Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Hansel and Gretel

Illustration by Arthur Rackham, 1909
"**Hansel and Gretel**" (German: *Hänsel und Grethel*) is a fairy tale from Germany. The Brothers Grimm heard it from Dortchen Wild in Cassel and published it in their *Children's and Household Tales* in 1812. The Grimms revised the tale over the years. They gave the children names, changed the mother to a stepmother, and introduced Christian motifs. Their final version is dated 1857. The tale has been adapted to many media, most notably the opera *Hänsel und Gretel* (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. A stop-motion animated movie based on the opera was made in the 1950s.

## Story

Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister who learn their parents intend to abandon them in the forest. Despite their situation, Hansel and Gretel’s spirits remained high.They find their way home by leaving a trail of pebbles. One day, however, their parents succeed. The children wander the forest and come upon a house made of cake and candy. It belongs to an old woman who makes the children prisoners. Although, she intends to eat them, she fails. Gretel outwits her. She pushes the old woman into the oven and slams the door. The two poor kids escaped and lived happily ever after.

* Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. *The Classic Fairy Tales*. Oxford UP. pp. 236-7.
* Tatar, Maria. 2002. *The Annoted Classic Fairy Tales*. Norton. pp. 44-5.
* Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2002. *The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales*. Norton. pp. 225-6.
# National personification

Britannia arm-in-arm with Uncle Sam symbolizes the British-American alliance in World War I.
A **National personification** are concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces/phenomena, such as seasons and weather in relation to personae characteristics of a state or the people(s) it inhabits. It may appear in political mascots and cultural depictions.

## List of national personifications

| Location | Image | Personification | Animal used for the same purpose |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Greece |  | Hellas |  |
|  India |  | Bharat Mata ("Mother India") | Bengal tiger, Indian elephant |
|  Ireland |  | Ériu, Banba, Fódla, Kathleen Ni Houlihan, Hibernia, The Old Woman of Beare |  |
|  United Kingdom |  | Britannia (United Kingdom), John Bull (England), Dame Wales (Wales) | The Lion and the Unicorn (England and Scotland), Bulldog (United Kingdom), Welsh dragon (Wales) |
|  United States |  | Uncle Sam (government personification), Lady Liberty, Columbia, Johnny Reb (The South, obsolete), Billy Yank (The North, obsolete), Brother Jonathan (New England, obsolete) | Bald Eagle, Timber rattlesnake (American Revolution, obsolete) |

## Related pages

* National emblem, for other metaphors for nations.
* Polandball, a satirical Internet meme where countries are depicted as balls.
# Tea bag

A teaspoon removing the tea bag from a cup of tea
A **tea bag** is a small bag of tea leaves. It is put in a cup with boiling water to turn it into tea. They can be made of paper or silk. A tea bag is often removed with a teaspoon, some have a string to remove it.
# Lined paper

**Lined paper** is paper with lines printed on it. The lines are commonly parallel to each other, uniformly spaced with a larger space at the top. The horizontal lines are meant to separate lines of hand-written text. Lined paper is thinner than other types of paper.
# Paper mill

A **paper mill** is a factory that produces paper, usually using vegetable fibers or wood pulp. Wood and other raw materials are cut into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels. The chemicals separate a substance called *cellulose* from the wood fibres. The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called *paper machines*. Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus. Other things often used include rags.
# Carpet

This is a top-class hand-made rug from Azerbaijan
A machine-made fitted carpet
A **carpet** is a rectangular piece of woven textile.

Generally, carpets are used to make spaces more beautiful and to make walking on the floor quieter. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets may be many different sizes.

Rugs and carpets originated in Central Asia, but the idea of machine manufacture was invented in Europe. The oldest known carpet was found in the year of 1947 at excavations in Siberia. So there are two different kinds of things: one is hand-made by traditional methods, and the other woven by machine. This accounts for the very great difference in style and price between traditional rugs and modern wall-to-wall carpeting.

The name "carpet" comes from Old Italian carpita, "carpire" means to pluck. The term "carpet" is used mostly to describe textiles placed on the floor most of the times stretched from wall to wall.

**Rugs** are smaller in size, often placed over a carpet, and often decorated. In Islam, rugs are used as prayer mats, for people to kneel on when they pray.

It is common, especially in the Middle East, for rugs and carpets to be used as wall decoration, and they are designed with decoration in mind. Mass-manufactured carpets in western countries are utilitarian: for hard use on the floor, and usually self-coloured (that is one color over the whole carpet). Traditional rugs from the Middle East are hand-made and may be very expensive by the time they reach shops in the western world.

