Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine| Ratification of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, with signatures of Boris III of Bulgaria, Aleksandar Stamboliyski, and Mihail Madzharov |
| Signed | 27 November 1919 |
| Location | Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| Condition | Ratification by Bulgaria and four Principal Allied Powers. |
| Parties | **Principal Allied and Associated Powers Principal Allied and Associated Powers
* United States
* British Empire
* •  United Kingdom
* •  Canada
* •  Australia
* •  South Africa
* •  New Zealand
* •  India
* France
* Italy
* Japan

Allied and Associated Powers
* Belgium
* China
* Cuba
* Greece
* Hejaz
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
* Siam
* Czechoslovakia

---

* **Central Power Bulgaria
 |
| Depositary | French Government |
| Languages | French (primary), English, Italian |
|  Treaty of Neuilly at Wikisource |

The **Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine** was a peace treaty signed in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on 27 November 1919 between Bulgaria, a former Central Powers nation, and the Allied powers. The treaty was a part of series of other peace treaties signed after World War I had ended, beginning with Versailles and ended with Lausanne.

## Background

Bulgaria joined the First World War against Serbia in the west, Romania in the north and Greece in the south in order to gain influence and territories in the Balkan region. However, after the German Empire's continuous defeats in the Western Front from early 1918, several German allies including Bulgaria in the Central Powers were also severly attacked and damaged. On 29 September 1918, Bulgaria surrended unconditionally to the Allies, becoming the first Central Powers nation to do so. After World War I ended on 11 November 1918, Bulgaria, being the loser side, had to sign a treaty with the winner ones.

## Contents

### Territory

Bulgaria had to give up many lands to the winner sides which included Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania, etc. with a total land of over 11.000 km². However, Article 48 of the Treaty stated that Bulgaria should have access to the Aegean Sea but in reality Bulgaria had to give Greece western Thrace which meant it lost access to the Sea.

### War compensation

Bulgaria had to pay 2.25 billion franc in the span of 37 years, the total payment was equal to Bulgaria's ¼ GDP before World War I. Additionally, in 6 months, Bulgaria had to give the winner nations like Greece and Romania over 70.000 livestocks and over 50.000 tons of coals in 5 years. Bulgaria also had to reduce military personnel no more than 20.000 people.

## Other pages

* Treaty of Versailles
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
* Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
* Treaty of Trianon
* Treaty of Sèvres

* Context of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
# Battle of Khe Sanh

| Battle of Khe Sanh |
| --- |
| Part of the Vietnam War |
|  Battle of Khe Sanh, 1968 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 21 January – 9 July 1968 |
| Location | Khe Sanh, Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam |
| Result |
Both sides claim victory:
* Siege partially relieved in April
* North Vietnamese Army gained control of the Khe Sanh region after the American withdrawal on 9 July
* Termination of the McNamara Line. North Vietnamese lines of communication were extended farther into South Vietnam.
 |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  United States  South Vietnam  Kingdom of Laos  Australia |  Viet Cong  North Vietnam  Pathet Lao |
| Commanders and leaders |
|  William Westmoreland  Rathvon M. Tompkins  David E. Lownds |  Võ Nguyên Giáp  Trần Quý Hai  Lê Quang Đạo |
| Strength |
|
~45,000 in total ~6,000 Marines at the Combat Base of Khe Sanh
Operation Pegasus: ~20,000 (1st Air Cavalry and Marine units)
Operation Arc Light and operation Niagara: U.S. Air Forces |
~40,000 in total, in which:
* Siege at Khe Sanh: ~17,200 (304th and 308th Division)
* Defense at Route 9: ~16,900 (320th and 324th Division) 30 light tanks PT-76
 |
| Casualties and losses |
|  U.S. losses:
Expand
At Khe Sanh
* 274 killed
* 2,541 wounded (not including ARVN Ranger, RF/PF, Forward Operation Base 3 – US Army and Royal Laotian Army losses)

Expand
Operation Scotland I & Pegasus:
* 730 killed
* 2,642 wounded
* 7 missing

Expand
Operation Scotland II (April 1968 – July 1968):
* 485 killed
* 2,396 wounded

Expand
USAF:
* 5 ~ 20 killed, wounded unknown

Expand
Operation Charlie for the final evacuation:
* At least 11 marines killed, wounded unknown
During aerial resupply: 1 KC-130, 3 C-123

