Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Enemy at the Gates

**Enemy at the Gates** is a 2001 American-French war drama movie.The movie is set during the Battle of Stalingrad, a pivotal and brutal conflict between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during World War II. The story follows two snipers on opposing sides of the conflict. Vassili Zaitsev, a skilled Soviet sniper played by Jude Law, becomes a hero and symbol of hope for the beleaguered Soviet forces as he racks up impressive kills against the Germans. Major Erwin König, a highly skilled German sniper portrayed by Ed Harris, is sent to Stalingrad to eliminate Zaitsev and demoralize the Soviet troops. The film combines elements of war, suspense, and psychological drama as it explores the deadly cat-and-mouse game between Zaitsev and König. Amid the chaos and devastation of Stalingrad, a love triangle forms between Vassili, a political officer named Danilov (played by Joseph Fiennes), and a female soldier named Tania (played by Rachel Weisz). "Enemy at the Gates" provides a gripping portrayal of the horrors of war, the tension of sniper warfare, and the resilience of those caught in the midst of the battle. It also delves into themes of heroism, sacrifice, and the human cost of war. The film is based on real events but takes creative liberties for dramatic effect.

## Other websites

* Enemy at the Gates on IMDb
# Victoria Cross

The **Victoria Cross** (**VC**) is the highest military medal given for bravery "in the face of the enemy" to members of the defence forces of Commonwealth countries, and former British Empire territories. It is the most important medal, more important than all other orders, decorations and medals.

It may be given to a person of any rank in any service (army, navy or air force) or anyone working for the military. It is usually presented to the person, or a family member if they were killed, by the British monarch during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. It can be presented by the Governor-General for awards made by other Commonwealth countries.

It is the joint highest medal for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is for bravery *not* in the face of the enemy. However, the VC is higher in the order of importance and would be worn first by a person who had been given both medals (which has not happened).

The VC was begun on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria for acts of bravery during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal has been given 1,356 times to 1,353 people. Only 13 medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army have been presented since the Second World War.

Since 1990, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, have started their own versions of the VC.

## Living holders of the Victoria Cross

The list of living holders of the Victoria Cross is small.

*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Bill Apiata, VC 2004
* Johnson Beharry, VC 1951
* John Cruickshank, VC 1966
* Mark Donaldson, VC 2009
* Rambahadur Limbu, VC, MVO 2005
* Keith Payne, VC, OAM, DSC (US) 2007
* Ben Roberts-Smith, VC MG 2011
* William Speakman-Pitts, VC 2011
* Daniel Kieghran 2012

## Related pages

* Victoria Cross for Australia
* George Cross
* George Medal
* Elizabeth Cross
# Recruit training in the Israel Defense Forces

Internships with Czech rifles, Bahad 12, in 1954
Recruiting (Army) in the IDF is the first initiation period for soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces, as in any modern army. The purpose of the internment is to train young citizens for their military service. During this stage a ceremony is usually held, in which the soldiers swear allegiance to the IDF before beginning their military duties. or the beginning of the training intended for them

 Soldiers in training, 1969
 Golani Brigade rookies in combat fitness training.
## The basic training phase

 Golani Brigade training.
At this stage, the fighters go through six weeks of shooting to become proficient with their personal weapons, a field week, a squad detail week, classroom and platoon weeks in an open field, combat exercises in a built-up area and other stages.

 A rookie of the Nahal Brigade practices launching a Matador missile
 Completion of Recruiting Exercises in Bahad 4, 1969.
 Recruits during the "Additional Order", Camp 80, summer 1964.
## Related pages

* Israel Defense Forces

## Footnotes
# Wax

**Wax** is an organic chemical substance. It is a type of lipid. Waxes are soft, and easy to shape at room temperature. They are hydrophobic (meaning they repel water and are repelled by water), and they cannot be dissolved in water. The melting point of waxes is above 45°C.

Some waxes, like beeswax, vegetable wax, and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the ear. Other waxes are manufactured. People use waxes for various purposes, including waxing, waxed paper, and wax tablets.
# Fortification

*Bourtange star fort*, restored to 1750 situation, Groningen (province), Netherlands
Templeborough Roman fort in Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries.
**Fortifications** are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words *fortis* ("strong") and *facere* ("to make").

Many military installations are known as **forts**, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as **fortresses**, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of **fortalices**. Some are castles. The word **fortification** can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are **fortifications** but not necessarily called **fortresses**.

The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

## Related pages

* Fortress
* Stronghold
* Salient

## Other websites

* Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
* A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
* Fortress Cologne
* Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
* Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine

## Gallery

* Nakhal Fort, one of the best-preserved forts in Oman
* Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur (Rajasthan, India)
* Gríanán of Aileach, ancient Irish ringfort, Donegal
* A restored portion of the Great Wall of China
* Coastal fortification with a rotating gun turret.
* Fort Frederick Martello Tower in Kingston, Ontario at Royal Military College of Canada
* Bare Island Fort in Botany Bay in a suburb called La Perouse, Sydney, Australia

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|  | *This article includes text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please add to the article as needed.* |
# Drawbridge

Drawbridge at the fort of Ponta da Bandeira; Lagos, Portugal
A **drawbridge** is a bridge that can be moved in order to stop or allow passage across it. They were often built as part of medieval castles which had moats.