In some countries carpets are designed in a way to tell stories. They can tell history of family or something important that happened.
# Pietra dura

Pope Clement VIII in pietra dura
Altar frontal of Italian *opera di commessi*, Dubrovnik Cathedral.
Floral 'Parchin kari' work in the Taj Mahal, with precious and semi-precious stones.
Pietra dura (Italian: [ˈpjɛːtra ˈduːra]) or pietre dure ([ˈpjɛːtre ˈduːre]) (see below), called **parchin kari** or **parchinkari** (Persian: پرچین کاری‎) in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.

The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones.

The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence. Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.

There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.
# Cruiser

The Japanese cruiser Iwate 2, an old World War 1 era cruiser.
The USS Port Royal, a modern cruiser.
A cruiser is a warship larger than a destroyer originally made to be capital ships during the World War I and II era, but nowadays they are used for a number of roles. They are most commonly used as command ships, but it is hard to give them a specific role, since most ships nowadays, apart from aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, have very similar roles and sizes. Some of the cruiser's roles include launching many kinds of missiles, standoff, communications and command, bombardment, escorting other ships, and special operations. However, many modern ships also do this, with the main difference being size, firepower, and their intended use. This is because naval technology today that is capable of competing with other ships and winning, is very limited. The same was true in World War II, when most ships were built around big guns and speed. In both times, ships with different technology are considered obsolete or impractical and are not used much.

Older cruisers were called battlecruisers. They used large cannons like most other ships when they were first used but have evolved to use the same weapons and technology as modern destroyers. Cruisers were first built around 1915 but became popular among navies in the early 1930s and are still used today. Cruisers have changed over time and have evolved from the old, large, coal-driven ships to the modern smaller, stealthier, and more efficient vessels. Cruisers are still used today but are very different from the older ones. After battleships stopped being used during the Cold War years, due to being designed around large guns, which by then were beginning to be considered obsolete, cruisers were left as the most powerful surface combatant ship. (Not counting aircraft carriers.) Like with most ships, they are most likely to become stealthier, more efficient, and have more advanced weapons in the foreseeable future.
# Suicide by pilot

**Suicide by pilot** is an aviation event in which a pilot deliberately crashes or attempts to crash an aircraft in a suicide attempt, sometimes to kill passengers on board or people on the ground. This is sometimes described as a murder–suicide.

This Airbus A320, operating as Germanwings Flight 9525, was deliberately crashed into the Alps by a suicidal co-pilot on 24 March 2015, killing all 150 people on board.
## Prevention

U.S. regulations require at least two flight crew members to be in the cockpit at all times for safety reasons, to be able to help in any medical or other emergency, including intervening if a crew member tries to crash the plane. Following the deliberate crash of Germanwings Flight 9525 on March 24, 2015, some European, Canadian and Japanese airlines adopted a two-in-cockpit policy as did all Australian airlines for aircraft with 50 or more passenger seats.
# D. T. Suzuki

| D T. Suzuki |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | (1870-10-18)18 October 1870 Honda-machi, Kanazawa, Japan |
| Died | 12 July 1966(1966-07-12) (aged 95) Kamakura, Japan |
| Occupation | Author |
| Notable awards | National Medal of Culture |

**D.T. Suzuki** (鈴木 大拙 貞太郎 Suzuki Daisetsu Teitarō, 18 October 1870 – 12 July 1966) was a Japanese philosopher and writer.

His books and essays were on Buddhism, Zen and Shin. They spread interest in Eastern philosophy to the West. Suzuki was also a prolific translator of Chinese, Japanese, and Sanskrit literature. He taught at Western universities, and spent many years as a professor at Otani University.

These essays were enormously influential when they came out, making Zen known in the West for the very first time:

* *Essays in Zen Buddhism: first series* (1927), New York: Grove Press.
* *Essays in Zen Buddhism: second series* (1933), New York: Samuel Weiser 1953–1971. Edited by Christmas Humphreys.
* *Essays in Zen Buddhism: third series* (1934), York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser 1953. Edited by Christmas Humphreys.
* Dr. Suzuki also completed the translation of the *Lankavatara Sutra* from the original Sanskrit. Boulder, CO: Prajña Press, 1978, ISBN 0-87773-702-9, first published Routledge Kegan Paul, 1932.

Shortly after, a second series followed:

* *An Introduction to Zen Buddhism*, Kyoto: Eastern Buddhist Soc. 1934. Republished with Foreword by C.G. Jung, London: Rider & Company, 1948.
* *The Training of the Zen Buddhist monk*, Kyoto: Eastern Buddhist Soc. 1934. New York: University Books, 1959.
* *Manual of Zen Buddhism* Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Kyoto: Eastern Buddhist Soc. 1934. London: Rider & Company, 1950, 1956. A collection of Buddhist sutras, classic texts from the masters, icons & images,including the "Ten Ox-herding pictures".

