Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Minister (government)

A **Minister** can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Minister in the Church). This article talks about a Minister as a Member of Parliament.

Many countries have Ministers who deal with special things related to how people live. You can find out about them by looking at the Wikipedia in their own language. Ministers in the United States are called "Cabinet Secretaries".

## Ministers in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom and other countries that follow the Westminster System, a Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government. In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport. There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.

Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs. The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.

Other Ministers, even though they are not called Ministers, include the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary.

## What are these jobs?

**Minister for Children**

The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society. The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.

**Minister for Work and Pensions**

This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits). They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on. The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.

**Minister for Culture, Media and Sport**

This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions. They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do. Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).

There are a lot of other Ministers in the Government.
# Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry

| Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry |
| --- |
| Emblem of the Government of Japan |
| **Incumbent Ryosei Akazawa** since 21 October 2025 |
| Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Member of | Cabinet of Japan National Security Council |
| Reports to | Prime Minister of Japan |
| Nominator | Prime Minister of Japan |
| Appointer | Emperor of Japan attested to by the Emperor |
| Precursor | Minister of International Trade and Industry |
| Formation | January 6, 2001 (2001-01-06) |
| Deputy | State Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry |
| Salary | ¥20,916,000 |

The **Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry** (経済産業大臣, *Keizai-Sangyou Daijin*) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan.

The current minister is Ryosei Akazawa, who took office on 21 October 2025.

## List of ministers of economy, trade and industry (2001–)

  Liberal Democratic

  Democratic

| Minister | Term of office | Prime Minister |
| --- | --- | --- |
| # | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Days |
| 1 |  |  | Takeo Hiranuma | January 6, 2001 | September 22, 2003 | 989 |  | Yoshiro Mori |
|  | Junichiro Koizumi |
| 2 |  |  | Shoichi Nakagawa | September 22, 2003 | October 31, 2005 | 770 |
| 3 |  |  | Toshihiro Nikai (1st) | October 31, 2005 | September 26, 2006 | 330 |
| 4 |  |  | Akira Amari | September 26, 2006 | August 2, 2008 | 676 |  | Shinzō Abe  |
|  | Yasuo Fukuda |
| (3) |  |  | Toshihiro Nikai (2nd) | August 2, 2008 | September 16, 2009 | 410 |
|  | Tarō Asō |
| 5 |  |  | Masayuki Naoshima | September 16, 2009 | September 17, 2010 | 366 |  | Yukio Hatoyama |
|  | Naoto Kan |
| 6 |  |  | Akihiro Ohata | September 17, 2010 | January 14, 2011 | 119 |
| 7 |  |  | Banri Kaieda | January 14, 2011 | September 2, 2011 | 231 |
| 8 |  |  | Yoshio Hachiro | September 2, 2011 | September 11, 2011 | 9 |  | Yoshihiko Noda |
| 9 |  |  | Yukio Edano | September 12, 2011 | December 26, 2012 | 471 |
| 10 |  |  | Toshimitsu Motegi | December 26, 2012 | September 3, 2014 | 616 |  | Shinzō Abe |
| 11 |  |  | Yūko Obuchi | September 3, 2014 | October 21, 2014 | 48 |
| 12 |  |  | Yoichi Miyazawa | October 21, 2014 | October 7, 2015 | 351 |
| 13 |  |  | Motoo Hayashi | October 7, 2015 | August 3, 2016 | 301 |
| 14 |  |  | Hiroshige Sekō | August 3, 2016 | September 11, 2019 | 1134 |
| 15 |  |  | Isshu Sugawara | September 11, 2019 | October 25, 2019 | 44 |
| 16 |  |  | Hiroshi Kajiyama | October 25, 2019 | October 4, 2021 | 710 |  | Yoshihide Suga |
| 17 |  |  | Kōichi Hagiuda | October 4, 2021 | August 10, 2022 | 310 |  | Fumio Kishida |
| 18 |  |  | Yasutoshi Nishimura | August 10, 2022 | December 14, 2023 | 491 |
| 19 |  |  | Ken Saitō | December 14, 2023 | October 1, 2024 | 292 |
| 20 |  |  | Yoji Muto | October 1, 2024 | October 21, 2025 | 385 |  | Shigeru Ishiba |
| 21 |  |  | Ryosei Akazawa | October 21, 2025 | Incumbent | 236 |  | Sanae Takaichi |
# Yasushi Kaneko

