Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Central Committee

In political parties, the **Central Committee** (also called **Steering Committee** or **National Committee**) is a group of party members that make all decisions for the party.

The Committee is usually led by a Chairman. The Committee usually elects its Chairman to represent it, and also elects other important members of the party.

In one-party dictatorships, the Central Committee is all-powerful and leads the country. In the Soviet Union, for example, Joseph Stalin, used his power as General Secretary to have complete control over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee and was able to become more powerful than the Committee itself.
# Roger Casement

**Sir Roger Casement** (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish nationalist and British diplomat. He served as British consul in Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State and reported human rights abuses there. He helped a campaign against King Léopold II of Belgium's rule in the Congo Free State, which led him to relinquish his African kingdom to the Belgian Parliament in 1908.

He then became an Irish revolutionary. After participating in the 1916 Easter Rrising, he was executed for treason by hanging by the British.

His role in the rising was in the importation of guns from Germany. He was arrested in Tralee, County Kerry.

At his trial he was outed as gay, this was discovered through his diary.
# Head of state

Heads of state of various countries:
* Emmanuel Macron, President of France
* Prabowo Subianto, President of Indonesia
* Joe Biden, President of the United States

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* Yoon Suk-yeol, President of South Korea
* Charles III, King of the United Kingdom
* Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil

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* Bola Tinubu, President of Nigeria
* Tharman Shanmugaratnam, President of Singapore
* Vladimir Putin, President of Russia

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* Salman, King of Saudi Arabia
* Naruhito, Emperor of Japan
* Bongbong Marcos, President of the Philippines
* Felipe VI, King of Spain

The **head of state** is the leader of a country/sovereign state. The powers of a head of state may vary depending on the country. The head of state is usually the highest-ranking official in the country.

## Titles

In most republic countries, the head of state is called the president and is usually elected by the people.

In countries that are monarchies, the head of state is a monarch (such as a king), who gets the position through inheritance. There are many titles that a monarch could have, but they all have the same role as a head of state.

## Types of heads of state

### Executive

Sometimes a head of state has an executive role. This means that they take part in leading the government. In these systems, the head of state is also the head of government. For example, the President of the United States is both the head of state and head of government of the US. There are many republics that operate like this but some monarchies still have a king who runs the government.

### Ceremonial

In other countries, the head of state may be a separate person from the head of government. In this system, the head of state has the role of representing the nation and being a neutral non-political leader while the head of government takes care of the executive. This system is used in many modern monarchies such as the United Kingdom. However, some republics such as the Republic of Ireland follow this system.

## Related pages

* Pope
* Supreme Leader of Iran
# Haloalkane

A simple haloalkane. "R" stands for any type of carbon chain, while "X" stands for any halogen.
**Haloalkanes** are alkanes that contain one or more halogens. A variety of different reactions can form these organic compounds. They cannot quickly be reacted, making them reasonably stable.

There are many kinds of haloalkanes, used for many purposes. Haloalkanes can be primary, secondary, or tertiary and could contain more than one type of halogen. Some haloalkanes contain no hydrogen atoms.

Whether the haloalkane is primary, secondary, or tertiary depends on where the halogen is placed in the molecule. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to one other carbon atom makes the haloalkane a primary alkane. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to two other carbon atoms makes the haloalkane a secondary alkane. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to two other carbon atoms makes the haloalkane a secondary alkane. Halogens placed on carbon that is attached to three other carbon atoms makes the haloalkane a tertiary alkane.
# Murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu

| Murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa |
| --- |
| Court | Shah Alam High Court |
| Decided | 9 April 2009 |
| Court membership |
| Judge sitting | Mohd. Zaki Mohd. Yasin |
| Keywords |
| Murder |

**Altantuya Shaariibuu** (6 May 1978 – 18 October 2006) was a Mongolian national murdered in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Her case is significant due to the alleged involvement of people close to former Prime Minister Najib Razak.