 **ARVN losses:** 229 killed, 436 wounded (not including CIDG, RF/PF and SOG losses) CIDG losses: 1,000 – 1,500 killed or missing, at least 250 captured (in Lang Vei), wounded unknown  **Kingdom of Laos:** Unknown.
Total (21 January – 9 July):
**12,000+ casualties** (2,800–3,500 killed, 9,000+ wounded, 7 missing, 250+ captured) North Vietnamese claim: ~11,900 killed or wounded (including about 9,000 American soldiers); 197 aircraft, 78 tanks, 46 cannons, 50 ammunition depots destroyed | **Unknown:** U.S. estimated: \* 1,602 bodies were counted, US official public estimated 10,000–15,000 KIA, \* MACV's secret report estimated 5,550 killed as of 31 March 1968
North Vietnamese figures: 1,436 wounded (before mid-March) 2,469 KIA (from 20 January until 20 July 1968). |

The **Battle of Khe Sanh** was a battle of the Vietnam War during the Tet Offensive. It was fought from 21 January to 9 July 1968. Khe Sanh was an important target for the communist Vietnamese soldiers to attack because it was a city near the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, and there was an American-South Vietnamese military base nearby. The United States and the South Vietnamese Armies fought off communist soldiers in most of the battle zones for two months, but the Battle of Khe Sanh lasted much longer. It was one of the longest and deadliest battles in the entire war.
# Battle of Phước Long

| Battle of Phước Long |
| --- |
| Part of the Vietnam War |
|  Map of the Battle of Phước Long |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13 December 1974 － 6 January 1975 |
| Location |  Phước Long province, South Vietnam |
| Result |
North Vietnamese victory and the occupation of South Vietnam's Phúc Long province |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  South Vietnam |  North Vietnam  Viet Cong |
| Commanders and leaders |
|  Dư Quốc Đống  Nguyễn Thống Thành **†** |  Lê Đức Anh  Hoàng Cầm  Hoàng Thế Thiện |
| Strength |
| **At Phước Long**: 5,400 **Surrounding areas**: 2,400 **Total**: 7,800 |
14,500 |
| Casualties and losses |
|
1,160 deaths, 2,000 wounded 2,444 captured |
1,300 died or wounded |

The **Battle of Phước Long** (Vietnamese: **Chiến dịch Đường 14 – Phước Long**) was an important battle fought in the final months of the Vietnam War in December 1974. North Vietnam launched a spring offensive against South Vietnam with the particaption of the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam).

Finally, Phước Long fell and this was the first battle to mark the beginning of the fall of South Vietnam later.

### Further readings

* George C. Herring. (1998). *America's Longest War*. Hanoi: National Politics Publishing House.
* Pham Ngoc Thach & Ho Khang. (2008). *The War of Resistance Against America* (8th edition). Hanoi: National Politics Publishing.
* Vietnam People’s Army. (2004). *History of the 4th Army Corp-Cuu Long Army Corp*. Hanoi: People’s Army Publishing House.

### Other links

* Phuoc-Long, The wound that never heal
# 1975 spring offensive

| 1975 spring offensive |
| --- |
| Part of the Vietnam War |
|  Map of South Vietnam |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13 December 1974 – 30 April 1975 |
| Location | South Vietnam |
| Result |
North Vietnamese victory.
* South Vietnam surrended unconditionally and fell.
* Reunification of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.
 |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  North Vietnam  Viet Cong |  South Vietnam **Supported by:**  United States |
| Commanders and leaders |
|
Lê Duẩn Văn Tiến Dũng Lê Trọng Tấn Hoàng Minh Thảo Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Minh Châu |
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng Phạm Văn Phú Du Quốc Đồng Nguyễn Văn Toàn Nguyễn Khoa Nam Trần Quang Khôi |
| Strength |
|
1,000,000 soldiers |
1,351,000 soldiers |
| Casualties and losses |
|
15,000 deaths, 20,000 wounded |
30,000 deaths, 60,000 wounded 1,100,000 captured |

The **1975 spring offensive** (Vietnamese: **Chiến dịch Mùa Xuân 1975**), officially known as the **general offensive and uprising of spring 1975 to fully liberate the South** (Vietnamese: **Tổng tiến công và nổi dậy mùa Xuân 1975, giải phóng hoàn toàn miền Nam**), was the final campaign in the Vietnam War launched by North Vietnam and the Viet Cong to fully take South Vietnam which was a success and led to Saigon's unconditional surrender and fall.