After WWII, a new interpretation:

* *The Zen doctrine of no-mind*,London: Rider & Company, 1949. York Beach, Maine: Red Wheel/Weiser 1972, ISBN 0-87728-182-3.
* *Living by Zen*. London: Rider & Company, 1949.
* *Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist: the Eastern and Western way*, Macmillan, 1957.
* *Zen and Japanese culture*, New York: Pantheon Books, 1959. A classic.
* *Zen Buddhism and psychoanalysis*, Erich Fromm, D.T. Suzuki, and De Martino.

Miscellaneous:

* *Zen Buddhism: selected writings of D.T. Suzuki*, Doubleday, New York: 1956. Edited by William Barrett.
* *Shin Buddhism*; New York, Harper & Row, 1970.
* *Collected writings on Shin Buddhism* (ed. by The Eastern Buddhist Society); Kyōto, Shinshū Ōtaniha, 1973.
* Transcription of talks on Shin Buddhism.*Buddha of infinite light*. Boston: Shambhala, 1998. Edited by Taitetsu Unno.
* Tribute; anthology of essays by great thinkers. *D.T. Suzuki: a Zen life remembered*. Wheatherhill, 1986. Reprinted by Shambhala.
# Shaolin Monastery

The **Shaolin Monastery** or Shaolin Temple is a temple at Song mountain of Dengfeng, near Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China. Now it is led by abbot Venerable abbot Shi Yǒngxìn.

It was founded in the 6th century and became the Holy Ground of Kung Fu. Now it is the Mahayana Buddhist monastery perhaps best known to the Western world.
# Robert M. Pirsig

Pirsig in July 2005
**Robert Maynard Pirsig** (September 6, 1928 – April 24, 2017) was an American writer and philosopher. He is known for writing many philosophy books. They include: *Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values* (1974) and *Lila: An Inquiry into Morals* (1991).

Pirsig was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He died on April 24, 2017 at his home in South Berwick, Maine from a long-illness, aged 88.

## Other websites

 Media related to Robert M. Pirsig at Wikimedia Commons

* Timeline of Pirsig's life
* Pirsig bio from the American Society of Authors and Writers
# Mel Weitsman

**Hakuryu Sojun Mel Weitsman** (born **Mel Weitsman**; July 20, 1929 – January 7, 2021) was an American Buddhist. He was the founder, abbot and guiding teacher of Berkeley Zen Center. Weitsman was a Soto Zen roshi.

He was also a co-abbot of the San Francisco Zen Center, where he was from 1988 to 1997. Weitsman was also editor of the book *Branching Streams Flow in the Darkness: Zen Talks on the Sandokai*.

Weitsman died on January 7, 2021 at the age of 91.
# Tetsugen Bernard Glassman

Glassman in May 2007
**Bernard "Bernie" Glassman** (January 18, 1939 – November 4, 2018) was an American Zen Buddhist roshi. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Glassman was the founder of the Zen Peacemakers. In 1996, he co-founded the Zen Peacemaker Order with his wife Sandra Jishu Holmes.

Glassman was a Dharma successor of the late Taizan Maezumi-roshi, and gave inka and Dharma transmission to several people. Glassman was known as a leading figure of social enterprise, socially engaged Buddhism and "Bearing Witness Retreats" at Auschwitz and on the streets.

Glassman died on November 4, 2018 from complications of a stroke in Springfield, Massachusetts at the age of 79.
# Kyozan Joshu Sasaki

**Kyozan Joshu Sasaki** (佐々木承周, *Sasaki Jōshū*) (April 1, 1907 – July 27, 2014) was a Japanese and American Rōshi Rinzai Zen teacher. He lived in the United States since 1962. He started the Mount Baldy Zen Center, near Mount Baldy in California. He was also its head abbot.

Joshu Sasaki died at Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles on July 27, 2014, aged 107.

## Other websites

* Kyozan Joshu Sasaki at the Mount Baldy Zen Center website
# Sensei

Sensei is a word in Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Vietnamese that means elder but is usually used to mean teacher. It’s used to show respect to a lot of people including priests, accountants, lawyers, doctors, politicians, musicians, writers and martial arts teachers.
# Yeshe Tsogyal

**Yeshe Tsogyel** (IPA: [jɛ·ˈʃɛɪ·ˌʦo·cɛl], rhymes with "may she so well") is also known in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism as the **Great Bliss Queen**. She is both a woman and a female deity called a *dakini*.

