Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Landlord

A **landlord** is a kind of businessperson or company who owns buildings or land, and earns money by charging rent to people (tenants) who want to use them. The word originated in the Middle Ages because a person who owned land then was also its lord who was in charge of the local government. Many natural persons who are landlords use borrowed money to buy their real estate and depend on enough tenants paying their rent on time, more for the purpose of reducing the amount of money they owe on the property than to provide them with an income.

Donald Trump is an example of a well known modern landlord.
# Pierre and Marie Curie University

The **Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie** was a French university created on January 1, 1971. It disappeared on January 1, 2018 in favor of Sorbonne Université following the publication in the Official Journal of the decree creating the new university on April 21, 2017.

## Famous former students

* Gérard Férey, a French chemist
* Philippe Jamet, French manager and President of universities
* Taraneh Javanbakht, an Iranian-Canadian scientist, philosopher, writer, artist, translator and activist
* Wendelin Werner, a German-born French mathematician

## Other websites

* Sorbonne Université, official web site
# Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)

Flag of Italian Albania
The **Italian protectorate of Albania**, also known as **Italian Albania**, the **Kingdom of Albania** or **Greater Albania**, was a protectorate and puppet state of the Kingdom of Italy that existed from 1939–1943.

## History

Flag of the kingdom of Italy
in 1939, Italy invaded Albania and Italy was successful and formed a protectorate/Puppet state.

in 1940, Italy invaded Greece but were not successful. But the next year. Italy (and the axis) defeated Yugoslavia in an invasion and then managed to defeat Greece and Italian Albania annexed more land from Yugoslavia.

in 1943, Italy surrendered to the Allies and the axis launched Operation Achse. Albania would be occupied by the Germans until 1944 when Albania was liberated by the Albanian National Liberation Movement.
# Abyssinia Crisis

The **Abyssinia Crisis** happened in 1935. It started with the Walwal incident, a conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia"). The League of Nations said Italy could not intervene and voted to punish Italy's economy. But the League did not follow through, and Italy quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and invaded Abyssinia. The crisis made the League look bad, and made Fascist Italy closer friends with Nazi Germany.

Both Italy and Ethiopia did not like each other. The League of Nations said:

> At places where there is not a single Italian national, a consul establishes himself in an area known as consular territory with a guard of about ninety men, for whom he claims jurisdictional immunity. This is an obvious abuse of consular privileges. The abuse is all the greater that the consul's duties, apart from the supplying of information of a military character, take the form of assembling stocks of arms, which constitute a threat to the peace of the country, whether from the internal or the international point of view.
>
>

## Related pages

* Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1929
* Munich Crisis of 1938

Footnotes

* Baer, George W. *Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations* (1976).
* Barker, A.J. (1971). *Rape of Ethiopia, 1936*. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 160 pages. ISBN 978-0-345-02462-6.
* Corthorn, Paul Steven. "The British labour party and the League of Nations 1933-5" (PhD disst. Durham University, 1999). online.
* Fronczak, Joseph. "Local People’s Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935" *Diplomatic History* (2014): doi:10.1093/dh/dht127
* Kent, Peter G. "Between Rome and London: Pius XI, the Catholic Church, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935–1936." *International History Review* 11#2 (1989): 252–271.
* Marcus, Harold G. (1994). *A History of Ethiopia*. London: University of California Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-520-22479-7.
* Mockler, Anthony (2002). *Haile Sellassie's war*. New York: Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1-56656-473-1.
* Nicolle, David (1997). *The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–1936*. Westminster, MD: Osprey. pp. 48 pages. ISBN 978-1-85532-692-7.
* Shinn, David Hamilton, Ofcansky, Thomas P., and Prouty, Chris (2004). *Historical dictionary of Ethiopia*. Scarecrow Press. p. 633.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Post Jr, Gaines. "The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis." *International History Review* 1#4 (1979): 522–541.
* Strang, G. Bruce. "'The Worst of all Worlds:' Oil Sanctions and Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–1936." *Diplomacy and Statecraft* 19.2 (2008): 210–235.

## Other websites

* "Provocations". *Time Magazine*. December 31, 1934. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
* Ethiopia 1935 to 1936
# Operation Dragoon

| Operation Dragoon |
| --- |
| Part of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatres and the European theatre of World War II |
|  Allied naval ships about to land in southern France. |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 15 August – 14 September 1944 |
| Location | Southern France |
| Result |
Allied victory |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  United States  France (and others) |  Germany |

**Operation Dragoon** was the code name for the Allied landings in southern France during World War II.

## History

Map of the first phase of operation dragoon
The landings began on 15 August 1944. At this point, the Allies had gained a foothold in north-western France and were advancing on Paris. The Allies liberated the Port towns by the 28th and began moving north. On 10 September, the Allies liberated Dijon and linked up with the forces from Operation Overlord.
# Battle of Wuhan

Wuhan
**The Battle of Wuhan** was a Japanese attack on the Chinese city of Wuhan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The battle started on February 1938 and ended on October 1938. The city of Wuhan had a military base with 1,100,000 Chinese soldiers. The Japanese, planned to encircle and invade Wuchang. In October, the Chinese army was able to retreat out of Wuhan.
# Joachim von Ribbentrop

Joachim von Ribbentrop in 1938 as a SS officer while a Nazi ambassador and foreign minister
**Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop** (30 April 1893 - 16 October 1946) was the foreign minister of the German Third Reich in Nazi Germany between 1938 and 1945. He was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials and executed by hanging.