## Related pages

* Battle of Phước Long
# Operation Linebacker

| Operation Linebacker |
| --- |
| Part of the Vietnam War |
|  A 388th TFW SAM hunter-killer team refueling on its way to North Vietnam, October 1972 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 9 May – 23 October 1972 |
| Location | North Vietnam |
| Result |
Both sides claim victory |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  United States  South Vietnam |  North Vietnam |
| Commanders and leaders |
|
John W. Vogt Jr. Damon W. Cooper |
Nguyen Van Tien |
| Casualties and losses |
|  134 aircraft lost in combat or operational accidents (excluding the number of aircraft that were badly damaged beyond repair)  10 aircraft lost **North Vietnamese claim**: 651 aircraft shot down, 80 warships sunk or damaged | **U.S. claim**: 63 aircraft shot down **North Vietnamese claim**: 47 aircraft shot down (26 MiG-21s, 5 MiG-19s and 16 MiG-17s) |

**Operation Linebacker** was a United States war campaign during the Vietnam War to relieve the pressure of the Viet Cong's offensive in the 1972 Summer Campaign. It was done by bombing North Vietnam and dropping mines to blockade Hai Phong port, aiming to exhaust the North and preventing the support for the Viet Cong. North Vietnam called this campaign the "**Second Destruction War against the North**".

Operation Linebacker, which began on the 16th of April 1972, was a real surprise to the North, as most of the air defense forces had been mobilized to protect the rear of the 1972 Summer Campaign. On the other hand, the US, this time, launched more powerful and fierce aircraft and attacks than in the first destructive war (1964–1968). On the first day of the war, Hanoi was fiercely attacked. The Duc Giang oil depot burned for more than a week. For the first time, Hai Phong was carpet-bombed by B-52s. The bombing of Hanoi and Hai Phong, along with the torpedo operations to block ports in North Vietnam, ordered by President Nixon in May in retaliation for the 1972 Spring-Summer Campaign, dealt a heavy blow to the economy of North Vietnam. The transportation of goods from outside to the North, as well as the supply activities of the North to the battlefields of South Vietnam, were significantly reduced, leading to major changes in the 1972 war situation in Vietnam.

Until the Hanoi–Hai Phong air defense campaign, the war was fierce throughout the North. The infrastructure of the North from roads, railways, bridges, ports, factories, production facilities to dikes were all severely destroyed. In return, on the US side, 674 aircraft of all types were shot down (data of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Among the aircraft shot down were 34 B-52s and 4 F111s.
# August Revolution

| August Revolution |
| --- |
| Part of the Aftermath of World War II, civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949), and decolonisation of Asia |
|  Occupation of the Tonkin Palace, Hanoi, 19 August 1945 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13 August – 28 August 1945 (2 weeks and 1 day) |
| Location | Vietnam |
| Result | * Việt Minh victory
* Civil conflicts began in Vietnam
* Abolishment of the Vietnamese monarchy on August 25
* Establishment of the Provisional Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam on August 28
* Establishment of the Vietnamese Provisional National Government by the Vietnam Revolutionary League (Việt Cách) in Móng Cái on September 1
* Declaration of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2
 |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  Việt Minh
* National Liberation Committee of Vietnam
* Vanguard Youth (from 22 August)

---

 Bình Xuyên  Hòa Hảo  Cao Đài

---

 Trotskyist

---

 Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội
* Vietnamese Provisional National Government

 Việt Nam Quốc dân Đảng  Đại Việt Quốc dân Đảng |  Vietnam
* National Unified Front
* Vanguard Youth (until 22 August)
* Đại Việt National Socialist Party

---

 Japan |
| Commanders and leaders |
|  Ho Chi Minh  Võ Nguyên Giáp  Trường Chinh  Trần Huy Liệu  Nguyễn Khang  Phạm Ngọc Thạch (from 22 August)

---

 Dương Văn Dương  Huỳnh Phú Sổ  Phạm Công Tắc

---

 Tạ Thu Thâu  Phan Văn Hùm

---

 Nguyễn Hải Thần  Trương Tử Anh  Nhất Linh  Vũ Hồng Khanh |  Bảo Đại  Trần Trọng Kim  Trần Văn Chương  Nguyễn Xuân Chữ (POW)  Hồ Văn Ngà

---

 Yuitsu Tsuchihashi  Teiji Koudo |

The **August Revolution**, also known as the **Vietnamese Revolution** happened in Vietnam in August 1945. It was an uprising for independence after the Japanese lost World War II in Asia.

It led to the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945.

The independence war against the French would soon follow.

1945.
Template:Campaignbox French Indochina
# Organized crime

**Organized crime** is an act committed by a group or groups of people, usually mobsters, mafias, gangsters, drug cartels, insurgents, terrorists and other criminals, who work to make money or achieve certain motive illegally.

