Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# London Missionary Society

The London Missionary Society was an evangelical missionary society formed in England in 1795 prompted by Welsh Congregationalist minister Edward Williams.
# Reformed churches

The **Reformed churches** are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations.

## History

The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

## Form of doctrine

Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):

* French Confession (1559),
* Scots Confession (1560),
* Three Forms of Unity
	+ Heidelberg Catechism (1563),
	+ Belgic Confession (1566),
	+ Canons of Dordrecht (1619),
* Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
* Westminster Standards
	+ Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
	+ Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
	+ Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
* Baptist
	+ London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

## Form of governance

Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:

* Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
* Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregational churches

## Other websites

* World Communion of Reformed Churches Archived 2016-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
	+ \* World list of Reformed Churches Archived 2015-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
* *Leben, a journal of Reformed Life*
* Reformed Online Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine - Comprehensive resource
# 1973 oil crisis

The **1973 oil crisis** started on October 17, 1973. when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) said, because of the Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Syria and Egypt (The United States, Canada, its allies in Western Europe, and Japan). The embargo was lifted in March 1974.

About the same time, OPEC members agreed to raise world oil prices, after attempts at negotiation with the "Seven Sisters" oil company earlier in the month failed. Due to the dependence of the industrialized world on crude oil and the role of OPEC as a major supplier, these price increases hurt the economies of the targeted countries, while at the same time limiting economic activity. The targeted countries responded with new, and mostly permanent, attempts to limit any more dependency.

During this time, many other problems arose. These problems badly affected the economy of the world. The problems continued even after 10 years until the early 1980s. The higher oil prices continued until 1986. Japan did well soon after the 1973 oil crisis. For example, Japanese companies started manufacturing automobiles that used less oil to run. Soon many other automobile companies in different countries also started to manufacture automobiles that used less oil to run. The Japanese also began focusing on producing electronics such as transistor radios and televisions. This production is what helped the Japanese economy to bounce back after the shock of the oil crisis.

## Related pages

* 1979 oil crisis
# Trappes

Coat of arms
**Trappes** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Yvelines department in north-central France. In 2019, 32,645 people lived there.

The commune is in the western suburbs of Paris, 26.7 km (16.6 mi) from the center, in the new town of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

## Notable people

* Nicolas Anelka, footballer
* Jamel Debbouze, comedian and actor
* La Fouine, rapper
* Massadio Haïdara, footballer
* Linda Pradel, handball player
* Shy'm, singer
* Omar Sy, comedian and actor

## Twin towns

Trappes is twinned with:

* Castiglione del Lago, Italy, since 1971
* Congleton, England, United Kingdom, since 1962
* Kopřivnice, Czech Republic, since 1970
# Chuck Close

| Chuck Close |
| --- |
| Chuck Close in 2009 |
| Born | Charles Thomas Close (1940-07-05)July 5, 1940 Monroe, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | August 19, 2021(2021-08-19) (aged 81) Oceanside, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | B.A., University of Washington, 1962; M.F.A., Yale University |
| Known for | Photorealistic painter, photographer |
| Spouse(s) | Leslie Rose, Sienna Shields |

**Charles Thomas "Chuck" Close** (July 5, 1940 – August 19, 2021) was an American painter, artist and photographer.

## Early life

Close was born in Monroe, Washington. He was raised in Everett, Washington. Close studied at the University of Washington and at Yale University. He suffered from dyslexia.

## Career

Close achieved fame as a photorealist, through his massive-scale portraits. Close often paints abstract portraits of himself and others, which hang in collections internationally. Although a spinal artery collapse in 1988 left him severely paralyzed, he has continued to paint and produce work that remains sought after by museums and collectors. Close also creates photo portraits using a very large format camera.

## Personal life

Close worked in Bridgehampton, New York and Long Beach, New York. He had two daughters with Leslie Rose. They divorced in 2011.

Close married artist Sienna Shields in 2013. They divorced before his death.

Close was diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia in 2015. He died on August 19, 2021 in Oceanside, New York from congestive heart failure at the age of 81.

## Gallery

*

## Other websites

* Personal Website
* Pace Gallery Page
* Chuck Close: Process & Collaboration
* Chuck Close at the Walker Art Center
# Manuel Ávila Camacho

| Manuel Ávila Camacho |
| --- |
| Official Potrait, 1940 |
|  |
| 52nd President of Mexico |
| **In office** 1 December 1940 (1940-12-01) – 30 November 1946 (1946-11-30) |
| Preceded by | Lázaro Cárdenas |
| Succeeded by | Miguel Alemán Valdés |
| Secretary of National Defense of Mexico |
| **In office** 18 October 1936 – 31 January 1939 |
| President | Lázaro Cárdenas |
| Preceded by | Andrés Figueroa |
| Succeeded by | Jesús Agustín Castro |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1897-04-24)24 April 1897 Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico |
| Died | 13 October 1955(1955-10-13) (aged 58) Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico |
| Resting place | Panteón Francés |
| Political party | Institutional Revolutionary |
| Spouse(s) | Soledad Orozco |
| Military service |
| Allegiance | Mexico |
| Branch/service | Mexican Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1933 |
| Rank | Brigadier general |

**Manuel Ávila Camacho** (es; 24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955) was a Mexican politician and military leader. He was the President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946.

He served with General Lázaro Cárdenas as his Chief of his General Staff during the Mexican Revolution. He was known as "The Gentleman President" ("El Presidente Caballero"). As president, he pursued "national policies of unity, adjustment, and moderation."

During his presidency, he helped fix relations between Mexico and the United States during World War II.

Ávila Camacho died at his farm in Huixquilucan, Mexico from heart disease on 13 October 1955, aged 58.
# First Battle of El Alamein

| First Battle of El Alamein |
| --- |
| Part of The North African Campaign of World War II |
|  British infantry manning a sandbagged defensive position near El Alamein, 17 July 1942 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 1–27 July 1942 |
| Location | El Alamein, Egypt |
| Result |
Stalemate |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  Italy  Nazi Germany |  British Empire
* United Kingdom
* British India
* New Zealand
* Australia

 South Africa |

The **First Battle of El Alamein** was a battle during the Second World War that took place in El Alamein, Egypt. It was fought between the Allied forces, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy from July 1 to July 27, 1942. It was part of the Western Desert Campaign.

German Field Marshal Commander Erwin Rommel led the Afrika Korps. British Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck led the Eighth Army, defending El Alamein from Rommel's attacking army. Italian General Ettore Bastico was also part of the battle.

The British prevented a second advance by the Axis forces into Egypt, which were 66 miles from Alexandria and dangerously close to the ports and cities of Egypt.
# Anatolijs Gorbunovs

Anatolijs Gorbunovs in 2015
**Anatolijs Gorbunovs**, also known as **Anatoly Valeryanovich Gorbunov** (Russian: Анато́лий Валериа́нович Горбуно́в) (born February 10, 1942), is a Latvian politician. He was the acting President of Latvia from 1991 through 1993.

Gorbunovs was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet during the final years of the Soviet regime in Latvia and as Chairman of the Supreme Council of Latvia during the first years after the country regained its independence.

Gorbunovs was born in Pilda parish, Ludza municipality, Latvia.

In 1995 Gorbunovs was awarded the Order of the Three Stars.