## Early life

Ribbentrop ("von" was added only later) was born in Wesel, Rhine Province, Prussia, German Epire.

He served as an infantry soldier in the Imperial German Army of the German Empire from 1914-1918 in Europe.

## Nazi career

Ribbentrop joined the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1932. He became an SS officer in 1933 and held the following ranks:

* 1933: SS Mid Senior Officer rank of Standartenfuhrer/Oberfuher (Colonel)

* 1933-1935: Senior SS Officer with the rank Obergruppenfuhrer (General)
* 1936-1938: Ambassador to the United Kingdom

He remained a member of the SS, run by Heinrich Himmler, until World War II ended in 1945.

## Trial and execution

Ribbentrop was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed on 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.

SS Officer rank dates of Ribbentrop| SS Rank equivalent | German Army Officer Rank Equivalent |
| --- | --- |
| SS-Standartenfuhrer | Colonel (1933-1934) |
| SS-Oberfuhrer | Colonel/Brigadier-General (1934-1935) |
| SS-Obergruppenfuhrer | General (1935-1945) |

## Related pages

* World War II
* Nazi Germany
* The Holocaust
* Nuremberg Trials
* War crimes
* Schutzstaffel (SS)

## Other websites

 Media related to Joachim von Ribbentrop at Wikimedia Commons
# Caroline Islands

Location of Caroline Islands
The **Caroline Islands** are a group of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean. They are north of New Guinea and east of the Philippines. They are part of Micronesia. The western islands are in Palau, and the central and eastern islands are in the Federated States of Micronesia.

The islands stretch across 3,450 km (2,140 mi) from west to east.
# Elbe Day

| Elbe day |
| --- |
| Part of The Western Allied invasion of Germany and the Battle of Berlin |
|  An American and Soviet soldier celebrating the meeting of forces |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April 25 1945 |
| Location | Strehla, Germany |
| Result |
Allied victory |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  Soviet Union  United States |  Germany |

**Elbe Day**, (April 25 1945) is the day in 1945 during the Fall of Nazi Germany where US and Soviet forces met near the Elbe river at Strehla, separating German forces in the north and south of the country.
# United States Army Air Force

Badge of the United States Army Air Force
The **United States Army Air Forces** (**USAAF**) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. It was the direct precursor to the United States Air Force, established in 1947. At its peak strength in 1944, the USAAF had over 2.4 million men and women in service, nearly 80,000 aircraft and 783 permanent bases, and operated from more than 2,000 airfields worldwide.

## History

The Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, and to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army.
# NKVD prisoner massacres

Before the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviets were holding hundreds of thousands of political prisoners in NKVD prisons across their occupied territories in Eastern Europe. Right after the invasion began, the NKVD was ordered to kill or evacuate 140,000 prisoners from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.

## Events

The order was carried out in chaos. Two-thirds of the said prisoners were killed by the NKVD. Among the prisoners killed by the NKVD, at least 9,800 were reportedly executed in prisons and 1,443 executed during evacuation.

Geographically, 20,000–30,000 of them died in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, and 9,000 in the Ukrainian SSR, which had just gone through the Holodomor and Great Purge-related massacres in the 1930s. They were targeted for mass murder over their Polish or Ukrainian identity. Many historians classify the NKVD prisoner massacres as crimes against humanity.

Medical students who came across the victim bodies of one of such massacres in Lviv described the scene:

> From the courtyard, doors led to a large space, filled from top to bottom with corpses [...] Among them were many women. On the left wall, three men were crucified, barely covered by clothing from their shoulders, with severed male organs. Underneath them on the floor in half-sitting, leaning positions – two nuns with those organs in their mouths [...] most were stabbed in the stomach with a bayonet. Some were naked or almost naked, others in decent street clothes. One man was in a tie, mostly likely just arrested.
>
>

NKVD prisoner massacres.The corpses of the victims in the courtyard of the prison on Łącki Street.Ethnic Germans murdered at a Ternopil GPU prison as German troops approached are being identified by their relatives on July 10, 1941.
## Academic views

Historian Yury Boshyk wrote:

> It was not only the numbers of the executed, but also the manner in which they died that shocked the populace. When the families of the arrested rushed to the prisons after the Soviet evacuation, they were aghast to find bodies so badly mutilated that many could not be identified. It was evident that many of the prisoners had also been tortured before death; others were killed en masse.
>
>

## Related pages

* Holodomor
* Great Purge
* Genocides by the Soviet Union
# Radar

A large radar antenna
A **radar** is a machine that uses radio waves for echolocation to find objects such as aircraft, ships, and rain.

The basic parts of a radar are:

* The transmitter creates the radio waves.
* The antenna directs the radio waves.
* The receiver measures the waves which are bounced back by the object.

