Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Latitude

Map of Earth showing some major latitudes
The **latitude** of the Earth gives the distance north or south of the equator. It is measured in degrees. Latitude is represented by the Greek letter phi, WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 . It is usually used along with a measurement of longitude in order to pinpoint a location on Earth.

The equator is numbered 0 degrees. Everything north or south of the equator is designated either as **north latitude** or **south latitude**. The north pole is 90 degrees north, and the south pole is 90 degrees south. The Antarctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and Arctic Circle are all circles of latitude.

## Related pages

* Longitude

## Other websites

* Latitude Citizendium
# Qin dynasty

Map of the Qin Dynasty
The **Qin dynasty** (/tʃɪn/ *CHIN*) ruled in China from 221 BC to 206 BC (15 years). It was created by the warlord Qin Shi Huang during the Warring States Period and defeated several other states in the area to unite China. The Qin ruled China for only a very short time, during which they built both the Terracotta Army and parts of the Great Wall of China.

The second, and final emperor, Qin Er Shi, was overthrown by a popular rebellion after the first Qin emperor died. It was followed by the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 202 BC.

## Other websites

 Media related to Qin Dynasty at Wikimedia Commons
# Bábism

The pentagram used as a symbol for Bábism. It was made by the Báb.
Shrine of Bab in Ashgabat
**Bábism** is a religion. It was started in Persia in the middle of the 19th century. The founder was Mirza Ali Muhamed Reza ash-Shirazi. He claimed to be a kind of savior for Shi'a Muslims. He took the title *Báb* (Persian: الباب), meaning "gate" in Persian. Bábism was originally based on his interpretation of the Quran and other Islamic texts. There were similar movements like this, but the Bábí movement tried to break with Islam to start a new religion. It was opposed by the government in Persia, which used laws and violence to destroy it. Bábism continued in exile in the Ottoman Empire. It led to the creation of Azali Babism and the Bahá'í Faith.
# Theocracy

In **Theocracy**, a form of government, the institutions and people that govern the state are very close to the leaders of the main religion or are religious leaders themselves. If the religious leaders do not directly run some bodies of the state, they influence them very much. The word theocracy comes from two Greek words literally meaning God-government, and meaning the government is run by "The Church".

## Modern-day states that are theocracies

### Andorra

The Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgell as the Co-Prince, is one of the two heads of states of Andorra (the other Co-Prince as head of state is the President of France). His role is mostly ceremonial, and while Roman Catholicism is the official religion of the country, it is not a theocracy.

### Iran

Iran is a theocratic Islamic republic. In Iran, two bodies, the Supreme Leader and Guardian Council consist of members who are not elected by the people. These two bodies are staffed by Shia clerics. The highest elected official is the President of Iran.

Mohammad Khatami, the former president, said that this model is an alternative to democracy, as it brings in religious elements. He called it a religious democracy.

### Vatican City

The Vatican City is a true theocracy, with no separation of church and state. The head of the Catholic Church is the leader of the country. The pope is elected by the Papal Conclave. Most popes have stayed for the rest of their lives, but some have resigned. One who resigned was Pope Benedict XVI.

## State religion

Many states have a state religion (also called official religion). Israel, for example mixes some aspects of Halakha and civil law, even though Judaism is not a state or official religion of the country. Also, the state hires rabbis. In some such states, religious leaders also have civil duties, not only religious ones.

## Some historic theocratic states

Some (now extinguished) states throughout history had characteristics of a Theocracy, as for example:

* In Ancient Egypt the Pharaoh was a god.
* In the Empire of Japan (1868 - 1947), Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, was the official state religion (State Shinto), besides, the Emperor of Japan was worshipped, and viewed as, a living deity.
* Bhutan was formerly governed as a Buddhist theocracy.
* Though the Byzantine Empire was not *de facto* a theocracy, it was caesaropapist. In matters where the interests of the Greek Orthodox Church had a considerable interest, its concerns would have been taken into account and influenced the ruler's decision.
* The Holy Roman Empire had many Prince-Bishops.
# Almería

| Almería |
| --- |
| Municipality |
| FlagSeal |
| Almería |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Country |  Spain |
| A. community |  Andalucía |
| Province |  Almería |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | María del Mar Vázquez |
| Area |
|  • Total | 295.7 km2 (114.2 sq mi) |
| Population (January 1, 2021) |
|  • Total | 200,273 |
|  • Density | 677.3/km2 (1,754/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 |
| Postal code | 04001–04009 |
| MCN | 04013 |
| Website | Official website |

**Almería** is a municipality in the Province of Almería, in Andalusia, Spain.

It has an area of 295.7 km² and a population of 200,273 people.