Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Pond

A pond in the Czech Republic
A **pond** is a body of water smaller than a lake. Ponds support a wide range of wildlife: ducks, turtles, swans, small fish, and frogs can live in a pond. Usually, in most ponds sunlight can reach to bottom. In some cases, ponds do not last all year round. This type of pond is called a vernal pond, or ephemeral, seasonal, or temporary wetlands. These types of ponds do not have any fish. Some ponds are now getting polluted because of humans.
Unlike rivers, lakes stay in one place. They do not flow from one place to another.
# Tsakonian language

| Tsakonian |
| --- |
| τσακώνικα |
| Native to | Greece |
| Region | Eastern Peloponnese, around Mount Parnon |
| Native speakers | 300-1,500 (2010) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Hellenic
	+ Greek
		- Doric
			* **Tsakonian**
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | `tsd` |
| *Glottolog* | `tsak1248` |
| ELP | Tsakonian |
| Linguasphere | `56-AAA-b` |
|

**Tsakonian** (also **Tsaconian**, **Tzakonian** or **Tsakonic**; Tsakonian: τσακώνικα, α τσακώνικα γρούσσα; Greek: τσακώνικα) is a Hellenic language. It is spoken in the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece and comes from Doric Greek. It is similar to Greek, but people speaking the two languages cannot talk to each other. Only a few hundred people are left who speak the language. Most of these are elderly people.
# Kaldor-Hicks efficiency

Pareto improvements are a small subset of Kaldor–Hicks improvements.
**Kaldor–Hicks efficiency**, named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, also known as **Kaldor–Hicks criterion**, is a measure of economic efficiency. It captures some of the intuitive appeal of Pareto efficiency, but has less stringent criteria. For this reason, it is applicable more often. Under Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, an outcome is considered more efficient if a Pareto optimal outcome can be reached by arranging sufficient compensation from those that are made better off to those that are made worse off so that all would end up no worse off than before.
# Jean Tirole

| Jean Tirole |
| --- |
| Tirole in 2007 |
| Born |  (1953-08-09) 9 August 1953 Troyes, France |
| Nationality | French |
|  |
| Institution | Toulouse 1 University Capitole Toulouse School of Economics Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales |
| Field | * Microeconomics
* Game theory
* Industrial organization
 |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology Paris Dauphine University École nationale des ponts et chaussées École Polytechnique |
| Doctoral advisor | Eric Maskin |
| Doctoral students | Roland Bénabou |
| Awards | John von Neumann Award (1998) BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2008) Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (2014) |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc |
|  |

**Jean Tirole** (born 9 August 1953) is a French professor of economics.

In 2014 he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation.
# Fertile Crescent

This map shows the extent of the Fertile Crescent.
The **Fertile Crescent** is a historical region in the Middle East that includes the Levant, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. These countries on a map together have a shape that is similar to a crescent, so archaeologist James Henry Breasted spoke of the "Fertile Crescent" because he wanted to show the similarities of the cultures of this region in ancient times.

All these lands are watered by important rivers: Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris. Together they cover some 400-500,000 square kilometers, and the region extends from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea around the north of the Syrian Desert and through the Jazirah and Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf. These areas are in present-day Egypt, Israel, West Bank, Gaza strip, Lebanon, Cyprus and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, south-eastern Turkey and south-western Iran. The population of the Nile River basin is about 70 million, the Jordan River basin about 20 million, and the Tigris and Euphrates basins about 30 million, giving the present-day Fertile Crescent a total population of around 120 million, or at least a quarter of the population of the Middle East.

The Fertile Crescent has a very long record of past human activity.

## Related pages

* Mesopotamia
* Ancient Egypt
# Ballerina

Ballerina Irina Baranova
A **ballerina** is a name given to a female ballet dancer. Only very good female ballet dancers are called ballerinas. A ballerina is a principal dancer in a classical ballet company. The highest ranking female dancer in a company was usually called the **prima ballerina**.

Today the term 'ballerina' has gone rather out of fashion. Now they are simply called 'Principal dancers'. Dancers in a company are ranked by the company, and paid accordingly. They have to prove themselves in lesser parts before they can get promoted.

Example of the ranks in a modern dance company:

1. Corps de ballet (these do not dance named individual parts)
2. Coryphées (minor soloists)
3. Principal character artists (dance roles with significant acting)
4. Second soloists (dancers who take named solo roles)
5. First soloists (one rank up from the previous)
6. Principal dancers (if female, same as 'ballerinas'; they dance leading roles)
7. Principal guest artist (a well-known and sometimes famous dancer, usually from abroad)
# Chinese calendar

The **Chinese calendar**, also known as the "agriculture calendar" (農曆/农历), is a lunisolar calendar (*yinyangli*). It was used until 1912 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. It was developed in part from a lunar calendar (陰曆 *yinli*) and in part from a solar calendar (陽曆 *yangli*).

## History

The current version of the Chinese calendar was developed for the Chongzhen Emperor in the 17th century.

Today in China the Gregorian calendar is used for most activities. At the same time, the Chinese calendar is still used for traditional Chinese holidays like the Chinese New Year or the Mid-Autumn Festival.

## Related pages

* Sexagenary calendar

## Other websites

* Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table Archived 2011-11-03 at the Wayback Machine