Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Almanac

An **almanac** is a type of reference that is published yearly. It includes information about weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates and tide tables. Information about astronomy are also found in almanacs, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, lists of all types, timelines, sports, and more. It can also be used to tell time, and is pocket sized. The first almanac was invented in 1457.
# Biofilm

A **biofilm** is any group of microorganisms which stick to cell surfaces.

These sticky cells create a slimy layer outside the cells of the body. The cells in the biofilm produce extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have three-dimensional structure they are a community lifestyle for microorganisms. They have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes".

The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in their local environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and the host's immune system. The film of bacteria which live on your teeth are an example. Biofilms also form on inorganic objects like stones in water.
# Gagauz language

**Gagauz** is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people. They live in Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey. It is the official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.

Gagauz belongs to the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, with Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Turkish. Gagauz has two dialects, Bulgar Gagauzi and Maritime Gagauzi. Gagauz is not the same language as Balkan Gagauz Turkish.
The Gajal, the Sunni Muslim Branch of the Gagauz, live in Turkey-East Thrace, once came from Moldova.
# Thomas the Apostle

"The Incredulity of St. Thomas" by Caravaggio
**Saint Thomas** is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His name means "the twin".

## Doubting Thomas

Thomas is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead. Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he did not believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross. Jesus did return and showed Thomas. The phrase "Doubting Thomas" (a term for a person who does not believe something at first) comes from this story. Thomas didn't believe Christ had returned until he was invited by the risen Jesus to put his finger into the nail holes in Jesus' hands and his hand into Jesus' wounded side. This led Thomas to say to Jesus, "My Lord and my God".

## Missionary Travels

Though not recorded in the Bible, there are many stories about Thomas working as a missionary. The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India believe that Thomas came to India to preach in 52 A.D. He is regarded as the patron saint of India. There are about 6 million "Mar Thoma" Christians worldwide as of 2025. Other ancient accounts tell of him going to China and Indonesia.

## Related pages

* Twelve Apostles
# Christ's College, Cambridge

The first court of Christ's College
**Christ's College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1347 with the name *God House*. Then in 1505 Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, gave some money to make the college much bigger. She also changed the name to Christ's College.

Christ's College has about 600 students. It has a tradition to do very well in the exams: it was the best college in the 20 years period from 1980 to 2000.

Some very famous people have studied here, for example Charles Darwin and John Milton.

## Other websites

* Official website
# Taxidermy

Taxidermist in South Africa.
A taxidermied bobcat
**Taxidermy** (which comes from the Greek word for "the arrangement of skin") is act of taking the skin of an animals and preserving it, by putting it on a fake body. If you perform taxidermy, you **taxiderm**. Taxidermed animals can be mounted and put on display, sometimes in a museum or a home. People who taxidermy animals are called taxidermists. Many hunters and fishermen taxidermine the animals they catch and kill for trophies. Ones that are on display in museums are used to make dioramas and for educational purposes. Some people taxiderm their pets and other street animals.
# Quantum tunnelling

Visual of quantum tunneling
**Quantum tunnelling** is a part of the theoretical branch of physics known as quantum mechanics. It states that electrons can behave like both particles and waves, and can cancel the effects of an energy barrier if the energy barrier is thin enough, due to quantum mechanics being dependent on probability. In other words, particles can travel through walls, doors, etc. if the door or wall is thin enough. The particle— usually a subatomic or quark particle such as an electron or photon—can become a wave to focus a great deal of energy on the barrier, ultimately negating it. There is also a non-zero chance that it could be found *inside* the barrier. However, this only noticeably works for subatomic particles, as the chance for macroscopic objects to do this is very, very low, small enough to not be thought about much.
# Heliocentrism

The top picture is what the solar system would look like if the Earth was at the center (geocentric). The bottom picture has the Sun at the center (heliocentric) and is what it actually looks like.
**Heliocentrism** is the idea that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, which is the center of the solar system. Many people proposed heliocentrism, such as Aristarchus of Samos from ancient Greece, but Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to think of good reasons why it is true. This was the beginning of modern astronomy.

