Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Valencian pilota

Valencian pilota match
*Pilota Valenciana* or **Valencian pilota** (*pilota* means *ball* in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.

Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).

The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net.
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

## History

"*Joc de pilota*", 1881, llargues.
Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque *laxoa*, French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

*Jeu de paume* is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many *tripots* (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the *Valencian pilota* sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his *Dialogues* and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

## Other websites

* Valencian pilota federation
* News about Valencian pilota Archived 2007-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
* News and shop about Valencian pilota Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Online one-on-one *Escala i corda* game, videos and 3D views of a *trinquet* Archived 2007-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Personal site of Pedro, a Valencian pilotari Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
* II Handball World Meeting Archived 2009-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
* History of the Pilota, PDF Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

## Videos

* Youtube: 7 videos featuring the 1993 Escala i Corda Individual final match, Genovés I vs. Sarasol I
* Pilota valenciana: Joc i tradició. 15 minutes documentary
# Mount Scopus

| Mount Scopus |
| --- |
| **Hebrew:** "Har HaTsofim" |
| The Hebrew University of Jerusalem on the top of the mountain |
| Highest point |
| Elevation | 826 m (2,710 ft) |
| Listing | Judaean Mountains |
| Coordinates | ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Geography |
| Location | Jerusalem |

**Mount Scopus** (Hebrew: הַר הַצּוֹפִים *Har HaTsofim*; Arabic: جبل المشارف, Ǧabal al-Mašārif) is a mountain in Jerusalem. It is north-east of the Old City. The mountain is 826 metres (2,710 ft) above the sea. The land is considered an exclave of Israel, surrounded by the West Bank. It was captured from Jordan in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

The cemetery of the American Colony in Jerusalem is near the entrance to the Hebrew University.

## Gallery

* Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Mount Scopus campus
* National Botanic Gardens
* Jerusalem British War Cemetery
* Tomb of Nicanor
* Hadassah Medical Center - Mount Scopus
* Bezalel Academy of Art and Design
* Jerusalem American Colony Cemetery
* Bentwich Cemetery

## Other websites

* Jerusalem Photos Portal Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine - Mount Scopus
# 1,000,000,000

| 1000000000 |
| --- |
|  List of numbers — Integers ← 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 |
| Cardinal | One billion (short scale) One thousand million, or one milliard (long scale) |
| Ordinal | One billionth (short scale) |
| Factorization | 29 · 59 |
| Greek numeral |  WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0  |
| Roman numeral | M |
| Binary | 1110111001101011001010000000002 |
| Ternary | 21202002000210100013 |
| Quaternary | 3232122302200004 |
| Quinary | 40220000000005 |
| Senary | 2431212453446 |
| Octal | 73465450008 |
| Duodecimal | 23AA9385412 |
| Hexadecimal | 3B9ACA0016 |
| Vigesimal | FCA000020 |
| Base 36 | GJDGXS36 |

**1,000,000,000** is the natural number after 999,999,999 and before 1,000,000,001. In the short scale, it is called one billion, but in the long scale, it is called one thousand million or one milliard (oo yard). One billion is sometimes written as **B** or **bn**. And is a 1k×1m

## Referenced
# The London Gazette

**The *London Gazette , front page from Monday 3–10 September 1666, reporting on the Great Fire of London. (Click image to enlarge and read).
The London Gazette is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK. The *London Gazette* claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper. It was first published on 7 November 1665. It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories. The *London Gazette* is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The Gazette is being put online and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.

## History

The *London Gazette*, dated 14-17 May 1705 detailing the return of John Leake from Gibraltar after the Battle of Cabrita point.
The *London Gazette* was first published as the *Oxford Gazette* on 7 November 1665. Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill. When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the *Gazette* moved too. The first issue of the *London Gazette* (labelled No. 24) was published on 5 February 1666. The *Gazette* was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers. It was not printed for sale to the general public.

## Traditions

In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the *London Gazette*. People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.

Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt. Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the *Gazette*.

## Other websites

* London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes Archived 2010-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
* TSO (The Stationery Office)
# Megali Idea

The **Megali Idea** was an idea in Greek nationalism since the end of the Byzantine Empire. The goal of Megali Idea was the liberation of all Greek-inhabited lands occupied by Ottoman Empire.
# Second Industrial Revolution

The **Second Industrial Revolution** was a period when advances in steel production, electricity and petroleum caused a series of innovations that changed society. With the production of cost effective steel, railroads were expanded and more industrial machines were built. Women become a bigger part of the work industry, getting jobs as white collar workers including secretaries and clerks.