Modern drawbridges are often built across large, busy waterways. They can be lifted to allow large ships to pass or lowered to allow land vehicles or pedestrians to cross.

Animation of a rolling lift bridge (such as the Pegasus Bridge)
# Cave

View from a cave, looking out. This cave is in France
Cave in New Mexico
Cave of Acsibi, Argentina
A **cave** is a natural underground hollow span haveter wears away softer stones, such as limestone. Only the hard rock, such as granite, is left. Caves can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, or by ice and glaciers.

Caves can have formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites. These are made over thousands of years by water dripping and leaving mineral deposits.

Many creatures live in the entrance areas of caves, for example snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines. Only a few animals are found deep in caves. Bats often live in caves. Another common creature found in caves is cave crickets.

In the past, people lived in caves. People used to live in many European caves in the Stone Age. Caves still provide shelter for trekkers. Some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls.

People who explore caves are called cavers or speleologists. (The study of caves is called **speleology**.) They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations. This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep holes. Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages. Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people. Each person has 2 or 3 light sources. One light is attached to each helmet. People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.
# Royal Historical Society

The **Royal Historical Society**, founded in 1868, is a British organization promoting scholarly historical research in the United Kingdom and worldwide. They can use “FRHistS” as post-nominal letters after their names.
# H. G. Wells

H. G. Wells in 1920.
**Herbert George Wells** (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer. He was born in Bromley, Kent. He studied biology under Thomas Henry Huxley.

Wells wrote about 50 books. He was one of the inventors of science fiction, and also wrote novels and utopias. He wrote books such as *The Invisible Man*, *The Time Machine*, *The Island of Dr. Moreau*, and *The War of the Worlds*. He also explained how the things he wrote about could actually happen. Some of his books have been made into movies.

Wells had diabetes. He died on 13 August 1946, aged 79, at his home in London. On 16 August 1946, his body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

## Works

### Biology

* *The science of life*. London: Cassell (1933). Co-writers: Julian Huxley and G.P, Wells.

### Science fiction

* *The Time Machine* (1895)
* *The Island of Doctor Moreau* (1896)
* *The Invisible Man* (1897)
* *The War of the Worlds* (1898)
* *The First Men in the Moon* (1901)

### Utopian books

* *A Modern Utopia* (1905)
* *New Worlds for Old* (1908)
* *The World Set Free* (1914)
* *The Shape of Things to Come* (1933)
* *Guide for the New World* (1941)
* *Mind at the End of its Tether* (1945)

### Novels

* *Love and Mr Lewisham* (1900)
* *Kipps* (1905)
* *Ann Veronica* (1909)
* *The History of Mr Polly* (1910)
# Weather vane

A weather vane
A **weather vane** is a device with a freely rotating pointer used to indicate the direction of the wind. Weather vanes served as simple devices for showing the direction of the wind and its speed for centuries. They were a critical tool for agriculture, travel and shipping. They serve a largely decorative function today. They have been replaced by specialized weather instruments.

To work correctly a weather vane should be at the highest point of a building. It needs to be as far away as possible from other things that might interrupt the wind. The simplest form is a horizontal arrow or other form freely rotating on a vertical rod. When the wind blows, the arrow shows the direction and speed. The earliest known weather was made by the astronomer Andronicus in 48 BC. It sat on top of the Tower of the Winds in Athens. It was between 4 feet (1.2 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m) long and was the shape of a head and torso of a man with the tail of a fish.

The word 'vane' comes from the Old English *fana banner*. This is related to the Old High German *fano* (cloth); from the Latin *pannus* (cloth or rag).

## Related pages

* Windsock
* Apparent wind indicator
* List of weather instruments
* Old Father Time, a famous weather vane at Lord's Cricket Ground, London
* Weather radar
* Weather station
* Weather balloon

## Gallery

* A moose shaped weather vane
* A mermaid weathervane
* A Douglas DC-3 converted to a weather vane
* A rooster weather vane (also called a weathercock)
* farmer plowing weather vane
* A whale weather vane
* Clock tower in Belgium with weather vanes

## Other websites

* Weather vanes - making all kinds - BBC - 27th March 2016; YouTube
# Electric current

An **electric current** is a flow of electric charge through a conductor. The equation of current is:

 WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0
where
 WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2 is the current flowing
 WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4 is the change in electric charge
 WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_6 is the change in time
The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A). This is equal to one coulomb of charge in one second. Electric current can be found in wires, batteries, and lightning.

## The source of current

In conducting materials, some electrons are very loosely bound to the atoms of the material. When large amounts of these atoms come together, there is a sort of electron cloud that "hovers" near the atoms of the material. If you examine a cross-section of the piece of conducting material, the electrons will move very quickly through it. This motion is caused by temperature, and electrons flowing in one direction tend to equal the electrons flowing from the other direction, so this is not what causes current to flow. Electrons flow from one atom to another, a process has been compared to the passing of water buckets from one person to another in a bucket brigade.

