Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Painting

Image from the Lascaux caves. This cave painting is about 17.000 years old.
Painting materials
**Painting** is using colors to make visual art. It is also the word for a painted work of art. Many kinds of paints are used to create art. They include watercolors, acrylics and oils. Other artists like working with pencil or chalk. Sometimes charcoal can be used.

Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, the *Mona Lisa*, painted by Leonardo da Vinci. People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art. There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.

Painting is an important type of art that you look at. It uses things like drawing, arranging the picture, brush strokes, telling stories, and simple shapes. There is a basic difference between drawing and painting. In drawing, a single layer is the entire image. In painting, one layer is painted over another to get the final image. As a result, most of the time the image will not be clear until it gets to the final stage.

There are four basic stages in painting: preparation, divide, layer, and touch up.

1. Preparation: most artists prepare a canvas or other surface. A thin and uniform cover or "wash" of white or other color is laid on the whole surface. This may help the later layers to get the same fix all over the surface. Also, the unseen wash may help the reflection of light from the surface, thus improving the effect for the viewer. For really uneven or colored surfaces, such as wood or rough canvas, a more substantial covering is needed. That is called gesso, traditionally a mixture of chalk and gelatin, but nowadays available as a thick white acrylic. Painting on some surfaces requires a special technique. Painting on plaster uses the fresco method.
2. In the divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint), and background for those areas are plotted.
3. In the layer stage, a layer is plotted over another layer, to get the desired shape in each area. By the end of this stage, all objects in the image will be easily and clearly identifiable.
4. The touch-up stage needs extra effort. This stage is to provide an extra look to the image, like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.

## Related pages

* Landscape painting
* Still life
# Expressionism

**Expressionism** is an art and cultural movement of the 20th century.
Expressionist artists try to express a feeling with what they create. Colours and shapes are not used in a way people see them, but as the artist feels them.

Expressionism emerged as an 'avant-garde movement' in poetry and painting before the First World War. In the Weimar years it was appreciated by a mass audience, peaking in popularity in 1920s Berlin.

Expressionism presents the world as subjective: how the artist feels it, not how it is scientifically. The art looks to get an emotional effect, and transmits personal moods and ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of "being alive" and emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including: painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music. The term often implies emotional angst. In a general sense, painters such El Greco could be called expressionist; in practice, the term is applied only to 20th century works.

The Expressionist stress on the individual perspective was also a reaction to positivism and other artistic movements such as naturalism and impressionism.

Typical modern expressionists are Edvard Munch (*The Scream*), August Macke, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Marc Chagall, and others. The First World War, with the many young men who died, left deep impressions on artists' minds.

* *Fugue* by Wassily Kandinsky (1914)
* *Portrait of Eduard Kosmack* by Egon Schiele
* *Rehe im Walde* by Franz Marc
* *"Elbe Bridge I"* by Rolf Nesch
* *To the unknown voice*, by Kandinsky 1915.
* *Clouds in Finland* by Konrad Krzyżanowski, 1908
* *"View of Toledo"* by El Greco, 1595/1610. Bears a striking resemblance to 20th century expressionism. Historically speaking it is part of the Mannerism movement.
# Sidney Nolan

Sidney Nolan in the 1940s
**Sir Sidney Robert Nolan** OM, AC, CBE (/ˈnoʊlən/; 22 April 1917 – 28 November 1992) is regarded as one of Australia's great artists. He used many art forms including painting, drawing, printmaking, set design (for theatre), murals, spray painting and collage. He created over 10,000 individual art works, considered a prolific, or large, number of works of art.

Nolan is famous for his set of 27 Ned Kelly paintings. His friend, Sunday Reed, donated 25 of the paintings to the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, where a special room has been built to display them. In 2010 one of the Kelly paintings was given to the National Gallery of Victoria. One of the Kelly paintings not owned by the museum was sold in March 2010 for AU$5.4 million. This was the highest price ever paid for an Australian painting.

