Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Ian Kershaw

Ian Kershaw in 2012
**Sir Ian Kershaw** FBA FRHistS (born 29 April 1943) is an English historian and one of the most famous experts on Nazi Germany.

## Early works

Kershaw started his job as a historian studying life in the Middle Ages. In the 1970s he changed to studying Nazi Germany. He worked with Martin Broszat's study on what ordinary Germans in Bavaria thought about Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. He then did studies and books of his own, including *The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich* in 1987. Kershaw is also well-known for writing a biography (life story) of Hitler. This was written as two books, one published in 1998 and another published in 2000.

## Ideas

One of Kershaw's most important ideas is the idea of "working towards the Führer". (Hitler called himself the "Führer", a German word for "leader".) This is his idea about why the Nazi government caused World War II, the Holocaust and other mass killings. Kershaw believes that they cannot simply be blamed on just one person, and it is more important to study the rest of the Nazi government and German society. However, unlike his friend Hans Mommsen, Kershaw does not believe that Hitler was a weak ruler. Instead, he thinks that Hitler was powerful but lazy. He believes that events like the Holocaust happened because Hitler's followers were working towards what they thought Hitler wanted them to do.

## Other writings

Kershaw has also written many other books and worked as an advisor to documentaries. In the 2010s, he also wrote books on the wider history of Europe in the 20th century.
# Reorganized National Government of China

Flag of the Wang Jingwei Regime from 1940–1943
The **Reorganized National Government of China** (Chinese: 中華民國國民政府), also known as the **Wang Jingwei Regime** (汪精衛政權) was a puppet government in China. It was led by Wang Jingwei, under the protection and support of the Empire of Japan. Only Japan and the other Axis powers recognized the Wang Jingwei regime as the legitimate government of China. The regime ended in 1945, at the end of World War II and the surrender of the Japanese army in China.

The country was run by a dictator named Wang Jingwei, who used to be a high-ranking official in the Nationalist party called the Kuomintang (KMT). This area was taken over by Japan in the late 1930s when the Second Sino-Japanese War started.
# Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

The **Japanese occupation of Hong Kong** (Chinese: 香港日治時期) was a time when Japan controlled Hong Kong. It began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, gave up the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan gave up at the end of Second World War.

## Economics

One day after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong started, the Japanese military yen was changed to the only legal currency of Hong Kong. In January 1942, two Hong Kong dollars could be converted to one Japanese military yen. However, in July, four Hong Kong dollars were needed to be converted to one Japanese military yen.

## Education

Textbooks during Japanese Occupation
All primary schools and secondary schools had to teach Japanese. They were not allowed to teach English.

## Reference
# Typhoid

*Other unrelated diseases with a similar name are typhus and paratyphoid fever*
In 2000, the areas shown in red reported many cases; those in brown reported a few cases
**Typhoid**, or **typhoid fever**, is an illness caused by the bacterium *Salmonella enterica* subspecies *enterica*. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually begin 6 to 30 days after exposure. The disease is spread by water which has the bacteria in it.

## Transmission

Typhi is spread through from what is called the *fecal–oral route*. The source is people who are infected but have no symptoms. An asymptomatic human carrier is an individual who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in their stool a year after the acute stage of the infection.

## The disease

Typhoid usually lasts between two weeks and a month. The symptoms of typhoid often appear 10 to 14 days after infection. If no treatment is given, between one and three out of every ten patients die. The rest usually get better after a month, at the most.

Typhoid causes a steady fever of at least 103–104 degrees F (39–40 degrees C). Also, it can cause stomach pains, headache, being delirious (restless, excited, seeing things), and not being hungry. In some cases, flat, pink coloured spots show up on the patient's body. Sometimes there are no symptoms.

Typhoid is not common in countries with good sanitation and clean water. For example, scientists think that there are only 400 cases a year in the United States. In 2015, 12.5 million new cases worldwide were reported. For example, in the Indian subcontinent, typhoid is one of the most common diseases because of poor sanitation and lack of basic hygiene.In that case, typhoid fever is common in children of the one to 15 years age group.

