Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Pong

| Pong |
| --- |
| An upright cabinet of *Pong* on display at the Neville Public Museum of Brown County |
| Developer(s) | Atari |
| Publisher(s) | Atari |
| Designer(s) | Allan Alcorn |
| Platform(s) | Arcade |
| Release | 29 November 1972 |
| Genre(s) | Sports |
| Mode(s) | * Single-player
* multiplayer
 |
| Cabinet | Upright |
| CPU | Discrete |
| Sound | Monaural (Mono) |
| Display | Vertical orientation, black-and-white raster display, standard resolution |

Pong is a video game made by Atari. It is believed to be the first video game ever made, although it was made after games similar to it were also made, including *Tennis for Two* and could be emulated by WinUaw.

To play the game a quarter or token must be put into the game machine's slot. Two knobs, are called "paddles" because they control the tennis paddle on the screen. Turn the knob one way and the paddle goes up. Turn the knob the other way and the paddle goes down. The other knob does the same thing to the other paddle on the screen.
# Gold leaf

A gold nugget of 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter (bottom) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 m2 (5.4 sq ft). Toi museum, Japan
**Gold leaf** is gold that has been hammered into thin sheets by goldbeating. It is often used for gilding. The most commonly used gold is 22-karat yellow gold. Layering gold leaf over a surface is called **gold leafing** or gilding.

## In art

Gold leaf is sometimes used in art without a gilding process. In many cultures, it was used to wrap objects such as amulets. It has been used in jewellery.

Gold leaf has traditionally been used as a gilding material to decorate art or the picture frames. Gold leaf paintings were used in mosaics in later Early Christian art. Gold leaf is also used in Buddhist art to decorate statues and symbols. Gold leafing can also be seen on domes in religious and public architecture.

## In architecture

Gold leaf has long been used in architecture. It was used in Byzantine and Roman churches and basilicas in 400 AD.

## Culinary uses

Gold leaf is sometimes used to decorate food or drink. It is sometimes found in desserts and confectionery. When used as a food additive, gold has the E-number E175.

## Counterfeit gold leaf

Gold leaf is commonly counterfeited. Counterfeit gold leaf is typically made of a copper alloy similar to brass. This material is slightly toxic and can cause copper or zinc poisoning if used for culinary use.
# Hue

*Not to be confused with Huế.*
Hue in the red-green-blue circular color space.
**Hue** is one of the main properties of a color.

It is defined as “the degree to which a stimulus is similar to, or different from, stimuli that are red, green, blue, and yellow” (the unique hues).

The other main aspects of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.

Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue".
# Solution (chemistry)

In chemistry, a **solution** is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substances that are dissolved are called **solutes**. The substance the solutes are dissolved in is called the **solvent**. An example from everyday experience is a solid like salt or sugar (which are crystalline solids), dissolved in a liquid (like water). Gases can dissolve in liquids. An example is carbon dioxide or oxygen in water. Liquids may dissolve in other liquids and gases in other gases.

The amount of solute added to the solvent determines the concentration of the solution. The solution with the large amount of solute is called a concentrated solution; the solution with less solute is called a dilute solution.

Examples of solid solutions are alloys and some minerals. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

An aqueous solution is one that contains water as the solvent. An unsaturated solution has less solute than it can dissolve, while a saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute it can hold. A supersaturated solution holds more solute than is typically possible under normal conditions.

## Related pages

* Hypertonic
* Hypotonic
# Graffiti

**Graffiti** (plural; singular: **graffiti** or **graffito**, however *graffito* is rarely used except in archeology) is marks, scratching or drawings made on a surface on a public place. It is often created with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can). A single mark could be called a **graffito** but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark. The word comes from Greek *γράφειν* (*graphein*) meaning "to write".

Graffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's permission it can be considered vandalism. Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word. Sometimes it is a public political protest because graffiti is illegal without permission.

## Types

There are lots of different types of graffiti, and some people call some things graffiti that other people would not.

Beast FAHMCes53
In some kinds of graffiti, people write their name in different ways. It is usually not their real name. Sometimes people write the name of their crew, which is a group of friends who write together. Small writing like a signature is called a **tag**. Bigger writing that is very round and has an outline is called a **throw up**. A graffiti writing with lots of detail is called a **piece**, which is short for masterpiece.