Nolan was born in Carlton, Victoria on 22 April 1917. He attended Prahran Technical College and studied art at the National Gallery School in Melbourne. In 1948 he moved to Sydney, New South Wales and then in 1953 he moved to London where he stayed until his death on 28 November 1992.
# Yosl Bergner

Bergner in 1979
**Yosl Bergner** (Hebrew: יוסל ברגנר‎; 13 October 1920 – 18 January 2017) was an Israeli painter. He was best known for his art which had people with long pale faces, pointed chins and huge dark, soulful eyes. This was said to show joy and sadness of being Jewish. He was awarded the Israel Prize in 1980.

Bergner was born in Vienna, Austria. He grew up in Warsaw, Poland. He lived in Melbourne, Australia from 1937 until 1948, when he moved to Israel.

Bergner died on 18 January 2017 in Tel Aviv at the age of 96.
# The Waste Land

"**The Waste Land**" is a poem by T.S. Eliot. It was first published in 1922. After it had been printed in London in *The Criterion*, it was reprinted in New York in *The Dial*. Then it was published in the form of a book. The poem is dedicated to Ezra Pound, whom T.S. Eliot regarded as his friend and teacher of poetry. Ezra Pound was the first reader of the poem. He helped Eliot to make it shorter and better.

The poem is divided into five parts. They are: *The Burial of the Dead*, *A Game of Chess*, *The Fire Sermon*, *Death by Water* and *What the Thunder Said*. It is composed of 433 lines. The work is written in free verse and blank verse.

The poem is full of quotations from classic works of world literature. Eliot makes allusions to Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, Oliver Goldsmith, Ovid, Charles Baudelaire, Gerard de Nerval and Thomas Kyd. He uses different sources of inspiration, including both Christianity and Buddhism. The story is based on the Christian legend of the search for the Holy Grail. The poem ends with the Sanskrit words Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. / Shantih shantih shantih.

"The Waste Land" is commonly considered to be one of the most important literary works of the 20th century. It has been translated into many languages. Czesław Miłosz, a Nobel Prize winner, translated it into Polish.

* The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot, Horace Liveright, New York 1930.

## Other websites

* T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land. Full text of the poem at Poetry Foundation.
* T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land at Gutenbrg Project.
* Richard Ellman, On The Composition of The Waste Land. Archived 2017-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
# Giorgio de Chirico

| Giorgio de Chirico |
| --- |
| Giorgio de Chirico in 1936, photographed by Carl Van Vechten |
| Born | Giorgio de Chirico (1888-07-10)10 July 1888 Volos, Greece |
| Died | 20 November 1978(1978-11-20) (aged 90) Rome, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | artist |

**Giorgio de Chirico** (10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian painter and writer. In the years before World War I, he founded the *Scuola metafisica* art movement. The name means "Metaphysical school". The *Scuola metafisica* was a big influence on the surrealist painters. After 1919, he became interested in more traditional ways of painting. He began to paint in a neoclassical style.

De Chirico was born in Volos, Greece. His parents were Italian. He studied art first in Athens and then in Florence. In 1906 he went to Munich in Germany where he studied at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.

## Related pages

* Bestetti Edizioni
* List of Italian painters

## Other websites

* Media related to Giorgio de Chirico at Wikimedia Commons
* De Chirico Foundation
* Giorgio de Chirico at the Museum of Modern Art
# Outback

A road in Fitzgerald River National Park
The plains in the Outback. The tabletop mountain in the background is Mount Conner
The **outback** is the remote areas of Australia. The outback is not a defined area, rather the term refers to locations that are far away from big cities and have few roads and not much farming.
The fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle ranches.
Ranching, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.

## Medicine in the outback

Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.

## Tourism

Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of several vehicles. Deaths of tourist are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.
# Burke and Wills expedition

The **Burke and Wills expedition**, officially called the Victorian Exploring Expedition, was the largest and best equipped in Australian history. Led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, they crossed the continent of **Australia** from south to north. The group left Melbourne on 20 August 1860 and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria on 9 February 1861. However, because of poor planning and leadership, Burke and Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.