The disease can be treated with antibiotics. There are standard drugs like *chloromycetin* which cure typhoid.
# China Daily

China Daily (simplified Chinese: 中国日报; traditional Chinese: 中國日報; pinyin: *Zhōngguó Rìbào*) is an English-language daily newspaper. They are owned by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party. It was created on 1 June 1981. Its headquarters is at Chaoyang District in Beijing. *China Daily* is the largest English-language newspaper in China.
# Home Ministry

The Home Ministry was a government department in Japan that dealt with things like local government, elections, police, social policy, and public works from 1873 to 1947. It notably was involved with the development of State Shinto and controlling religious affairs in Japan.
# Military history

**Military history** is the history of what happened in the history of humanity that are considered to be conflicts. This could mean anything as small as a fight between two tribes or a conflict as large as a world war. Military historians record military history.

## Related pages

* Military science

## Other websites

* Why Study War?, by Victor Davis Hanson, *City Journal,* Summer 2007 Archived 2010-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Military History Encyclopedia
* Military History Wiki Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
# Trench

Soldiers digging a trench as cover
Gas pipe being laid in a trench
A **trench** is a long, narrow ditch.

Trench warfare has often been used in defense. Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire. Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected. The trench coat got its name from there.

Several kinds of trench exist:

* *Utility trench* has pipes, wires, or other infrastructure
* *Road trench* carries vehicles
* *Military trench* provides shelter for soldiers shooting at each other
* *Oceanic trench*: For example, the Mariana Trench
* *Rift valley*
* *Archaeological trench* dug by archaeologists
# Typhus

The bacteria Rickettsiae which causes typhus
*Typhus is unrelated to both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever*
**Typhus** is the name for a number of diseases, caused by bacteria called Rickettsiae. These bacteria are parasites that cannot survive outside their host organism. Depending on the species the host organisms are, fleas (on rats), harvest mites (on several rodents and humans), or lice (on humans). It is an epidemic disease.

When the term is commonly used, it usually means *endemic typhus*, which is spread by lice. The name *typhus* comes from Greek, where it means *smoky* or *hazy*. This was the word used to describe the state of mind the patients are in.

Typhus can be treated with antibiotics.
# Operation Lam Son 719

**Operation Lam Son 719** was a South Vietnamese military operation where South Vietnam, with United States support, attempted to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laotian territory. This operation was a failure, South Vietnam had to withdraw from Laos after failing to achieve its goals there, and the Ho Chi Minh trail remained intact and fully functional, allowing the North Vietnamese to continue to use it.
# Tula, Russia

| Tula
Тула |
| --- |
|  |
| FlagCoat of arms |
| Country |  Russia |

**Tula** (Russian: Тула) is a city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast, Russia. The Klokovo air base, The Tula State University, Tula Kremlin, The Tula State Museum of Weapons and Kazanskaya part of the Upa River is located in Tula. In 2024, Tula has 461,692 people.

## History

Tula was at the Upa River, which is a part of the Oka River. Tula is founded in 1146 as Taydula, Tula became the city on the southern approaches to Moscow in the 16th century and the centre of a series of defensive lines against the Tatar attack. A stone city of 1530, restored in 1784 and 1824,
had survived. In 1552, Tula successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars. During the 17th century, Tula got into the major iron-working city of Russia. It was the site of Russia’s first armament factory, built in 1712 by Peter I the Great, and remains a large military staff producer. Besides iron and steel, Tula has lots of engineering industries. Brown coal is mined locally and used in the chemical industry. A highly decorated Russian tea are a traditional manufacture. Tula has mechanical, mining, and teacher-training institutes and one devoted to coal-mining research. A museum founded in 1724 displays a history of weapons. Yasnaya Polyana, the home of the Leo Tolstoy, is located 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Tula.

