Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Israel Defense Forces

Emblem of the IDF
Israel's military is called the **Israel Defense Forces** (shortened: *IDF*) (Hebrew: צָבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל) *Tzva HaHagana LeYisrael*), *"Army for the Defense of Israel".* It is known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym צה"ל, (**Tzahal**). It includes the Israel Army, Air Force, and Navy.

Since 1967, the IDF has had a close relationship with the United States. The IDF is believed to have maintained nuclear weapons, possibly possessing between 80 and 400 nuclear warheads.

## IDF Corps

Flag of the IDF
The army has the following corps:

**Ground Arm Infantry Corps
	+ 1st Golani Brigade
	+ 35th Paratroopers Brigade
	+ 84th Nahal Brigade
	+ 89th Commando Brigade
	+ 900th Kfir Brigade
	+ 933rd Givati Brigade
* Armored corps
	+ 7th Sa'ar Armored Brigade
	+ 188th Barak Armored Brigade
	+ 401st Ikvot HaBarzel Armored Brigade
	+ 460th Sons of Light Armored Brigade
* Artillery Corps
* Combat Engineering Corps
* Combat Intelligence Collection Corps

## Other websites

* Official website Archived 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
Official website (in Hebrew)
* BBC: Israel undercover
* Israeli Weapons Archived 2018-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Statistics about IDF ratio of thwarting suicide bombing attacks Archived 2004-03-31 at the Wayback Machine (link to DOC file)
* Defense-Update Online Magazine
* Haaretz report: "From 40 attacks per quarter to 5 attacks per quarter" :English Archived 2004-04-20 at the Wayback Machine - Hebrew Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine - Graph 1: Thwarted attacks (yellow) vs successful attacks (red) - Graph 2: Suicide bombing within the "green line" per quarter .
* War Online - military analysis and military history of the Middle East, especially IDF (in Russian and English)
* The Israeli Military and Israel's Palestinian Policy: From Oslo to the Al Aqsa Intifada Archived 2006-08-14 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Institute of Peace, December 2002
* Israel Military Forum Archived 2018-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
# People's Army of Vietnam

The **People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN**) is the military of modern-day Vietnam. It was also the military of communist North Vietnam during the First Indochina War and the Vietnam War. Non-communist fighters called it the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War and the **North Vietnamese Army (NVA)** during the Vietnam War. The NVA is not to be confused with the Viet Cong because the Viet Cong were South Vietnamese who fought for North Vietnam. During the Vietnam War, the NVA made a system of trails (mostly in Laos and Cambodia) called the Ho Chi Minh Trail. This was made to send NVA soldiers into South Vietnam and to give Viet Cong support to fight against non-communist soldiers.
# Tuareg people

Tuareg| *Kel Tamasheq* ⴾⵍⵜⵎⴰⵣⵗⵜ طوارق |
| --- |
| A Tuareg man |
| Total population |
| c. **3 million** |
| Regions with significant populations |
|  Niger | 2,116,988 (8.7% of its total population) |
|  Mali | 536,557 (2.6% of its total population) |
|  Burkina Faso | 370,738 (1.85% of its total population) |
|  Algeria | 25,000–150,000 (0.36% of its total population) |
|  Tunisia | 2,000 (nomadic, 0.018% of its total population) |
| Languages |
| Tuareg languages (Tafaghist, Tamahaq, Tamasheq, Tamajeq, Tawellemmet), Maghrebi Arabic, French, Hassaniya Arabic |
| Religion |
| Islam |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Other Berbers, Hausa people  |

The **Tuareg** (Arabic: طوارق, sometimes spelled *Touareg* in French, or *Twareg* in English) are a Berber ethnic group. The Tuareg today lives mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads that moved throughout the Sahara. They used their own writing known as the tifinaɤ.