## Related pages

* Corruption
* Illegal drug trade
* Money laundering
# Douglas B-66 Destroyer

| B-66 Destroyer |
| --- |
|  |
| A Douglas B-66B (53-506) in flight |
| Role | Light bomber |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| First flight | 28 June 1954 |
| Introduction | 1956 |
| Retired | 1973 (USAF) |
| Primary user | United States Air Force |
| Number built | 294 |
| Unit cost |
US$2.55 million (RB-66B) |
| Developed from | Douglas A-3 Skywarrior |
| Developed into | Northrop X-21 |

The **Douglas B-66 Destroyer** is an American strategic bomber. It was used by the US Air Force during the Cold War and the Vietnam War and was capable of carrying a nuclear weapon. The B-66 is a variant of the A-3 Skywarrior, being used between 1956 and 1975. Some variants were built as reconnaissance aircraft or electronic warfare, as **RB-66** and **EB-66**.

About 145 of the 294 total built were the RB-66B reconnaissance version. EB-66s were prominent in the skies over Vietnam during the Vietnam War, using electronic warfare to jam enemy air defense radars and missiles.
# Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

| B-52 Stratofortress |
| --- |
|  |
| A United States Air Force B-52 bomber in-flight |
| Role | Bomber |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Boeing |
| First flight | April 1952 |
| Status | Operational Active: 58 Reserve: 18 ANG: 0 |
| Primary user | United States Air Force |

The **B-52 Stratofortress** is a bomber which, with in-air refueling, can fly long distances to reach targets anywhere in the world. The B-52 can carry up to 70000 lbs of bombs and weapons in its large bomb bays, and on wing hard points.

This airplane is one of the most significant in modern aviation history on several levels. It was created in 1948 as a strategic nuclear bomber, and first flew in the early 1950s. The B-52 fought its first war, under the code name of "Arc Light" in Vietnam from 1965 through 1973. The B-52 is a direct ancestor of many of the airliners which have made Boeing Aircraft, one of the most successful privately owned aerospace company in the world. The B-52 will stay in military service until around 2040. It is not clear what will replace it as the United States Air Force's main strategic bomber.
# Trần Văn Hương

| Trần Văn Hương |
| --- |
| Official portrait, 1971 |
|  |
| 3rd President of South Vietnam |
| **In office** 21 April 1975 – 28 April 1975 |
| Prime Minister | Nguyễn Bá Cẩn |
| Vice President | *Vacant* |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Văn Thiệu |
| Succeeded by | Dương Văn Minh |
| 3rd Vice President of South Vietnam |
| **In office** 31 October 1971 – 21 April 1975 |
| President | Nguyễn Văn Thiệu |
| Prime Minister | * Trần Thiện Khiêm (1971–Apr. 1975)
* Nguyễn Bá Cẩn (Apr. 1975)
 |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Cao Kỳ |
| Succeeded by | Nguyễn Văn Huyền |
| 3rd and 7th Prime Minister of South Vietnam |
| **In office** 25 May 1968 – 22 August 1969 |
| President | Nguyễn Văn Thiệu |
| Deputy | Trần Thiện Khiêm |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Văn Lộc |
| Succeeded by | Trần Thiện Khiêm |
| **In office** 4 November 1964 – 27 January 1965 |
| Deputy | * Nguyễn Xuân Oánh
* Nguyễn Lưu Viên
 |
| Chief of State | Phan Khắc Sửu |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Khánh |
| Succeeded by | * Nguyễn Xuân Oánh (acting)
* Phan Huy Quát
 |
| Minister of National Defense |
| **In office** 4 November 1964 – 18 January 1965 |
| Prime Minister | *Himself* |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Khánh |
| Succeeded by | Trần Văn Minh |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1902-12-01)1 December 1902 Long Châu commune, Châu Thành district, Vĩnh Long Province, French Indochina |
| Died | 27 January 1982(1982-01-27) (aged 79) Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |
| Political party | Independent |
| Other political affiliations |  National Social Democratic Front (Big tent affiliation) Renaissance Party (1953–1963) |
| Spouse(s) | Lưu Thị Triệu |
| Children | Two sons |
| Alma mater | Collège Chasseloup-Laubat Hanoi College of Education |
| Profession | Educator Politician |
| Signature |  |

**Trần Văn Hương** (1 December 1902 – 27 January 1982) was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the Prime Minister (1964–65 & 1968–69), Vice President (1971–75) and third President of South Vietnam (21–28 April 1975). Dương Văn Minh succeeded him just two days before the Fall of Saigon.
# Counterculture of the 1960s

The **counterculture of the 1960s** was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon. This happened in most parts of the United States and the Western world between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. The movement became popular as the U.S. Civil Rights Movement continued to grow and the United States's involvement in the Vietnam War.