## Geography

Tula is located 193 kilometers south of Moscow. Tula is located in the north of the Central Russian Upland in Central Russia, on the Upa River, a part of the Oka. It is 888 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg and 3,836 kilometers northwest of Novosibirsk.
# Shinshūkyō

Shinshūkyō refers to new religious movements in Japan. Japanese theologians consier all religions founded since the middle of the 19th century as "new religions". They are influenced by much older traditional religions such as Shinto, Buddhism, and Hinduism.
# Dictator

Benito Mussolini (on the left) and Adolf Hitler (on the right) were two dictators that used fear and propaganda to consolidate power.
The word **dictator** or **despot** in modern times is used to describe an absolute ruler of a country (other than a king). A dictator uses force and fear to keep themself, their friends, and their allies in authority.

They can effectively make laws all by themself. A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a *dictatorship*.

## History

The word "dictator" comes from the Roman Republic, where a man would be given absolute power for six to twelve months to handle an emergency. Julius Caesar was the last Roman Dictator.

Some dictators in history have gained political power through by violently taking over the existing government (for example, in a military coup, civil war or revolution). Others won an election, but once in power, they cancelled new elections or changed how they were run to make them unfair for opponents.

Mao Zedong, Muammar Gaddafi, Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler are four of the deadliest dictators in history. Pol Pot was perhaps the deadliest: his Cambodian genocide killed nearly a quarter of the people under his rule.

## A Comparison Of Monarchs and Dictators

Monarchs, often called kings, queens, and emperors are similar to dictators in quite a few ways, including the usage of force and fear too rule over a country. Both dictators and monarchs often start wars and/or kill millions to expand or gain power.

Often times these groups overlap, with many dictatorships having a monarchy structure where the next of kin will become the next dictator upon death of the current dictator.

Many monarchs throughout history fall under dictatorships as they rule with absolute power and authority with no regard for laws. Though this does not mean all monarchs are automatically dictators.

Dictatorships often also have little to no acceptance throughout history, whereas monarchs often are seen as okay as long as they're not ruling with absolute authority and attempting to help their people.

## Related pages

* Despotism
* Dictatorship
* Junta
# Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu

**Prince Chichibu** (Chichibu-no-miya Yasuhito Shinnō) (25 June 1902 – 4 January 1953), also known as Prince Yasuhito, was the second son of Emperor Taishō and a younger brother of the Emperor Shōwa.

Prince Chichibu
As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of various sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. As an English-speaking prince he played a significant role in post-World War 2 Japan's reconstruction. However, he died tragically early due to Tuberculosis.

The Prince was married to the Princess Chichibu.
# Takamagahara

**Takama-ga-hara** (Japanese: 高天原), literally "High Heaven's Plain" but usually translated as the "High Plain of Heaven," is a place in Japanese mythology. In Shinto, Takama-ga-hara is the place where the Kami live. The legends say it's connected to the Earth by the bridge *Ama-no uki-hashi* (the "Floating Bridge of Heaven"). In Shinto, when a kami is worshipped, it is invited to leave Takama-ga-hara and enter a shrine.

* "Takamagahara". *Encyclopedia Mythica*. Archived from the original on 11 May 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2006.
* Ono, Sokyo (1962). *Shinto: The Kami Way*. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3557-8. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Japanese Mythology & Folklore** |
| **Mythic Texts and Folktales:**
 Kojiki | Nihon Shoki | Otogizōshi | Yotsuya Kaidan
 Urashima Tarō | Kintarō | Momotarō | Tamamo-no-Mae
 **Divinities:**
 Izanami | Izanagi | Amaterasu
 Susanoo | Ama-no-Uzume | Inari
 List of divinities | Kami | Seven Lucky Gods
 **Legendary Creatures:**
 Oni | Kappa | Tengu | Tanuki | Fox | Yōkai | Dragon
 **Mythical and Sacred Places:**
 Mt. Hiei | Mt. Fuji | Izumo | Ryūgū-jō | Takamagahara | Yomi |
# Kōki Hirota