| Kaneko Yasushi |
| --- |
| 金子 恭之 |
| Official portrait, 2021 |
|  |
| Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  21 October 2025 |
| Prime Minister | Sanae Takaichi |
| Preceded by | Hiromasa Nakano |
| Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications |
| **In office** 4 October 2021 – 10 August 2022 |
| Prime Minister | Fumio Kishida |
| Preceded by | Ryota Takeda |
| Succeeded by | Minoru Terada |
| Member of the House of Representatives |
| **Incumbent** |
| **Assumed office**  25 June 2000 |
| Preceded by | Masayoshi Yagami |
| Constituency | Kumamoto 5th (2000–2017) Kumamoto 4th (2017–present) |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1961-02-27) 27 February 1961 Kuma, Kumamoto, Japan |
| Political party | Liberal Democratic |
| Alma mater | Waseda University |

**Yasushi Kaneko** (金子 恭之, *Kaneko Yasushi*; born February 27, 1961) is a Japanese politician who has been the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism since 2025. He was the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications from October 2021 to August 2022. He is a member of the House of Representatives as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party.
# Public Security Intelligence Agency

Public Security Intelligence Agency|  |
| Agency overview |
| Formed | July 21, 1952 |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Japan |
| Headquarters | Tokyo, Japan |

The **Public Security Intelligence Agency** (公安調査庁, kōanchōsa-chō) is the national intelligence agency of Japan. It is administered by the Ministry of Justice in the government of Japan.

## Organization

The PSIA is formed with the current organization:

* Internal Departments
	+ General Affairs Department
		- Trial Office
		- Planning and Coordination Office
		- Information Management Office
		- Public Relations and Communications Office
		- Human Resources Section
		- Work Promotion Office
	+ First Intelligence Department (Domestic Intelligence, headed by career police officer)
		- Section 1 (Domestic security issues - Citizen group/s investigation, electoral information)
		- Section 2 (Kakurōkyō/Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee investigation)
		- Third Division (Japanese Communist Party investigation)
		- Fourth Division (Right Wing group/s investigation)
		- Fifth Division (Other domestic pro-left group/s investigations such as Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction))
		- Aum Special Research Office
	+ Second Intelligence Department (Foreign Intelligence, headed by career/non-career person)
		- Section 1 (Japanese Red Army and international terrorism investigation)
		- Section 2 (Foreign intelligence investigation, including liaising with foreign agents stationed in Japan)
		- Third Division (North Korean investigation)
		- Fourth Division (China/Southeast Asia/Russia/Europe/United States investigation)
* Institute
	+ Training Institute (Located in Akishima)
* Regional Bureaus
	+ Hokkaido (Hokkaido Bureau), Miyagi (Tohoku Bureau), Tokyo (Kanto Bureau), Aichi (Chubu Bureau), Osaka (Kinki Bureau), Hiroshima (Chugoku Bureau), Kagawa (Shikoku Bureau) and Fukuoka (Kyushu Bureau)
		- Public Security Intelligence Offices (Hokkaido, Iwate, Niigata, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Nagano, Ishikawa, Kyoto, Hyogo, Okayama, Kumamoto and Okinawa.)
# Single non-transferable vote

The **single non-transferable vote** (often Abbreviated to S.N.T.V.) is an electoral system for multiple member electoral districts. It is an electoral system which can produce an proportional result but it will depend on the district's magnitude (the number of representatives in the electoral district) if there is more members in each electoral district the more proportional the result will be. In many cases the single non-transferable vote has been replaced by other voting systems.