Also it was the period when many cities got clean water supplies. This controlled cholera epidemics and other water-carried diseases. This revolution transformed much of the world. It was ended by World War I.

## Related pages

* Belle Époque
* Gilded Age
* Progressive Era
# Mass Effect 2

*Mass Effect 2* booth at PAX 2009
Mass Effect 2 is a video game for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. It is made by Electronic Arts. It is the sequel to *Mass Effect* and comes before *Mass Effect 3*. It is an action role-playing game. It is a third-person shooter game.

## Gameplay

Save data from the first game can be used to influence choices made in this game.

## Reception

The game was critically acclaimed.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Blade Runner

| Blade Runner |
| --- |
| Official Logo |
| Directed by | Ridley Scott |
| Screenplay by | * Hampton Fancher
* David Peoples
 |
| Based on | *Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?* by Philip K. Dick |
| Produced by | Michael Deeley |
| Starring | * Harrison Ford
* Rutger Hauer
* Sean Young
* Edward James Olmos
 |
| Cinematography | Jordan Cronenweth |
| Edited by | * Terry Rawlings
* Marsha Nakashima
 |
| Music by | Vangelis |
| Production companies | * The Ladd Company
* Shaw Brothers
* Blade Runner Partnership
 |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * June 25, 1982 (1982-06-25)
 |
| Running time | 117 minutes |
| Countries | United States Hong Kong |
| Budget | $30 million |
| Box office | $32.9 million |

Blade Runner is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dystopian science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. *Blade Runner's* main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.

## Plot

The movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.

## Response

Some movie critics did not like *Blade Runner* because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. *Blade Runner* looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. *Blade Runner* is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures. *Blade Runner* made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.

## Versions

Seven versions of *Blade Runner* exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effects.

## Other websites

* *BRMovie.com* — alt.fan.blade-runner website
	+ Special Edition News Page
	+ Encyclopedia Blade Runner
* BR-Insight — Thoughts of the movie
# EA Sports NASCAR

The **EA Sports NASCAR series** were a series of video games published by EA Sports.

## Games

| Game | Season | Platform(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| NASCAR 98 | 1997 | PlayStation, Sega Saturn |
| NASCAR 99 | 1998 | PlayStation, Nintendo 64 |
| NASCAR Revolution | 1999 | PC |
| NASCAR 2000 | 1999 | PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Game Boy Color, PC |
| NASCAR Rumble | 2000 | PlayStation |
| NASCAR 2001 | 2000 | PlayStation, PlayStation 2 |
| NASCAR Thunder 2002 | 2001 | PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox |
| NASCAR Thunder 2003 | 2002 | PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, PC |
| NASCAR Thunder 2004 | 2003 | PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, PC |
| NASCAR 2005: Chase for the Cup | 2004 | PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube |
| NASCAR SimRacing | 2004 | PC |
| NASCAR 06: Total Team Control | 2005 | PlayStation 2, Xbox |
| NASCAR 07 | 2006 | PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox |
| EA Sports NASCAR Racing | 2007 | Arcade |
| NASCAR 08 | 2007 | PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 |
| NASCAR 09 | 2008 | PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 |
| NASCAR Kart Racing | 2009 | Wii |
# Anime News Network

Anime News Network|  |
| Type of site | News and database |
| Available in | English |
| Headquarters | Quebec, Canada |
| Created by | Justin Sevakis and others |
| URL | www.animenewsnetwork.com |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Required for use of forums or contributing information |
| Launched | August 21, 1998 (1998-08-21) |
| Current status | Active |

**Anime News Network** (**ANN**) is an news website that mostly reports about anime, manga and video games. It was founded in 1998 by Justin Sevakis. The website has a list of anime and manga and the companies and people involved with the production.
# Berenice Abbott

| Berenice Abbott |
| --- |
| Abbott in the 1930s. |
| Born | Bernice Alice Abbott July 17, 1898 (1898-07-17) Springfield, Ohio, US |
| Died | December 9, 1991 (1991-12-10) (aged 93) Monson, Maine, US |
| Resting place | New Blanchard Cemetery, Blanchard, Maine, U.S. |
| Known for | Photography |

**Berenice Abbott** (July 17, 1898 – December 9, 1991) was an American photographer. Her photographs were catched New York landscapes, portraits of cultural figures.