Today most Tuaregs are Muslim. Their most important leader was a woman. Tuareg men use veils, but not women. Their families are matrilinear.
# Zaire

| Republic of Zairea**République du ZaïreRepubuliki ya ZaïreJamhuri ya Zaïre** |
| --- |
| 1971–1997 |
|
Flag

Coat of arms

 |
| **Motto:Paix – Justice – Travail*   "Peace – Justice – Work" |
| **Anthem:La Zaïroise* "The Song of Zaire"  |
|  |
| Capital | Kinshasa |
| Common languages | French Lingala **·** Kongo Swahili **·** Tshiluba |
| Religion  | Christianity, Baluba religion, Bantu religion |
| Demonym(s) | Zairian |
| Government | Mobutist one-party republicc under a *de facto* military dictatorshipd |
| President |   |
|  |
| • 1971–1997  | Mobutu Sese Seko |
|  |
| Historical era | Cold War |
|  |
| • Coup d'état  | 25 November 1965 |
| • Country renamed  | 27 October 1971 |
| • Mobutu overthrown  | 16 May 1997 |
| • Death of Mobutu  | 7 September 1997 |
|  |
| Area |
| 1996 | 2,345,410 km2 (905,570 sq mi) |
| Population |
|  |
| • 1996  | 46498539 |
|  |
| Currency | Zaïre |
| Time zone | CET / EET |
| Calling code | 243 |
| Internet TLD | .zr |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo |  |

 |

 |
| Today part of |  DR Congo |
| a. Renamed from "Democratic Republic of the Congo" (*République démocratique du Congo*) on 27 October 1971. b. Changed from "Léopoldville" in 1966. c. Zaire became a *de jure* one-party state on December 23, 1970, but had been a *de facto* one-party state since May 20, 1967, the date on which the MPR (*Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution*) was established. Zaire formally adopted a multiparty system on April 24, 1990, when Mobutu delivered a speech proclaiming the end of the one-party system. The country adopted multipartyism *de jure* with the passage of Law No. 90-002 of July 5, 1990, which amended its constitution accordingly. d. 1990–1997. |

**Zaire**, officially the **Republic of Zaire** (French: *République du Zaïre*) was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It used this name from 27 November 1971 to 17 May 1997. The name "Zaire" comes from a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo word *nzare*, meaning "river".
# Zastava M84

|  Zastava M84  |
| --- |
| The Zastava M84 displayed on a tripod |
| Type | General purpose machine gun |
| Place of origin |  Yugoslavia |
| Service history |
| In service | 1980s–now |
| Used by | See Users |
| Wars | Yugoslav Wars |
| Production history |
| Designer | Zastava Arms |
| Designed | 1980s |
| Manufacturer | Zastava Arms |
| Produced | 1980s–now |
| Variants | M84 M86 |
| Specifications |
| Mass | 8.8 kg (19 lb) |
| Length | 1,175 mm (46.3 in) |
| Barrel length | 658 mm (25.9 in) |
|

---

 |
| Cartridge | 7.62×54mmR |
| Action | Gas-operated (rotating bolt) |
| Rate of fire | 700-800 rounds per minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 825 m/s |
| Effective firing range | 1000 m |
| Feed system | Belt fed with 100 and 250 round belts |
| Sights | Adjustable iron sights, optional mount required for optical sights |

The **Zastava M84** is a general purpose machine gun made from Yugoslavia during the 1980s and is currently manufactured from Serbia. The M84 is a copy of the Soviet PKM general purpose machine gun.

## Variants

* M84: The standard M84 is intended for infantry use, and is derived from the Soviet PKM. It differs from the PK-series in that it has a solid wooden stock and an unfluted barrel. It is also configured for tripod mounting (like the PKMS) and comes with a scope mount (like the PKMSN).
* M86: The M86 variant is based on the PKT, and is designed to mount as a coaxial weapon on tanks and other combat vehicles. The stock, bipod, and iron sights are omitted from this version, and it includes a heavier barrel and electric trigger.

## Users

* Afghanistan
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Iraq
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Slovenia

## Gallery

* A Zastava M84/3
* A Zastava M84
* Side view of the light machine gun Zastava M84.
* A Zastava M84 with telescopic sight

## Other websites

* Official website of Zastava Arms
* Zastava M84
# Sid Meier

| Sid Meier |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | February 24 1954 Sarnia, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation | Game developer |
| Spouse | Susan Meier |
| Children | Ryan Meier |

Sid Meier (born on February 24, 1954, in Sarnia, Ontario) is a Canadian-American video game developer, most well-known for his turn-based strategy games. He founded Microprose in 1982, with Bill Stealey. In 1996, he left Microprose and joined Firaxis Games.