When an electric field is put on the wire, the electrons respond almost instantly by drifting slightly in the opposite direction of the field. They gain energy from the field, which is lost very quickly when they bump into other electrons in the material. As long as the field is in place, however, the electrons will gain back that energy that they lost, and the process will continue. This "jolt" that electrons receive from the electric field is the source of current, not the overall flow of electrons themselves. From this discussion, we can see two things that current is *not*:

* It is not an actual "flow" of electrons in the everyday sense of the word: If we examine the speed given to the electrons by the field, it is usually very small, on the order of millimeters per second. It would take half an hour for electrons to cross a 10-foot (3 m) room at this rate. Since a light bulb flips on almost immediately after hitting the switch, something else must be at work.
* It is also not a "domino effect", although this analogy is closer than the flow. Since electrons are so tiny, even when they are moving very quickly they are not being propelled by great force.

## Current in circuits

When current is flowing in a wire circuit, it accelerates when there is no resistance in the circuit. Resistors are used to increase resistance in the circuit so it slows down the current. The relationship between resistance, current, and voltage (another part of the circuit) is shown by Ohm's law.
# IWI Negev

A Negev
The **Negev** is a light machine gun of Israeli origin in 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm caliber. It is produced by Israel Weapons Industries (IWI) and was adopted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in 1997.

This machine gun fires 5.56x45 mm and 7.62x51 mm ammunition. It has a high rate of fire: 850-1150 bullets per minute. It can be fed with 150-round belts or 30-round magazines. It has an effective range of 300 to 1000 meters.

The Negev has been used in several conflicts in which the Israel Defense Forces have been involved, as well as by other military forces around the world. Some of the conflicts in which the Negev has been used include military operations in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Lebanon, Israel-Gaza war and other places where Israeli forces have been deployed. Additionally, the Negev has been exported to several countries and has been used in regional conflicts in which those military forces are involved.

The Negev is also famously known for being used in the game counter-strike
# Nieuport 11

| Nieuport 11 |
| --- |
|  |
| Nieuport 11 |
| Role | Fighter |
| Manufacturer | Nieuport |
| Designer | Gustave Delage |
| Introduction | 5 January 1916 |
| Retired | Summer of 1917 |
| Status | Used as a trainer until the end of the First World War |
| Primary users | *Aéronautique Militaire* Corpo Aeronautico Militare (Italy), Imperial Russian Air Service |
| Variants | Nieuport 16 and 17 |

Nieuport-Macchi 11.000 drawing
The **Nieuport 11** is a French single-engine biplane fighter aircraft used during World War I that allowed France to defeat the German Fokker Eindeckers.
It sometimes called "Bébé" (the French word for *baby*) due to its small size.
A more powerful version, the **Nieuport 16** was also built, leading to a series of fighters that served into the 1920s.
# MK12

The **MK-12 special purpose rifle (SPR)** was designed by the U.S. Navy to bridge the gap between the M4 assault rifle and the M24 sniper rifle. It is based off of the AR-15 platform making it semi-automatic unlike the M4 and M16 which are fully automatic. It is chambered in 5.56x45mm NATO and is meant to be used with the 77 grain version MK-262. It has an 18" barrel giving it much more range capabilities than the M4 and the 77 grain MK-262 gave it more range capabilities than the M16. The rifle has a maximum effective range of 700 meters or 770 yards while the M4 has 500 meters and the M16 has 550 meters. It was issued with a Leupold MK-4 2.5-8x36mm scope that was specifically calibrated for the 77 grain ammunition on an 18" barrel. Some MK-12 rifles had a standard A2 stock found on M16 rifles and some had collapsible crane stocks found on MK-18 and M4 rifles. It had a free-float hand rail which gave it superior accuracy by having the barrel completely unaffected by the hand rail. It certainly isn't a light weight rifle weighing in at 10 to 12 pounds depending on if you had a suppressor or not.
# Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19

A MiG-19P Farmer Airplane
The **MiG-19 Farmer** was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan. It first flew in 1952 and was introduced in 1955. It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco. During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG 21 Fishbed.

It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombsor rockets. It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest. It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner. It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long. It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.

Eventually, it was replaced by the newer MiG-21.

## Related pages

* MiG-17 Fresco
* MiG-21 Fishbed
* F-8 Crusader
* F-4 Phantom II
# Cluster bomb

A demonstration cluster bomb with smaller bombs inside a warhead. Photo likely from the 1960s
A **cluster bomb**, or **cluster munition**, is an explosive device. It explodes in the air or on the ground, and releases many smaller bombs. It is an anti-personnel weapon because it kills or maims people, not armoured vehicles.
They were used a lot during the Vietnam War and have been used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

They are considered illegal by over 100 countries. These countries have signed the *Convention on Cluster Munitions* adopted in May 2008.

## Related pages

* Russian invasion of Ukraine