recession |
| Cause | * COVID-19 pandemic-induced market instability and lockdown
 |
| Outcome | * Sharp rise in unemployment
* 2020 stock market crash
* Collapse of the tourism industry
* Collapse of the hospitality industry
* Collapse of the price of oil
* Destabilization and collapse of the energy industry
* Increase in government debt
* Major downturn in consumer activity
* Market liquidity crisis
 |

The **coronavirus recession**, also known as the **Great Lockdown** or **Great Shutdown**, was a major global economic recession affecting the world economy in 2020 during and as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The recession caused the largest economic downturn since the Great Depression. It began in most countries in February 2020. On 14 April 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that all of the G7 nations had already entered or were entering into what was called a "deep recession". The IMF stated that the economic decline is "far worse" than that of the Great Recession in 2009.

## The numbers

The pandemic has led to more than a third of the world's population being placed on lockdown to stop the spread of COVID-19. This has caused severe economic downfalls for economies across the world, following soon after a global economic slowdown during 2019 that saw a lowering numbers in stock markets worldwide.

The United Nations (UN) predicted in April 2020 that global unemployment will wipe out 6.7 per cent of working hours globally in the second quarter of 2020—equivalent to 195 million full-time workers.

## Other effects

The recession saw the fall of the price of oil caused by the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war, the collapse of the tourism industry, hospitality industry, energy industry, and a large decrease in consumer activity.

Global stock markets crashed around 20 to 30% during late February and March 2020. During the crash, global stock markets had many swings, mainly due to uncertainty in the markets.
# Boomtown

Canvas tents in South Melbourne, during the gold rush of the 1850s. So many people arrived that there were not enough buildings for them to live in.
A **boom town** is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost towns.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons. This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction.

Some examples of California boom towns are Columbia (not the country) and San Francisco.
# Gay liberation

**Gay liberation** is a movement that encourages gay people and lesbians to "come out". The movement happened mostly in the 1960s and 1970s. To come out means to publicly show one's sexual orientation to family, friends and others. The movement involved LGBT in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Western Europe.

The Stonewall riots of 1969 led up to the new movement. Gays and lesbians began to protest bad treatment. They began to "come out" because they were angry and upset.
# District attorney

In most areas of the United States, a **district attorney** is the elected or appointed official that prosecutes (makes a case against) criminal offenses.

In the United Kingdom, district attorneys are called Crown Prosecutors.