## History

Before Copernicus, most people thought that the Sun and the other planets revolved around the Earth (this was called geocentrism). This is because if you stand on Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. However, when people watched for many years they saw many things that did not make sense if the Earth was the center of the Solar system. For example, sometimes the planets seemed to move back and forth instead of moving around the Earth. Copernicus explained why these things happen in 1543, when he published the book *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* ("On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres"). This gave his reasons for thinking the Sun was at the center instead.

Other astronomers who made further advances after Copernicus were Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. For example, Kepler showed that the planets do not orbit in perfect circles, and Galileo built very good telescopes that helped to confirm the heliocentric model.

Copernicus also thought that the sun was the center of the universe, but we now know that this is incorrect. The Sun is part of the Milky Way galaxy which is one out of billions of galaxies.

* Dreyer, J.L.E. (1953), *A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler*, New York, NY: Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-60079-3 `{{citation}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Linton, Christopher M. (2004), *From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8
* *On the Revolutions Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine*; translation of *De Revolutionibus* with commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8018-4515-7.
# Hermippe (moon)

**Hermippe** or **Jupiter XXX**, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation **S/2001 J 3**.

Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000 km in 629.809 days, at an orbital inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.

It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
# Bell Labs

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated|  |
| Company type | Private (Subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent) |
| Industry | Information technology |
| Founded | 1925 |
| Headquarters | Murray Hill, New Jersey, United States |
| Parent | AT&T/Western Electric (1925-1983) AT&T (1984-1996) Lucent (1996-2006) Alcatel-Lucent (2006-present) |

**Bell Laboratories** (or **Bell Labs**) is part of the French company Alcatel-Lucent which in turn is owned by Nokia. It is a research subsidiary of the company, and is based in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, United States.

AT&T created Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925. It works on creating new things. Bell Labs in the 20th century did much scientific research. Work done there has won seven Nobel Prizes.

## Other websites

* Official site Archived 2013-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
# Forth and Clyde Canal

Bridge over the Forth and Clyde canal at Bowling
The **Forth and Clyde Canal** opened in 1790. It is 35 miles (56 km) long. It provided a route for boats to go between Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth to Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde at the narrowest part of the Scottish Lowlands. As the boats grew bigger and the railways were developed it was slowly abandoned. In 1967 the part through Grangemouth was drained and filled in.

In 2000 the Falkirk Wheel was built to connect it again to the Union Canal.
# Random House

Random House, Inc.| Random House Tower headquarters, New York City |
| Company type | Subsidiary of Bertelsmann |
| Industry | Books, Publishing |
| Founded | 1925 |
| Founder | Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer |
| Headquarters | New York City, USA Munich, Germany London, UK |
| Key people | **Markus Dohle** (Chairman and CEO) **Edward Volini** (Deputy Chairman, Chief Operating Officer) **Dr. Joerg Pfuhl** (Verlagsgruppe Random House) **Gail Rebuck** (Random House Group) |
| Products | Books |
| Revenue | $2.3 billion USD (2008) |
| Number of employees | 5,764 (as of December 31, 2007) |
| Website | www.randomhouse.com |

**Random House** is the biggest English-language book publisher in the world. It is owned by the large German media company Bertelsmann. Random House was founded in 1927 by Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer. The publisher's main office in the United States is located at 1745 Broadway in Manhattan. In October 2018, Penguin Random House merged two of its most known publishing lines, Random House and the Crown Publishing Group. In 2019, Penguin Random House acquired British children's book publisher Little Tiger Group (including American subsidiary Tiger Tales Press) and added it to Random House Children's Books.

## Other websites

* Random House official website in the U.S.
* Random House official website in the UK
* Random House official website in Germany
* Random House official website in Canada
* Random House official website in Australia
* Random House official recruiting website in the U.S.
* Random House careers and recruiting website in the UK
* Biography of Bennett Cerf with the quote on the origin of the Random House name
* Bertelsmann official website