In certain cases S.N.T.V. is thought to be similar to Plurality-at-large voting, commonly refereed as Bloc Voting, but is different because in S.N.T.V electors are only allowed to vote for one candidate but in Plurality-at-large voting the voter have as many votes as there are seats to win.

## Example

This example has three winners in the electoral district

1. The voters select one candidate on the ballot
2. All votes are counted
3. The three candidates with the highest number of votes win

| Candidates | Votes | % | Elected? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 11,321 | 28% | **YES** |
| C | 9,591 | 24% | **YES** |
| B | 8,953 | 22% | **YES** |
| D | 5,643 | 14% | **NO** |
| E | 2,761 | 7% | **NO** |
| F | 1,753 | 4% | **NO** |
| G | 221 | 0.5% | **NO** |
| **TOTAL:** | **40,243** | **100%** | **3** |

## Current Usage

Today there are very few places which use the Single Non Transferable Vote:

* Afghanistan's House of Peoples.

* Kuwait's National assembly.
* Indonesia's Regional Representative Council.
* Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly (only for 11 seats in the Senate and 11 seats in The House of Representatives).
* Japan's House of Councillors (only for 146 seats).
* Taiwan's Legislative Yuan (only for the six aboriginal seats).
* Vanuatu's Parliament.
# Local ordinance

A **local ordinance** is a law usually found in a **municipal code**.

## United States

In the United States, these laws are enforced locally in addition to state law and federal law. In some states, the state legislature has limited the scope of local ordinances. This approach was made popular by John Forrest Dillon called the "Dillon Rule". The law in such states says that local governments could only adopt ordinances when the state gives them authority on particular subjects. States that do not follow the Dillon Rule believe that local government has inherent (unstated) powers of self-government. In those states, local government can make ordinances on any subject not prohibited by the state legislature.

## Japan

In Japan, any prefecture or municipality may pass ordinances (条例, *jōrei*) under authority granted by Article 94 of the Constitution.

There must generally be a statutory basis for an ordinance, the ordinance must be in compliance with any overlapping statutes (although it may impose a stricter standard or penalty), and the ordinance must be related to the affairs of the local government in question.

Ordinances must generally be approved by a local assembly and promulgated by the mayor or governor of the local government in question, who may demand a second vote but may not veto the ordinance.

Under the Local Autonomy Law, an ordinance may impose a penalty of up to two years imprisonment and/or 1 million yen in fines, although any penalty under an ordinance must be prescribed in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure. There are even some ordinances, such as bans on smoking on the street, for which the police in some districts state that there is no penalty for failure to obey the ordinance.

## British colonies

All laws enacted by the legislature of British colonies are referred to as *Ordinances*, which sometimes delegate power to other parties (usually government departments) to make subsidiary legislations that supplement the Ordinances. In Hong Kong, all laws enacted by the territory's Legislative Council remain to be known as *Ordinances*, despite the transfer of the territory to the People's Republic of China in 1997.
# Palestinian government

**Palestinian Authority Governments** (Arabic: حكومات السلطة الفلسطينية) refers to the governmental body of the Palestinian National Authority located in Ramallah from 1994 until its division in 2007 and finally its renaming to the **Government of the State of Palestine** in 2013 (Arabic: حكومة دولة فلسطين).

## 2006 to 2011

The Palestinian legislative election on 25 January 2006, was won by the Hamas movement (Arabic: حركة حماس, romanized: *Haraka Hamās*, lit. 'the Enthusiasm Movement', an Arabic acronym for "the Islamic Resistance Movement"), and Ismail Haniyeh became Prime Minister of the State of Palestine.

But, the national unity government collapsed when a violent conflict broke out between Hamas and the Fatah movement (Arabic: حركة فتح, romanized: *Haraka Fatah*, lit. 'The Courage Movement'), especially in especially in the Gaza Strip.

After Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip on 14 June 2007, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas rejected the Hamas-led unity government and appointed Salam Fayyad as prime minister.