## Other websites

* Berrenice Abbott (The Museum of Modern Art)
# Tony Richardson

| Tony Richardson |
| --- |
| Born | Cecil Antonio Richardson (1928-06-05)5 June 1928 Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 14 November 1991(1991-11-14) (aged 63) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Director
* producer
* writer
 |
| Years active | 1952–1991 |
| Spouse |
Vanessa Redgrave
​ ​(m. 1962; div. 1967)​ |
| Children | 3, including Natasha and Joely Richardson |
| Relatives | Daisy Bevan (granddaughter) |

**Cecil Antonio** "**Tony**" **Richardson** (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English theatre and movie director and producer. His career lasted for fifty years. In 1964 he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the movie *Tom Jones*. He also directed *The Loved One*, during which he worked with established stars including John Gielgud, Rod Steiger and Robert Morse.

He helped pay for the escape of a Wormwood Scrubs prison-imprisoned spy and double agent George Blake in 1966.

## Other websites

* Tony Richardson on IMDb
* BFI: Tony Richardson
* Tony Richardson at Find a Grave
# Stranger Than Paradise

| Stranger Than Paradise |
| --- |
| Directed by | Jim Jarmusch |
| Written by | Jim Jarmusch John Lurie |
| Produced by | Sara Driver |
| Starring | John Lurie Eszter Balint Richard Edson Cecillia Stark |
| Cinematography | Tom DiCillo |
| Edited by | Jim Jarmusch Melody London |
| Music by | John Lurie |
| Production company | Cinesthesia Productions Inc. |
| Distributed by | The Samuel Goldwyn Company |
| Release date | October 1, 1984 |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Countries | United States West Germany |
| Languages | English Hungarian |
| Budget | US$100,000 |
| Box office | $2,436,000 |

Stranger Than Paradise is a 1984 American German comedy movie directed by Jim Jarmusch and starring John Lurie, Eszter Balint, Richard Edson, Cecillia Stark, Tom DiCillo, Sara Driver.

## Other websites

* *Stranger Than Paradise* on IMDb
* *Stranger Than Paradise* at the TCM Movie Database
* *Stranger Than Paradise* at AllMovie
# Late antiquity

**Late antiquity** is a period in European and Mediterranean history. It starts around the end of the 3rd century AD and ends between the 6th and the 8th centuries, depending on the region. This period is between classical antiquity (Ancient Greece and Rome) and the Middle Ages.

There is no exact date for the start or end. Most historians agree it began around 284 AD, when Emperor Diocletian ruled the Roman Empire. Some say it ended in476 AD, when the Western Roman Empire fell; 565 AD, when Emperor Justinian died; or even 750 AD, when the Abbasid dynasty took over in the Islamic world.

Late Antiquity took place in the lands around the Mediterranean Sea, including Europe (especially Italy, France, Spain, and the Balkans), the Middle East (like Syria and Palestine), and North Africa (like Egypt and Carthage).

## Major political changes

The Roman Empire was divided into two parts: West and East.

The Western Roman Empire ended in 476 AD.

The Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire and lasted much longer.

New Germanic kingdoms formed in the West (like the Franks and Visigoths).

## Religion

Christianity became the main religion of the Roman Empire.

There were many arguments about Christian beliefs.

Church buildings, symbols, and religious art became more common.

Other religions like Judaism and Islam also developed during this time.

## Society and daily life

Many people moved from the cities to the countryside.

Trade became rarer because of wars and invasions.

Tools, ships, and farming methods were invented.

Rich and poor people had very different lives.

## Art and culture

Christian art became popular, with mosaics, icons, and church paintings.

People made ivory carvings, religious lamps, and beautiful books.

Art became more symbolic and less realistic than earlier Roman art.

The Byzantine style started to develop.

## Army and defense

The Roman army was changed to defend against Germanic invasions.

Forts and walls were built around cities.

Constantinople (now Istanbul) became a strong capital.

## Learning and knowledge

Even though the Roman Empire was falling in the West, people still studied and wrote books.

Monks copied old texts, which helped save Greek and Roman knowledge.

That knowledge was later used in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

## Modern studies

Historians today say that late antiquity was not just a time of decline but also a time of change and growth. People today study it to understand the end of the Roman Empire, the start of Christian Europe, the roots of Islamic and Jewish traditions, and how old knowledge was saved and passed on.

There are groups like the Association for Late Antiquity and journals like *Antiquité Tardive* that help people study and learn more about the time.
# Fauvism

*Danceuse* by Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau, 1910
**Fauvism** (French for *The Wild Beasts*) was the name of a modern art movement in the early 20th century, led by the painters Henri Matisse and André Derain. The Fauves were a group of French painters who were influenced by the bright colours used by the Post-Impressionists Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

The bright colourful style of painting that they used began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, but the group was only together for three years, 1905–1907. In that time they had three exhibitions together. Their influence has continued until the present day, and was adopted or influenced many artists who are not usually thought of as fauvists. Aristarkh Lentulov is one good example.