Some graffit is made of pictures. This can be a small picture or a large mural.

Graffiti can be legal or illegal. Some towns have walls that anyone is allowed to paint on. Sometimes the government or a business will pay someone to paint, to attract tourists or advertise something. Some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous.

## History

A person cleaning up graffiti in Stockholm
Paintings were done on cave walls over 40,000 years ago in Australia. The oldest graffiti that used writing was in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages on walls. It wasn't considered vandalism, instead people saw it as just a way to talk to one another.

In the 1700s and 1800s in the United States, some people began to write "monikers" on trains. Monikers were pictures and fake names. One famous moniker was Bozo Texino.

Modern graffiti was made famous in New York City in the early 1960s and 1970s by the children of the working class. They called it "writing" and called themselves "writers." At first they wrote on trains, but when the New York Subway started to make it harder, writers moved into the city to write on walls instead.

In a 1971 New York Times article, Norman Mailer first used the term "graffiti" to refer to the new kind of art people were painting on trains. This period of the early 1970s is known as the "Original School." Later in the 1980s, the next generation of graffiti artists is known as "Old School."

## Other websites

 Media related to Graffiti at Wikimedia Commons

* Graffiti.CX Online Graffiti Contest Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Graffiti art on train
* Graffiti.org.br Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Walls & bridges from south Belgium
* How to remove graffiti?
* Remove Graffiti From Different Surfaces?
* Graffiti art or vandalism Archived 2019-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
# John Barth

John Barth (1995)
**John Simmons Barth** (/bɑːrθ/; May 27, 1930 – April 2, 2024) was an American writer. He was best known for his postmodernist and metafictional fiction. He won the National Book Award in 1973. Barth was born in Cambridge, Maryland. In 1974, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

His first two books were *The Floating Opera* and *The End of the Road*. His best known works include: *The Sot-Weed Factor*, *Giles Goat-Boy*, *Lost in the Funhouse*, *Chimera*, *LETTERS* and *Once Upon a Time: A Floating Opera*.

Barth died under hospice care in Bonita Springs, Florida on April 2, 2024 at the age of 93.

## Other websites

* Barth audio goodies at the Lannan site
* Barth on KCRW's radio program 'Bookworm' with Michael Silverblatt
* *click!*, a short story by John Barth centered on hypertextuality
* National Book Awards Acceptance Speech Archived 2017-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
# Art museum

The Louvre in Paris is a famous art museum.
An **art museum** or **art gallery** is a museum where works of arts are shown for people to look at. These works of art are usually paintings, but they can also be sculptures, photographs or other visual art works. Most art museums are open for the public to visit, but there are also some which are private.

What distinguishes an art museum from other galleries is that it owns the works of art. A museum has staff called "curators", who are expert on art. Art museums are often used to help teach students about the history of art. There are about 700 university art museums and galleries in the United States.

## World famous Art Museums

| Name | Country | Opened |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **British Museum** | United Kingdom | 1759 |
| **Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil** | Brazil | 1989 |
| **Metropolitan Museum of Art** | United States of America | 1872 |
| **Musée d’Orsay** | France | 1986 |
| **Museo del Prado** | Spain | 1819 |
| **Musée National d’Art Moderne** | France | 1947 |
| **Museum of Modern Art** | United States of America | 1929 |
| **National Art Center** | Japan | 2007 |
| **National Gallery** | United Kingdom | 1824 |
| **National Gallery of Art** | United States of America | 1937 |
| **Reina Sofia** | Spain | 1986 |
| **Rijksmuseum** | Netherlands | 1800 |
| **State Hermitage** | Russia | 1764 |
| **Shanghai Museum** | China | 1952 |
| **Tate Modern** | United Kingdom | 2000 |
| **The Louvre** | France | 1793 |
| **Van Gogh Museum** | Netherlands | 1976 |
| **Vatican Museums** | Italy | 1506 |
# Eduard Hanslick

Portrait of Eduard Hanslick, 40 years old
**Eduard Hanslick** (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic. He wrote about music that was being composed in his time. He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt. Their music sounded too modern for his taste.

He was born into a German-speaking family. His father was a music teacher. When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University. He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well. He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place). For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called *Neue freie Presse*. He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals. His most famous book was called *Vom Musikalisch-Schönen* (*About Beauty in Music*).

Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas). We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner. A lot of musicians took sides on this matter. It is sometimes called: *The War of the Romantics*. Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.

Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music. His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge. He knew most of the great musicians of his day.

Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera *Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg* in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.
# Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer
**Arthur Schopenhauer** (February 22, 1788 in Danzig – September 21, 1860 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher.

He was influenced by Kant, Plato and eastern teachings, especially Buddhism and the Upanishads.

## Beliefs

Schopenhauer believed that the primary characteristic, or essence of all things - including human beings - is not intelligence, rationality or spirit, but will. By "will" he means a wanting and craving like that which we know in ourselves as our "will." It is the source of immense amounts of suffering in the world. He also believed that a "better consciousness" could be attained by denying the fulfilment of our desires, taking time to think about who we really are and what we should do to avoid suffering - but also, in doing something few philosophers of his day spoke of: in making and looking at works of art, especially music, which he considered a way to escape from the world's pain and suffering.

## Influence

Schopenhauer was a huge influence on Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, Leo Tolstoy, Carl Jung, Emil Cioran and many other important artists and thinkers of the 20th century.

## Related pages

* Schopenhauer Society

## Quotes

* "Every man takes the limits of his vision for the limits of the world."
* "In general admittedly the Wise of all times have always said the same thing, and the fools, that is to say the vast majority of all times, have always done the opposite; and so it will remain in the future."
* "To marry is to have your rights and double your duties."
* "The two foes of human happiness are pain and boredom."
* "Talent hits a target no-one else can hit; genius hits targets no-one else can see."
# Subdivision

A **subdivision**, **real estate development** or **tract** is a large piece of land and divided into land lots. Subdivisions are usually residential and typically have deed restrictions and sometimes homeowners associations or their equivalent. When residential, subdivisions are often called **housing developments**, **housing estates**, etc.
# Eureka Tower

Eureka Tower
**Eureka Tower** is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.

Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006. Grocon did the construction.

The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

## Other websites

* Official website
* Emporis Page
# The Australian Ballet

**The Australian Ballet** is the largest classical ballet company in Australia. It was started in 1962 by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd. and the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust. The first artistic director was Dame Peggy van Praagh, the English-born dancer, teacher, repetiteur and director. Today, it is recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies.
# Triple J

**Triple J** is a radio station from Australia. It is funded and owned by the Australian Government through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The music played by the station is aimed at youth (usually between 12 and 25 years old) and is usually alternative music. The station started in 1972 as "Double Jay" in Sydney. It can now be heard all around Australia.

**Triple J** (stylised in all lowercase) is a government-funded, national Australian radio station that began broadcasting in 1975 as a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). It aims to appeal to young listeners of alternative music, and plays more Australian content than commercial networks.

The station was set up under the Gough Whitlam government, wanting to extend the appeal of the ABC to young Australians. Initially broadcasting as **2JJ** or **Double Jay** from 19 January 1975, it stood apart from commercial stations with its lack of private advertising and its programming of mainly local music often censored or banned elsewhere. Following a transition to FM in 1981, the station rebranded as **2JJJ** or Triple J as it expanded regionally through the 1990s. From 2014, the spin-off digital radio station Double J was launched to appeal to more contemporary audiences. Triple J used to dominate national ratings in the 25–39 demographic, but since 2015 has been losing its audience due to the rise of streaming media.

## Other websites

* Triple J homepage
# Urban planning

the Garden city movement plan of Ebenezer Howard - 1902
**Urban planning** is the design of cities (places where lots of people live) and other urban areas (where lots of people live close together). Sometimes people call it **town planning** or **city planning**. Urban planners decide how land should be used. Urban planning is also about transportation (how people move, such as buses or cars).

## Related pages

* Urbanism
* Urban Land Institute
* Journal of Planning History
* International Planning History Society
* Society for American City and Regional Planning History

## Other websites

* Urban and Regional Planning at the Open Directory Project
# The Argus (Australia)

The Argus was a morning daily newspaper in Melbourne which started in 1846 and closed in 1957. It was a conservative newspaper for most of its history, but in 1949 became more left in its stories.

## History

The newspaper was started by William Kerr, a journalist who had worked with the *Sydney Gazette* before moving to Melbourne in 1839 to work on John Pascoe Fawkner's *Port Phillip Patriot*. The first edition was published on 2 June 1846.