Although the Fatah-led government claims authority over all of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Hamas' control of the Gaza Strip meant that realistically Fatah controlled only the West Bank.

The West Bank government's budget was mainly derived from various aid programs and the Arab League while the Hamas government in Gaza was mostly dependent on Iran until the beginning of the Arab Spring in 2011.

## 2007 to 2014

Since 2007, Fatah has continued to govern the remaining Palestinian-controlled cities and towns in the West Bank, while the Hamas government has continued to control the Gaza Strip. The reconciliation agreement to unify their governments that was signed in Cairo in 2011 was ratified by the Fatah-Hamas agreement in Doha in 2012 (ar, en).

However, renewed tensions between them, and the impact of the Arab Spring (especially the crisis in Syria), delayed them acting on this agreement. In 2011, representatives of the authority failed to raise their status in the United Nations, although the status within UNESCO was raised to the level of state representation.

In July 2012 it was reported that the Hamas government in Gaza was considering declaring the independence of the Gaza Strip with the support of neighboring Egypt.

The unity government was sworn in on 2 June 2014.
# Claque

A **claque** (pronounce: ‘clack’) is a small group of people in an opera house who deliberately either clapped loudly (applauded) or shouted boo for a particular singer. Usually it means an *organised* group who know in advance what they are going to do.

In the 19th century there was very often a claque at performances of an opera. Someone who liked one of the singers and wanted them to have lots of applause would pay a group of people to sit near the back of the opera house and to clap and shout enthusiastically whenever that singer had finished a song. This would encourage the rest of the audience to clap loudly too. Sometimes the claque would be paid to do the opposite: they would be told to hiss and boo when the singer had sung.

Very often a singer would have to pay some money to the claque so that they would applaud him (or her). If the singer did not pay, the claque would hiss and boo. This was, of course, a nasty form of blackmail. In the early 20th century, when the world-famous tenor Enrico Caruso refused to pay the claque in Naples a bribe, they hissed during his singing of the great aria *Una furtiva lagrima*.

Groups of supporters at football ('soccer') matches do much the same thing without being paid. Abuse of match officials is also quite common. Abuse between rival groups of fans is also common. Clubs are required to keep away fans in different sections from home fans.

* *Teach yourself opera* by Susan Sutherland 1997, LCCC number: 06-72382
# Collage

'**Juan Gris, *The Sunblind*, 1914, Tate GalleryCollage** is an art term. It is a work of art like a painting but with pieces of paper and fabric ('found objects') stuck on a surface such as a piece of paper, wood or canvas.

Collage is a popular technique in modern art. Types of collage are 'decoupage', photomontage and digital collage. When actual painting is included, or any other medium, the technique is called 'mixed media'. Work in three dimensions may be called 'assemblage'.
# Cultural appropriation

**Cultural appropriation** is when one culture wrongly adopts and takes elements from another culture. One culture does not understand or respect the other culture. Cultures often do not acknowledge that they are taking something from another culture. Often a majority culture uses cultural elements of a minority culture. Appropriation can be disrespectful or have stereotypes. Cultural appropriation can include groups making money off of minority cultures. Oversimplifying minority cultures is also an example.

Cultural appropriation is different than appreciation. Appreciation is when one values and respects the customs and cultures one is using or adopting.

There are many examples in culture and every day life. People can dress up like other cultures during Halloween without having respect for the culture. There is often appropriation in pop culture. Singers or celebrities may use cultural dances or clothing and make a lot of money from it.

## Related pages

* Wigger
# Geta (footwear)

A *geta*, side view
**Geta** are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.

Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also, they are sometimes worn with western clothes.
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by *hanao*. *Hanao* is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.
# Numerical digit

**Numerical digits** are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.

The numeral "56" means:  6\*10^0 + 5\*10^1 = 6\*1 + 5\*10 = 6 + 50.