She lived from 757 to 817, and was the wife of Emperor Trisong Detsen (740 - c. 798) who invited Padmasambhava to Tibet:

From the mouth of a lotus was born
The swift goddess, heroic liberator
Who went forth in human form
Amid the snowy mountains of Tibet.
Among Tibetans she is seen as a Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be seen by the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity." In fact,

She displays whatever emanation form will tame
Any given [person], just as, for example, the full moon in the sky
Emerges as [various] reflections in different water vessels.
According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother. Her name ("Primordial (*ye*) Wisdom (*shes*) Queen (*rgyal mo*) of the Lake (*tso*)") derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.

As a young girl, she is said to have prayed for the happiness of all sentient beings. At the age of sixteen, she was initiated into Buddhism by Guru Padmasambhava. Although she was originally one of the Queen consorts of Trisong Detsen, he gave her to Padmasambhava and she became his main spiritual consort. After many years of study she became enlightened. Yeshey Tsogyal was the main person who wrote down and collected Padmasambhava's teachings. She also terma most of the hidden teachings called *termas*.

As the wife of Tri-song-day-tsen and the consort of Padmasambhava, given to him at her request by the king, she also stands historically at the beginning of Buddhism's eclipse of Bön in Tibet. She is also considered a manifestation of Sarasvati and sometimes identified with the Bodhisattva Tara.

* Klein, Anne Carolyn (1995). *Meeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the Self*. Beacon Press: Boston. ISBN 0-8070-7306-7.
# Shamarpa

**Shamarpa 14-th in KasselShamarpa** or more formally **Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche** is Tibetan Buddhis teacher. Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha. He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers.
The first Shamar Rinpoche Khedrup Drakpa Senge (1284–1349) was the principal disciple of the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorje.

## Present Shamarpa

The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952. At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.
# Harsha

Harsha's empire at its greatest extent.
**Harsha** or **Harshavardhana** (Hindi: हर्षवर्धन) or "Harsha vardhan" (590–647) was an Indian Buddhist emperor. He ruled north-central and east India for fifty seven years. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhan and younger brother of Rajyavardhan, a king of Thanesar. At the height of his power he ruled the Gujarat, Bengal, Orissa and the entire Gangetic plain North of the Narmada River. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the sixth century C.E., North India reverted back to small republics and small monarchical states.
# Zand Dynasty

The Zand dynasty (Persian: سلسله زندیه), was an Iranian dynasty founded by Karim Khan (r. 1751–1779 ) who ruled all Iran excluding Khorasan[1] of Zand clan of Lur tribe Lak tribe.[2][1][3]
# Megathrust earthquake

A **megathrust earthquake** occurs at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. No other type of known terrestrial source of tectonic activity has produced earthquakes of this scale.
# Investment bank

An **Investment Bank** is a business that helps other businesses (and also governments) borrow money and/or allow businesses to partially or fully sell themselves to other people and businesses. Unlike a regular bank, they do not typically lend their own money or use their own money to buy part or all of a business. They help to match the business financing need to investors who are seeking to earn money by either lending to the business or owning part of the business.

In the mid 20th century, certain investment banks started to help their business clients to sell their business entirely to other businesses instead of to investors, as well as to help businesses decide what other business they should buy, with a fee based on the sale price of the business. This is called Mergers and Acquisitions. There are many small investment banks that only offer this activity, and do not help businesses to borrow money or sell ownership in the business.

An investment bank helps businesses to borrow money using a contract known as a bond, and to sell ownership in the company using a contract known as stock**.** Most countries have government rules about these processes. The business must operate and disclose their financial results in a certain manner. They can then borrow money using bonds and sell ownership using stock to the public. People can sell bonds and stock without being responsible for the operation and financial disclosures of the business.

Some reasons that a business might choose to borrow money from investors instead of a bank may include:

* The for lower interest rates
* An interest rate that is fixed (cannot changed) for a longer time than most banks would normally allow
* Investors might be more willing to lend to a company more at risk at not being able to pay than a bank would be willing to do

Some reasons that a business owner would agree to use an investment bank to sell part or all of their business to other investors include:

* To earn a profit on the amount they initially invested in the business (because there might be a larger number of buyers willing to buy businesses that are publicly traded, the price received for the business might be higher than if the owner sold the business to another individual)
* To raise money that the business can use to further grow
* To raise funds to pay back money that was borrowed for the business that the business owner might not be able to otherwise pay back

Investment Banks work with two kinds of customers, one being the businesses/governments which desire to borrow funds or sell ownership, and the individuals and other businesses who want to earn a profit on their money by lending to or owning other businesses.