## Gallery

* *Danseuse jaune* (yellow dancer) by Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau, 1912
* Fauve still life by Alfred Maurer, about 1908/1910
* Fauve landscape by Alfred Maurer, around 1908
* Influence of fauvism: a portrait of the Die Brücke group by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1926/27
* *Pasage Fauve* by Man Ray, 1913, seems to be cubist as well as fauvist.

## Related pages

* Impressionism
* Post-Impressionists
* Pointillism
* Cubism
* Expressionism
# Illustration

Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith (1863–1935)
The **illustration** is a picture which tries to get the person looking at it to pay more attention to the subject than to the art. Illustrations can be in the form of a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art.

Illustrations often have one of two purposes. One is to give light to the subject. The other purpose is to decorate an informational text (such as a newspaper or article).
illustration can also be a story based on drawings.

That illustration can beat explanation is one of its strengths
# Video documentary

A **documentaryfilm** is a movie, TV show, or other video which presents scientific, historical, or political facts.

## Related pages

* The Academy Award for Best Documentary
* Political cinema
# Shotacon

An illustration of an older female character attracted to a *shota*, characteristic of *shotacon*
**Shotacon**, sometimes shortened to **shota** (ショタ), is a Japanese slang portmanteau of the phrase Shōtarō complex (正太郎コンプレックス). A **Shotacon** is described as an attraction to young, or young in appearance, fictional male characters, usually between the ages 5-13. They usually follow the same principles as a Lolicon, but for males.

The female version is called Lolicon.
# Swashbuckler movie

**Swashbuckler movies** are movies about rough, manly swordsmen. A swashbuckling hero has high ideals. He rescues damsels in distress. His enemy is usually a dastardly villain. Swashbucklers who combine outstanding courage, sword fighting skill, resourcefulness, chivalry, and a distinctive sense of honor and justice include The Three Musketeers, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Robin Hood, and Zorro.

Swashbuckler movies are one of the most flamboyant Hollywood genres. These movies are unrealistic. They are often set in the Renaissance, in Arabia, or on pirate ships. Sets are elaborate. Costumes are lavish. Swashbuckler movies attract big audiences. These audiences want to forget their boring everyday lives. They can escape their lives in the adventure, romance, and daring stunts of the swashbuckler movie. Famous actors who portrayed swashbucklers are Errol Flynn and Douglas Fairbanks.

The stories came from romantic costume novels like those written by Alexandre Dumas, père and Rafael Sabatini. Last but not least, thrilling music was an important part of the movie formula. There were three great cycles of swashbuckler films: the Douglas Fairbanks period of 1920-1929, the Errol Flynn period of 1935-1941, and a period in the 1950s that included movies such as *Ivanhoe*. The British television series *The Adventures of Robin Hood* made the genre even more popular. The genre has been revived in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* series of movies.

## Gallery

* This swashbuckling novel was made into a movie starring Errol Flynn
* Errol Flynn was a movie swashbuckler
* One of the earliest swashbuckler movies
* Douglas Fairbanks in 1921
# Short movie

The Big Theatre at Kratkofil International short film festival 2012
A **short movie**, **short film**, or **short** is any movie not long enough to be considered a feature film (movie). The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as "an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits". However, the term is used by many as a catchall for anything less than 90 minutes in length. A feature film or movie usually runs from 90 to 120 minutes but can be as long as 180 minutes. There are other standards for short films. The Oberhausen short film festival defines a short as 35 minutes. The BBC Short Film Festival, the Academy Awards, and Clermont-Ferrand use 40 minutes. The San Francisco, Uppsala, and Kraków are among those using a limit of 60 minutes.

## Terms

Short films or movies are sometimes called short subjects. Before 1910 all American movies were short subjects. Another term used for short films is avant-garde or "avant-garde short films". The term featurette originally was used for a movie or film longer than a short subject, but shorter than a standard feature film. Documentaries are almost always short films. So are many training films.

## Genre

Short films are usually made by independent filmmakers and are not for profit. They are made with a low budget or no budget at all. Shorts are usually funded by film grants, non profit organizations, Sponsors, or personal funds. Short films are generally used by filmmakers to gain experience. They are also used to prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films. They want to attract private investors, entertainment companies, or film studios. Most film festivals show feature films or movies but also show short films. Some short films are shown along with a feature film.

## Other websites

* Festival 2015 : Cannes Court Métrage (short films)
* How to Make a Short Film, wikiHow