Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Linus Torvalds

Linus Torvalds
**Linus Benedict Torvalds** (/ˈliːnəs ˈtɔːrvɔːldz/ *LEE-nəs TOR-vawldz*, Finland Swedish: [ˈliːnʉs ˈtuːrvɑlds] (listen); born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish-American software engineer.

His parents named him after Linus Pauling. He studied at the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1996. He became famous because of the success of his operating system, Linux. He started making this system as a student project in 1991. He based it on the popular UNIX operating system. Today, Linux has become the most popular free operating system.

Linus is the leader of the Linux project, which has many members around the world. He is the one person who can make decisions about changes or future development on the operating system. He also made the version control system Git. He now lives with his family in the United States.

Linus chose the penguin to be the logo of Linux. A picture of a penguin called Tux appears on many desktop computers that run Linux.

## Other websites

* Linus Torvalds' personal homepage Archived 2005-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
* The Linux Kernel Archives - the Linux kernel source provided by the Kernel.org Organization
# Hermann von Helmholtz

| Hermann von Helmholtz |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-08-31)August 31, 1821 Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | September 8, 1894(1894-09-08) (aged 73) Charlottenburg, German Empire |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | Medicinisch-chirurgisches Friedrich-Wilhelm-Institut |
| Awards | Matteucci Medal (1868) Copley Medal (1873) Faraday Lectureship Prize (1881) Albert Medal (1888) |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | * Physics
* Physiology
* Psychology
 |
| Institutions | * University of Königsberg
* University of Bonn
* University of Heidelberg
* University of Berlin
 |
| Thesis | *De fabrica systematis nervosi evertebratorum* (1842) |
| Influences | Johann Gottlieb Fichte Immanuel Kant Hermann Lotze |
| Influenced | Friedrich Albert Lange Ludwig Wittgenstein |
|  |

**Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz** (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields. The Helmholtz Association is named after him.

In physiology and psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, and color vision research. His work on the sensation of tone, perception of sound, and the physiology of perception is also notable.

In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics.

As a philosopher, he is known for his philosophy of science, ideas on the relation between the laws of perception and the laws of nature, the science of aesthetics, and ideas on the civilizing power of science.
# Larry Sanger

| Larry Sanger |
| --- |
| Larry Sanger in July 2006 |
| Born | Lawrence Mark Sanger  (1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 Bellevue, Washington, USA |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Reed College (BA) Ohio State University (MA, PhD) |
| Occupation | Internet project developer |
| Known for | Co-founding Wikipedia |
| Website | LarrySanger.org |

**Lawrence Mark Sanger** (born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer. He worked with Jimmy Wales to create the online encyclopedias, Nupedia and Wikipedia before he created his own online encyclopedias Digital Universe and Citizendium. Since leaving Wikipedia, he has criticised the site for having a left-wing bias.

## Career

Jimmy Wales, through his company Bomis, paid Sanger to help them to maintain Nupedia.

On January 2, 2001, Ben Kovitz, Larry Sanger's friend, had the idea to use a wiki to help to make Nupedia better. Larry Sanger in turn told Wales, and on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was launched. There are different opinions on which of the three people are most responsible for Wikipedia.

In 2005, Larry Sanger created Digital Universe, an online encyclopedia like Wikipedia.

In 2006, Larry Sanger created Citizendium, another online encyclopedia. Citizendium uses the MediaWiki engine (like Wikipedia) but the rules are different. People must use their given name on Citizendium and experts are given special status in approving articles.

In December 2017, Larry Sanger joined Everipedia. He left the project in 2019.

In February 2025, Larry Sanger asked Tesla CEO Elon Musk to investigate which branches of the United States government "have employees who are paid to edit, monitor, update, or lobby on Wikipedia" and advocated that such departments "should be defunded". Musk responded, "Good idea".

## Other websites

* Official website