## Games

* *Gunship* (1986)
* *Railroad Tycoon* (1990)
* *Civilization* (1991)
* *Colonization* (1994)
* *Civilization II* (1996)
* *Alpha Centauri* (1999)
* *Civilization III* (2001)
* *Civilization IV* (2005)
* *Civilization V* (2010)
* *Civilization VI* (2016)

## Other websites

* Sid Meier on IMDb
# Mail art

Mail art by György Galántai, 1981
**Mail art** (also known as **postal art** and **correspondence art**) is a popular form of art. It involves sending small scale art works of art through the mail. Media commonly used in mail art includes postcards, paper, rubber stamps, and logos. It can also include anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via postal service.

## Related pages

* Contemporary art
* Mail
# Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2

| Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2 |
| --- |
| Developer(s) | iNiS |
| Publisher(s) | Nintendo |
| Series | Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan  |
| Engine | *Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan* engine |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo DS |
| Release | * JP: May 17, 2007
 |
| Genre(s) | Rhythm |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, Multiplayer |

Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2 (燃えろ！熱血リズム魂　押忍！闘え！応援団２, *Moero! Nekketsu Rizumu-damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ōendan Tsū*; lit. "Burn! Hot-Blooded Rhythm Spirit: Hey! Fight! Cheer Squad 2") is a rhythm video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the third game in its series, after *Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan* and *Elite Beat Agents*, both for the DS.

## Track list

♪ - denotes that the track is performed by the original artist.
1. Sukima Switch - "*Zenryoku Shōnen*" (全力少年; literally "Full-powered Boy")
2. Kaela Kimura - "*Rirura Riruha*" (リルラ リルハ; an abbreviation of "Real Life Real Heart")
3. FLOW - "*Okuru Kotoba*" (贈る言葉; literally "Words to Give You")
4. Ken Hirai - "Pop Star"
5. Hitomi Yaida - "Go my way"
6. The Checkers - "Julia *ni* Heartbreak" (ジュリアに傷心, *Juria ni Hātobureiku*; literally "Heartbroken for Julia")
7. Going Under Ground - "VISTA" ♪
8. Home Made Kazoku - "*Shōnen* Heart" (少年ハート, *Shōnen Hāto*; literally "Boyish Heart")
9. mihimaru GT - "*Kibun Jōjō* ↑↑" (気分上々↑↑; literally "Best Feeling")
10. Tomoyasu Hotei - "Bambina" (バンビーナ, *Banbīna*)
11. SMAP - "Bang! Bang! *Vacances!*" (BANG! BANG! バカンス!, *BANG! BANG! Bakansu!*; "*vacances*" being a French language word for "vacation")
12. Ai - "Believe"
13. Kishidan - "*Zoku*" (族; literally "Family")
14. Porno Graffitti - "Music Hour" (ミュージック・アワー, *Myūjikku Awā*)
15. Hyde - "Countdown"
16. Sambomaster - "*Sekai wa Sore o Ai to Yobundaze*" (世界はそれを愛と呼ぶんだぜ; literally "That's What the World Calls Love!")
17. Orange Range - "Monkey Magic" [Bonus]
18. Nana starring Mika Nakashima - "Glamorous Sky" [Bonus]
19. ZZ - "Samurai Blue" (サムライブルー, *Samurai Burū*) ♪ [Bonus]
# Acronym

An **acronym** is a word whose letters are the first letters of other words. People often create a short acronym that means the same thing as a much longer phrase (set of words). This is faster and shorter to say than the long phrase.