The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

## Related pages

* Digital
# Ze (Cyrillic)

| Cyrillic letter Ze |
| --- |
|  |
| Cyrillic alphabet |
| А | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Ѓ | Д |
| Ђ | Е | Ѐ | Ё | Є | Ж | З |
| Ѕ | И | Ѝ | І | Ї | Й | Ј |
| К | Ќ | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ |
| О | П | Р | С | Т | Ћ | У |
| Ў | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Џ | Ш |
| Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
| Non-Slavic letters |
| Ӑ | Ӓ | Ӕ | Ә | Ӛ | Ҕ | Ғ |
| Ӻ | Ӷ | Ԁ | Ԃ | Ӗ | Ӂ | Җ |
| Ӝ | Ԅ | Ҙ | Ӟ | Ԑ | Ӡ | Ԇ |
| Ӣ | Ҋ | Ӥ | Қ | Ӄ | Ҡ | Ҟ |
| Ҝ | Ԟ | Ԛ | Ӆ | Ԓ | Ԡ | Ԉ |
| Ԕ | Ӎ | Ӊ | Ң | Ӈ | Ҥ | Ԣ |
| Ԋ | Ӧ | Ө | Ӫ | Ҩ | Ҧ | Ҏ |
| Ԗ | Ҫ | Ԍ | Ҭ | Ԏ | Ӯ | Ӱ |
| Ӳ | Ү | Ұ | Ҳ | Ӽ | Ӿ | Һ |
| Ҵ | Ҷ | Ӵ | Ӌ | Ҹ | Ҽ | Ҿ |
| Ъ̀ | Ӹ | Ҍ | Ӭ | Ԙ | Ԝ | Ӏ |   |
| Old letters |
| Ҁ | Ѻ | ОУ | Ѡ | Ѿ | Ꚇ | Ѣ |
| Ꙗ | Ѥ | Ѧ | Ѫ | Ѩ | Ѭ | Ѯ |
| Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ | Ѷ | Ꙟ |   |   |
| List of Cyrillic letters |
| Cyrillic digraphs |

**Ze** (**З**, **з**) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a *3* and can be mixed up with Э.

It came from the Greek letter zeta and corresponds to the Roman letter Z.

## Related pages

* Zeta (letter)
* Z
# Ge with descender

**Ge with descender** (Ӷ ӷ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is used in Abkhaz, Ket, Nivikh, and Siberian Yupik, it sounds like /ɣ/, /ʁ/, or /ɢ/.
# Signature

Signature of Martin Luther
Signiture of Charlemagne. It contains the word KAROLVS.
A **signiture** is a special way that people write their name to let others know that they understand or approve of something that was written. A signature is often used to sign a contract, a cheque, a petition or a treaty.

When it comes to signature's there are many ways to write a signature, and signatures may look different depending on your location. In the United States, many people have a signature which is made from writing their name in their own handwriting, often in cursive. Some signatures may be written in a different style than normal writing, which may make it difficult to read. Some people practice autographs, or fancy signatures that are hard to copy.

Hundreds of years ago some people used sealing wax to make a copy of their signet rings next to or instead of a signature. This was called their "seal. This is where the term "seal of approval" comes from. Some formal documents still use an official wax seal, such as a coat of arms.

## Types of signatures

**Wet signature:-** A wet signature, ink signature, or wet ink signature is the physical marking a person makes to sign their name on a physical document, usually with a pen.

Wet signatures are the most common kind of signatures and have been used for centuries as a unique marking to indicate agreement and prevent fraud. Physical signatures have been used since 3500 B.C. in the form of seals, but it was in the 1600s when signatures written on paper became widely used and legally valid.

Although wet signatures can be forged by skilled people, they were the norm until the beginning of the 21st century, when online signatures started to become legally binding.

**Electronic signature or E-signature:-** Software programmes allow an electronic representation of a signature to be used that's been created by the software.

**Digital signature:-** A digital signature is a signature created by the authoriser such as copying, pasting and embedding a copy of their signature or a signature created using a stylus pen.