The paper was known for its abuse and sarcasm and by 1853 Kerr lost ownership after a series of court actions. It was then published under the name of Edward Wilson. The paper was also linked to the weekly *The Australasian* which was to become *The Australasian Post* in 1946.

During the Great Depression in 1933 it launched the *Melbourne Evening Star* in competition with *The Herald* newspaper, but was closed in 1936.

In 1949 the paper was bought by the London based *Daily Mirror* newspaper group. On 28 July 1952 the Melbourne Argus became the first newspaper in the world to publish colour photographs in a daily paper. The paper had interests in radio and in 1956, the new medium of television broadcasting. It was part of the group *General Telecasters Victoria* (GTV), and the GTV-9 television station. In 1957 the paper was sold to the Herald and Weekly Times group, which had been under the management of Chief Executive Keith Murdoch (Rupert's father) until his death in 1952. The Herald and Weekly Times group used the printing presses, but closed the *Argus* and sold off the broadcasting interests. The last edition was on 19 January 1957.

## The Argus Building

The *Argus* building, built in 1926 on the corner of La Trobe and Elizabeth streets, is classified by the National Trust and is on the Victorian Heritage Register of Heritage Victoria. In 1991, an innovative office building was built next door and named *The Argus Centre*, an award winning building by Nonda Katsalidis. In 2004 La Trobe University bought the site of the old Argus building with the intention to redevelop and house legal and business schools in the building, as well as a ground floor shopping precinct.

* Don Hauser, *The Printers of the Streets and Lanes Of Melbourne (1837 - 1975)* Nondescript Press, Melbourne 2006
* Jim Usher (ed) *The Argus - life and death of a newspaper* Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne 2008 (ISBN 1-74097-143-4)

## Other websites

* Digitised historic *The Argus* from the National Library of Australia
* Digitised historic *The Melbourne Argus* from the National Library of Australia
* The Argus: Special War Edition - 1 May 1915
* *The Argus* Index: 1870-1879
* The Argus Index: 1870-1879. Indexes to *the Argus* for other years
* Argus site to thrive as new La Trobe campus - The Age 5 February 2004
# Metlink

*This article is about the Melbourne public transport network. The same name is also used for public transport in Wellington.*

Metlink Victoria Proprietary Limited| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Public transport |
| Founded | 2003 |
| Headquarters | Melbourne, Australia |
| Area served | Metropolitan Melbourne |
| Products | Public Transport |
| Website | www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au |

**Metlink** was the marketing name for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.

## Introduction

The *Metlink* brand was introduced in 2003.

Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables were colour-coded **blue**, tram stop signs and timetables are **green**, and the bus network is **orange**. The regional train network is colour-coded **purple**. This line colouring continues today, even in the Public Transport Victoria era.

## Future role

Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later). In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services. Archived 2008-08-22 at the Wayback Machine

While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.

## Viclink

Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named **Viclink**. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006 Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

## Related pages

* Railways in Melbourne

## Other websites

* Official Metlink website Archived 2008-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Official Viclink website Archived 2007-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
* BATBYGOBSTOPL Metlink website Archived 2006-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
# OpenStreetMap

OpenStreetMap| OpenStreetMap's logo featuring a magnifier focused on geographical information. |
| OSM homepage |
| Type of site | Collaborative mapping |
| Available in | UI: 93 languages
Map data: native language of respective settlement |
| Owner | OpenStreetMap Community. Project support by OpenStreetMap Foundation |
| Created by | Steve Coast (User page in OSM) |
| URL | openstreetmap.org |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Required for contributors, not required for viewing |
| Users | 5,340,790 |
| Launched | 9 August 2004 (2004-08-09) |
| Current status | Active (click to see in detail) |
| Content license | ODbL |

**OpenStreetMap** is a free editable map of the whole world. It is made by people from the entire world.

Steve Coast, 2009
People make the maps using data from a GPS device and pictures from airplaces. Map vector information can be downloaded under the Open Database License, and the map pictures can be downloaded under the Creative Commons Share-Alike license.

OpenStreetMap allows you to view, edit and use geographical data in a collaborative way from anywhere on Earth.

## Other websites

 Media related to OpenStreetMap at Wikimedia Commons

* Openstreetmap.org, the official website for OpenStreetMap.