| Junior Second Rank Kōki Hirota |
| --- |
| 廣田 弘毅 |
| Portrait, c. 1936 |
|  |
| Prime Minister of Japan |
| **In office** 9 March 1936 – 2 February 1937 |
| Monarch | Hirohito |
| Preceded by | Keisuke Okada |
| Succeeded by | Senjūrō Hayashi |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs |
| **In office** 4 June 1937 – 26 May 1938 |
| Prime Minister | Fumimaro Konoe |
| Preceded by | Naotake Satō |
| Succeeded by | Kazushige Ugaki |
| **In office** 14 September 1933 – 2 April 1936 |
| Prime Minister | Saitō Makoto Keisuke Okada *Himself* |
| Preceded by | Uchida Kōsai |
| Succeeded by | Hachirō Arita |
| Member of the House of Peers |
| **In office** 31 May 1937 – 13 December 1945 Nominated by the Emperor |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1878-02-14)14 February 1878 Chūō-ku, Fukuoka, Empire of Japan |
| Died | 23 December 1948(1948-12-23) (aged 70) Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, Allied-occupied Japan |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse(s) |
Shizuko Hirota
​ ​(m. 1905; died 1946)​ |
| Alma mater | Tokyo Imperial University |
| Signature |  |
| **Criminal conviction** |
| Criminal status | Executed |
|  |
| Conviction(s) | Crimes against peace War crimes |
| Trial | International Military Tribunal for the Far East |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
|  |
|  |

**Kōki Hirota** (廣田 弘毅, *Hirota Kōki*; 14 February 1878 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese diplomat and politician who was the prime minister of Japan from 1936 to 1937. He was executed by hanging for war crimes committed during the Second Sino-Japanese War at the Tokyo Trials.

## Other websites

* Hirota's trial
# Marquess

**Marquess** (**marquis** in French) is a title of nobility in many countries in Europe. It is a rank higher than an earl but lower than a duke. 'Marquis' is correct in France, and 'Margrave' in Germany for a local ruler.

This title was usually granted by a monarch to reward a subject for longtime faithful service or some very notable deeds. The title is hereditary, meaning that it passes from a father to his eldest son. Usually if a man holding this title dies without having any male heirs, the title is said to become extinct, meaning that it is no longer held by anyone living.

The female equivalent of this title may be styled **marquess**. This rank may be held by the wife of a marquis or granted to a woman in her own right.
A woman with the rank of marquess is called a marchioness in the U.K. and elsewhere a marquise.
# Human rights in Eritrea

Eritrea's flag
**Human rights in Eritrea** are viewed, as of the 2010s, by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Human Rights Watch as among the worst in the world, particularly in regard to freedom of the press.

## LGBT rights

The Government of Eritrea has denied an appeal by the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review process to legalize same-sex sexual activity. This was said to be "in direct contradiction with the values and traditions of the Eritrean people".
# Freedom in the World

[[File:2016 Freedom House world map.png|thumb|330px|Country ratings from Freedom House's *Freedom in the World 2016* survey, concerning the state of world freedom in 2015.

  Free (86)   Partly Free (59)   Not Free (50)]]
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by U.S.-based Freedom House. It attempts to measure the degree of democracy and political freedom in every nation and territory around the world.
# Hideyo Noguchi

Hideyo Noguchi
**Hideyo Noguchi** (野口 英世, **Noguchi Hideyo**; 24 November 1876 – 21 May 1928) was a Japanese microbiologist. He studied bacteria.