The Shah Alam High Court sentenced Chief Inspector Azilah Hadri and Corporal Sirul Azhar Umar to death on 9 April 2009. Abdul Razak Baginda was acquitted. On 23 August 2013, Sirul and Azilah were acquitted by the Court of Appeal, causing controversy. On 13 January 2015, the Federal Court found them guilty again and sentenced them to death. Sirul fled to Australia, and extradition efforts were blocked due to Australian laws against the death penalty.

After the 14th general election, new Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and Altantuya's father called for further investigation. Sirul offered to reveal the truth if pardoned. On 16 December 2019, Azilah Hadri, from death row, alleged that Najib and Abdul Razak Baginda ordered the murder.
# Plasma (physics)

**Plasma** is the 4th state of matter.

A plasma lamp, showing some of the more complex things a plasma can do. The colors come from the gas in the lamp. Each type of gas makes a different color
Gas-filled tubes often contain plasma. This one shows neon. The color of the tube gives a hint to the gas inside
Plasma is created by adding energy to a gas so that some of its electrons leave their atoms. This is ionization. It results in negatively charged electrons, and positively charged ions. Unlike the other states of matter, the charged particles in a plasma react strongly to electric and magnetic fields (i.e. electromagnetic fields). If a plasma loses heat, the ions will re-form into a gas, emitting the energy which had caused them to ionize.

Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be plasma. When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the pieces are called electrons and ions. Because they have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act differently from a gas. For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas. Plasma is a better conductor of electricity than copper.

Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, as in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low pressure, as in outer space.

On Earth, lightning makes plasma. Artificial (man-made) uses of plasma include fluorescent light bulbs, neon signs, and plasma displays used for television or computer screens. Plasma lamps and globes which are popular children's toys and room decorations.

Scientists are experimenting with plasma to make a new kind of nuclear power, called fusion, which would be much better and safer than ordinary nuclear power, and would produce much less radioactive waste.

## Related pages

* Gas
* Liquid
* Solid
* Bose-Einstein condensate
* Matter
* Plasma window
* Solar wind

## Other helpful websites

* Plasma Science and Technology
* Plasma on the Internet comprehensive list of plasma related links.
* Introduction to Plasma Physics: M.I.T. Introduction by I.H.Hutchinson
* Plasma Coalition page
* How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape Archived 2005-09-06 at the Wayback Machine | More (Video) Archived 2006-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Phases of Matter Archived 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
# Jabal al-Nour

**Jabal al-Nour**, also known as the Mountain of Light, is a prominent mountain located near the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It holds significant religious and historical importance in Islam due to its association with the early life of the Prophet Muhammad.

The most notable feature of Jabal al-Nour is the Cave of Hira, situated near its summit. It is within this cave that Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad received the first revelations of the Quran from the Angel Gabriel, marking the beginning of his prophethood. The event is known as the "First Revelation" or "First Wahi."

Pilgrims and visitors often make the journey to Jabal al-Nour to visit the Cave of Hira, which has become a site of spiritual significance and contemplation for Muslims worldwide. The climb to the cave can be physically demanding, requiring a hike up the mountain, but it is considered a deeply rewarding and spiritually enriching experience for many believers.

Jabal al-Nour serves as a reminder of the profound spiritual journey of the Prophet Muhammad and the origins of Islam, making it a revered location for Muslims seeking to connect with their faith and history.
# Cirrhosis

**Cirrhosis** is a disease of the liver. Normal liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. The liver does not work so well.

Cirrhosis is caused mostly by alcoholism, hepatitis B, hepatitis C or hepatocellular carcinoma. Ascites (retention of fluid in the abdomen) is the most common complication for cirrhosis. The patient's skin develops a yellowish hue (jaundice) as the disease gets worse. Liver damage by cirrhosis cannot be repaired. It leads to a poor quality of life, and can cause death.
# Bark

the bark of a Monterey Pine
**Bark** is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors. It is the outer layer of tree trunks.

Most of the bark grows from the vascular cambium. Some outer parts of the bark sometimes come from a cork cambium. In the bark are lenticels which allow gases to move in and out of those inner tissues which have living cells.

Bark of one kind or another has been on trees from the Carboniferous period. It is obvious on stems and branches, and on some kinds of storage organs.