During this time, there were social tensions about the change in human sexuality, women's rights, traditional modes of authority, rights of the non-white people, end of the racial segregation, experimentation with psychoactive drugs and what the *American Dream* meant. Many key movements related to these issues were born or grew from the counterculture of the 1960s.

## Related pages

* Hippie
# Missing in action

the POW/MIA flag for the Prisoners and Missing in Wars
**Missing in action** (**MIA**) refers to a soldier who is reported to have gone missing during active service. The soldier may have been killed, injured, captured or deserted. It is not known what happened to them. If they are dead, neither their body nor grave can be found or identified. Going missing in action has been a risk for people in armed forces for as long as there has been war.

## World War II

According to the US Dept of Defense as of December 30, 2021:

* MIAS-North America: 2,359
* MIAS-South America: 646
* MIAS-Europe: 20,908
* MIAS-Middle East: 16
* MIAS-Africa: 984
* MIAS-Asia/Pacific: 47,063
* Total of MIA US Servicemen/civilians: 72,350

According to official US Department of Army and Department of Navy casualty records, submitted to Congress in 1946 and updated in 1953, the combined possible total of missing service personnel worldwide is closer to approximately 6600 and probably considerably fewer. Since DPAA alone designates such WWII personnel as the crew of the USS Arizona and most of that of USS Oklahoma as both "missing" and "unaccounted-for" it is possible that DPAA records keeping may be somewhat idiosyncratic.

## Korean War

US Department of Defense Loss concentrations maps estimation of US MIAS/POWS as being lost in North Korea in 1954 and in 2017.| Location | 1954 | 2017 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| POW CAMPS | 1,200-1,273 | 883-1,200 |
| Unsan/Chongchan area | 1,109-1,559 | 1,294-1,549  |
| DMZ | 89 | 1,000 |
| UN Cemeteries | 266  | [233] |
| Chosin Reservoir area | 523-1,002 | 598-1,079 |
| Suan Camps | 0 | 185 |
| Totals | 3,260-4,116 | 3,960-3,828 |

According to the US Dept of Defense as of December 30,2021: Total of MIA US Servicemen: 7,550

## Vietnam War

According to the US Dept of Defense as of December 30,2021: Total of MIA US Servicemen/Civilians: 1,584

## Cold War

According to the US Dept of Defense as of December 30, 2021:

* MIAS-Asia/Pacifc 108
* MIAS-europe 8
* MIAS-Gulf Wars/Middle East: 5
* MIAS-El Dorado Canyon/Africa: 1

Total of MIA Servicemen: 126

As of December 30,2021 Total US MIAS World War II to present: 81,616

## Related pages

* Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
* Garden of the Missing in Action

## Other websites

* DoD Instruction 1300.18 Archived 2014-01-04 at the Wayback Machine "Personnel Casualty Matters, Policies, and Procedures" From the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, January 8, 2008
* Graphic photos showing recovery of missing Russian soldiers' remains dating from the Second World War
* U.S.-Russia Joint MIA/POW Commission Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Report of the State Senate Committee on POW/MIA Affairs at the Library of Congress
* Current status of MIA's from the Vietnam War
* Blog covers Widow’s travels to Vietnam in search of her MIA husband’s jet crash site in Que Son Mtns Archived 2014-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
# Tôn Đức Thắng

| Tôn Đức Thắng |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 1st President of Vietnam |
| **In office** 2 July 1976 – 30 March 1980 |
| Preceded by | Himself *as President of North Vietnam* Nguyen Huu Tho *(as Head of State of Republic of South Vietnam)* |
| Succeeded by | Trường Chinh Nguyễn Hữu Thọ (acting) |
| 2nd President of North Vietnam |
| **In office** 2 September 1969 – 2 July 1976 |
| Preceded by | Ho Chi Minh |
| Succeeded by | Himself as President of Vietnam |
| Chairman of the National Assembly |
| **In office** 20 September 1955 – 15 July 1960 |
| Preceded by | Bui Bang Doan |
| Succeeded by | Trường Chinh |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1888-08-20)August 20, 1888 Long Xuyên, An Giang, French Indochina |
| Died | March 30, 1980(1980-03-30) (aged 91) Hanoi, Vietnam |
| Political party | Communist Party of Vietnam |
| Spouse(s) | Doan Thi Dau |
| Awards |  Gold Star Order |

**Tôn Đức Thắng** (August 20, 1888 – March 30, 1980) was the second and last president of North Vietnam and the first president of the reunified Vietnam. He was president, initially of North Vietnam from September 2, 1969, and later of a united Vietnam, until his death in 1980.