He was born in Inawashiro, Fukushima. He worked at the Institute of Infectious Diseases as a doctor. When he was 24, he went to the United States. In 1928, he moved to Ecuador, where there were many cases of yellow fever. He went to find the bacteria that caused it. After arriving there, he was able to identify the bacteria as yellow fever, and developed a vaccine. This quickly reduced the number of people dying of yellow fever in South America.
In 1928, while researching yellow fever in Accra, he was infected by yellow fever and died.
# Hayao Miyazaki

*In this Japanese name, the family name is* Miyazaki*.*
Hayao Miyazaki
**Hayao Miyazaki** (宮崎 駿, *Miyazaki Hayao*; born January 5, 1941) is a leader in the area of anime, or Japanese animation. His name is pronounced "Ha-ya-oh Me-ya-za-key". He worked with Isao Takahata.

His company made the animated movies *Spirited Away* (2001), *My Neighbor Totoro* (1988), *Kiki's Delivery Service* (1989), *Porco Rosso* (1992) and *Princess Mononoke* (1997).

His company is named Studio Ghibli. In 2001, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for *Spirited Away*. It was the first anime to win the award in that category.

During a press conference at Italy's Venice Film Festival, he announced that he was going to retire from the production of feature-length films.

Miyazaki announced his retirement on September 2, 2013.

## Works directed by him

* *The Castle of Cagliostro,*  1979
* *Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind,* 1984
* *Castle in the Sky,* 1986
* *My Neighbor Totoro,* 1988
* *Kiki's Delivery Service,* 1989
* *Porco Rosso,* 1992
* *Princess Mononoke,* 1997
* *Spirited Away,*2001
* *Howl's Moving Castle,* 2004
* *Ponyo on the Cliff,* 2008
* *The Wind Rises,* 2013
* The Boy and the Heron, 2023

## Other websites

* Hayao Miyazaki on IMDb
* Nausicaa.net
* Stubio Ghibli site (in Japanese)
# Kingdom of Hejaz

| Hashemite Kingdom of Hejazالمملكة الحجازية الهاشمية *Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāzyah Al-Hāshimīyah* |
| --- |
| 1916–1925 |
| * Top: 1917–1920
* Bottom 1920–1925

Coat of arms (1920–1925)

 |
| Kingdom of Hejaz (green) within modern-day Saudi Arabia |
| Capital | Mecca (1916–1924) Jeddah (1924–1925) |
| Common languages | Arabic |
| Ethnic groups  | Arabs |
| Religion  | Sunni Islam |
| Demonym(s) | Hejazi |
| Government | Absolute monarchy |
| King |   |
|  |
| • 1916–1924  | Hussein bin Ali |
| • 1924–1925  | Ali bin Hussein |
|  |
| Historical era | World War I Interwar period |
|  |
| • Established as a result of the Arab Revolt  | 10 June 1916 |
| • Recognized  | 10 August 1920 |
| • Foundation of the Sharifian Caliphate  | 3 March 1924 |
| • Conquered by the Nejd  | 19 December 1925 |
| • Abdulaziz crowned King of Hejaz  | 8 January 1926 |
|  |
| Population |
|  |
| • 1920  | 850,000 |
| • 1925  | 900,000 |
|  |
| Currency | Hejazi riyal |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Ottoman Hejaz |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sharifian Caliphate |  |
| Hejaz and Nejd |  |

 |

 |
| Today part of | Saudi Arabia |

The **Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz** (Arabic: المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية, *Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah*) was a part of the Hejaz in the Middle East. In 1916, in alliance with the British Empire as part of the Arab Revolt during World War I, Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz declared independence from the Ottoman Empire. In 1925 Britain stopped supporting it, and Ibn Saud conquered the Hashemite Kingdom.
# Sixth cholera pandemic

During the First World War, the threat and fear of cholera spreading among the troops were real. The war took place during the sixth cholera pandemic, forcing soldiers into close range in sordid conditions. Despite these factors, cholera is relatively rare in the military. Several cases have been reported, but the number is surprisingly low and the death toll is very low. This also affect a flu pandemic after the war was over. Like all previous pandemics, it originated in India and killed 800,000 people. Its spread continues to the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.