## Examples

* COBOL - **CO**mmon **B**usiness **O**riented **L**anguage
* LASER - **L**ight **A**mplification through **S**timulated **E**mmission of **R**adiation
* QUANGO - **Qu**asi-**a**utonomous **n**on-**g**overnmental **o**rganisation
* RADAR - **RA**dio **D**etecting **A**nd **R**anging
* SARS - **S**evere **A**cute **R**espiratory **S**yndrome
* SCUBA - **S**elf-**C**ontained **U**nderwater **B**reathing **A**pparatus
* SNAFU - **S**ituation **N**ormal: **A**ll **F**ouled **U**p

An acronym usually must be able to be spoken as word. Other abbreviations such as ASAP (**a**s **s**oon **a**s **p**ossible), USA (the **U**nited **S**tates of **A**merica), ECU (**E**uropean **C**urrency **U**nit), FBI (**F**ederal **B**ureau of **I**nvestigation), NBA (**N**ational **B**asketball **A**ssociation) have combinations of letters that are not pronounced as a single word. People just say the letters, one after another.

These three-letter acronyms, and some more obscure four-letter ones such as ISDN are more often called initialisms. The word "acronym" comes from the Greek *acro* "extreme" and *onymous* "name".

## Extremes

The world's longest acronym, according to the *Guinness Book of World Records* is NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT (Russian: Нииомтплабопармбетжелбетрабсбомонимонконотдтехстромонт). It is 56 letters long (54 in Cyrillic). It is from the *Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology* and means "the Laboratory for Shuttering, Reinforcement, Concrete and Ferroconcrete Operations for Composite-monolithic and Monolithic Constructions of the Department of Technology of Building Assembly Operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for Building Mechanization and Technical Aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the USSR."

## Related pages

* Initialism
* Abbreviation
* List of acronyms and initialisms

## Other websites

* Acronyms at the Open Directory Project
* Acronym Finder - an acronym website with many ways to search for acronyms.
* All Acronyms - a website with many acronyms
# Battle of Messines

| Battle of Messines |
| --- |
| Part of the Western Front of the First World War |
|  Map of the battle. This shows the front on 7 June and all action until 14 June. |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 7 – 14 June 1917 |
| Location | Flanders, Belgium |
| Result |
Allied victory |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  United Kingdom
 Australia
 New Zealand |  German Empire |
| Commanders and leaders |
|  Herbert Plumer  Alexander Godley  Alexander Hamilton-Gordon  Thomas Morland |  Sixt von Armin |
| Strength |
|
12 divisions 216,000 men total |
5 divisions 126,000 men total |
| Casualties and losses |
|
17,000 |
25,000 |

The **Battle of Messines** was a battle which happened in the Western front of the First World War. It began on 7 June 1917 when the British Second Army, which was commanded by General Herbert Plumer, attacked near the village of Mesen (Messines) in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack was meant to capture a ridge which ran north from Messines village, past Wytschaete village. This ridge was a natural place where you could keep safe southeast of Ypres. One thing which happened during the battle which was unusual was that 19 mines were set off just before the infantry attack. This was a tactic which made German defences disorganised. This allowed the troops to do what they were supposed to do very quickly. The attack also came before the much larger battle, the Third Battle of Ypres, usually known as Passchendaele, which began on 31 July 1917.
# Infiltration tactics

v. Hutier
*Operation Michael* 1918
Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the *Shock-Troops-Taktiks* in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as *Sturmbataillon Rohr* and became about one year later renamed by the *Prussian Minister of War* to *Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr)*.

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".

## Operation Michael

In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael. At the beginning on 21 March 1918, thee Germans launched an attack with three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.
# Robert K. Massie

**Robert Kinloch Massie III** (January 5, 1929 – December 2, 2019) was an American historian and biographer. His career focused on the history of the House of Romanov, Russia's imperial family from 1613 to 1917. He was born in Versailles, Kentucky. He won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for Biography for *Peter the Great: His Life and World*. From 1987 to 1991, Massie was President of the Authors Guild, and he served as an *ex officio* council member.

Massie died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on December 2, 2019 in Irvington, New York at the age of 90.
# Dodgeball

A row of dodgeballs
**Dodgeball** is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.

Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools.

Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film *Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story* (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, *Extreme Dodgeball*.
# Croquet

Croquet being played in Wetherby, West Yorkshire.
**Croquet** is a sport. It was officially registered by Isaac Spratt in November 1856. It involves hitting plastic or wooden balls with a mallet through hoops (often called "wickets" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court.
# Simon Says

The game of **Simon Says** is a childrens game. It is played in many parts of the world.

## How to play

One player is "Simon" and gives instructions to other players. Players should only follow instructions if "Simon" first says, "Simon says...". Players are eliminated if they follow any instruction that does not begin with "Simon says..." Examples would be instructions such as "Simon says touch your nose" or "Simon says jump on one foot". Players are eliminated until just one is left. The winner of the game is the player who has followed all the instructions correctly.
# National sport

A **national sport** is a sport or game that was invented and firstly played by citizens of the same country or nation. It also means the game or sport has a long history of popularity in the country or nation.
Each country has its own national sport.
# International rules football

International rules football| An international rules football match at the Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, between Australia and Ireland |
| Highest governing body | * Australian Football League
* Gaelic Athletic Association
 |
| Nicknames | IR, International rules, Compromise rules |
| First played | 1967 (Australian Football World Tour) |
| Characteristics |
| Contact | Yes |
| Team members | 15 |
| Mixed sex | Single (male only at elite level) |
| Type | Outdoor |
| Equipment | Gaelic football |
| Presence |
| Olympic | No |
| Paralympic | No |

**International rules football** (Irish: *peil na rialacha idirnáisiunta*) is a team sport that is a hybrid of two football codes: Australian rules football and Gaelic football. It was created for the International Rules Series, where Australia and Ireland play each other.

## Related pages

* Comparison of Gaelic football and Australian rules football
	+ Irish experiment
* List of countries playing Australian rules football
	+ List of national Australian rules football teams
* List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland
# Wheelchair rugby

A view of wheelchair rugby union game from a game between Canada and the United States
**Wheelchair rugby** is the name for some team sports. The players are disabled. It is played in over 25 countries around the world. It is played in the Summer Paralympic Games. Games are played on a basketball court. The goal of the game is to get a "try" by taking a ball over the end line. Players from both sides are in specific wheelchairs.

The game is played by either three, four or five players on each team. The oldest game is played with four players on each side. The game of fours was originally named "**Murderball**", due to how dangerous the game can be. This is also called **quad rugby** in the United States.

## History

Wheelchair rugby was created to be a sport for persons with quadriplegia. In 1976, five Canadian wheelchair athletes made the game:Gerry Terwin, Duncan Campbell, Randy Dueck, Paul LeJeune and Chris Sargent. Wheelchair users played mostly wheelchair basketball at that time. But, that game sometimes needed more mobility than someone with quadriplegia might have.

The new game was created to have more roles for players with limited mobility. The original game, created by the Canadian athletes was four-on-four. Three years later, the game was first played outside of Canada. The first international tournament was held in 1982, with teams from North America. By the end of the 1980s, international tournaments included teams from Great Britain. It had also reached Australia.

In 1990, wheelchair rugby was shown at the World Wheelchair Games. By 1993, there were 15 countries competing. In 1994, the game was recognised by the International Paralympic Committee. The first World Wheelchair Rugby Championships was played in 1995. It was also played as an exhibition at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. It has since been played at every Paralympic Games.

## Playing countries

Countries playing wheelchair rugby
There are thirty-one active countries playing wheelchair rugby and twenty-six more developing national teams, divided into three zones:

International Competing Countries| Zone number | Area | Country |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Americas | Argentina |
| Brazil |
| Canada |
| Chile |
| Colombia |
| Paraguay |
| United States |
| 2 | Europe | Austria |
| Czech Republic |
| Denmark |
| Finland |
| France |
| Germany |
| Great Britain |
| Ireland |
| Israel |
| Italy |
| Netherlands |
| Poland |
| Russia |
| Spain |
| Sweden |
| Switzerland |
| 3 | Asia / Oceania | Australia |
| India |
| Japan |
| Korea |
| Malaysia |
| New Zealand |
| South Africa |
| Thailand |

* Sports for the disabled