By doing this, the radar can locate the object. Radar is used in many different ways. It can measure the speed and number of cars on a road, the amount of water in the air, and many other things.

The radar transmitter sends radio pulses. By controlling how often the rapid pulses of radar energy are sent out by a radar transmitter (called the transmitter's "pulse repetition rate"), and how long it takes for the reflected pulse energy to come back to the radar receiver, one can tell where objects are, and how far away. Digital circuits in a radar receiver calculate the distance to an object by knowing the time interval between energy pulses. The radar receiver's digital circuits count how long it takes between pulses for an object's reflected energy to be detected by the radar receiver. Since radar pulses are sent and received at approximately the speed of light, the distance to an object can easily be calculated. This is done in digital circuits by multiplying the speed of light by the time it takes to receive the radar energy reflected back from an object.

The time between pulses influences how far away an object can be detected. That distance is called the "range" of a radar transmitter and receiver. Radar transmitters and receivers use slow repetition frequencies to find the distance to objects that are far away. This makes it possible to accurately determine the distance to the moon, for example. Fast repetition is used to detect objects that are much closer, like ships at sea, high flying aircraft, or to determine the speed of fast moving automobiles on highways.

Radar was first used in 1904 by Christian Hülsmeyer. He was given a patent for radar (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). Radar was vital in the Battle of Britain and other parts of World War II. The Axis countries failed to keep up with British and American radar technology during the war.

The word *RADAR* was created in 1942 as an acronym for **Ra**dio **D**etection **a**nd **R**anging. This acronym replaced the British initialism *RDF* (*Radio Direction Finding*). The word is now thought of by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym.

The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) use several kinds of radar:

* ARSR (Air Route Surveillance Radar)
* ASR (Airport Surveillance Radar)
* ASDE (Airport Surface Detection Equipment)
* TDWR (Terminal Doppler Weather Radar)
* PAR (Precision Approach Radar)

## Related pages

* Sonar

## Other websites

* Radar Technology Website
	+ A collection of educational videos
* Applications of radar
# Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc|  |
| Founded | 30 January 1986 (1986-01-30) (as M.B.N.1 Limited) |
| Founder | Nigel Newton |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Official website | www.bloomsbury.com |

**Bloomsbury Publishing** plc is a British worldwide publishing house for fiction and non-fiction books. It was previously traded as M.B.N.1 Limited and Bloomsbury Publishing Company Limited. Their head office is located in Bloomsbury. Additionally they have a office in New York City in US. Their Indian publishing office is located in New Delhi, and a sales office in Sydney. In addition they have another publishing office in the UK including at Oxford..
# Greenland in World War II

| Greenland in World War II |
| --- |
| Part of World War II |
|  A German weather modification crew surrended to the U.S. military, October 1944 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 9 April 1940 – 5 May 1945 |
| Location | Greenland |
| Result |
Allied victory |

 |
| Belligerents |
|  Greenland  Denmark  United States |  Nazi Germany |
| Strength |
|
15 |
19 |
| Casualties and losses |
|
1 death |
1 death |

Before World War II, Greenland was a Danish territory and was isolated to the rest of the world. After Nazi Germany invaded Denmark (codenamed Operation Weserübung) on 9 April 1940, Greenland was still able to maintain itself as an Allied nation because the British Navy captured all ships from Europe. Initially, the United Kingdom and Canada planned to occupy essential parts of the island but the United States, a neutral country before Pearl Harbour, declined a "third party involvement". Eske Brun and Aksel Svane, those who were living in northern and southern Greenland, had used provisions from a 1925 act to declare the island an "autonomous" region, guaranting the island's best interest if Germany occupies Denmark. The step was cooperated by the Danish embassy in Washington, D.C., and the United States Department of State, leading to the 1920 American statement that no third party countries will recognize Greenland as a nation. The expanded diplomacy was the extension of the Monroe Doctrine.
# Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

| Middle Eastern theatre of World War II |
| --- |
| Part of World War I |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 30 October 1914 – 30 October 1918
(4 Years) |
| Location | Middle East |
| Result |
Allied victory |

 |
| Belligerents |
| **Allied Powers**  United Kingdom
* India
* Australia
* New Zealand

 France  Russia (until 1917)  Italy (from 1915)  Greece (from 1917)  Hejaz (from 1916) (and others) | **Central Powers**  Ottoman Empire  Germany (and others) |

The **Middle Eastern theatre of World War I** was the largest theatre of World War I and occurred from on October 29, 1914 to October 30, 1918. Battles were fought in the Middle East between the Allies (especially the British and the Russians) and the Central Powers (especially the Ottoman Empire) during had four main campaigns.

In the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, mainly British forces defeated the Ottoman Army. In the Mesopotamian Campaign, British forces, mainly the British Indian Army, also defeated the Ottoman Army. In the Caucasus Campaign, the Ottomans fought against the Russians and other forces but were defeated. In the Gallipoli Campaign, the Ottomans defeated mainly British forces, most of which were colonial. There were also minor campaigns in Arabia (especially the south and Aden) and in Iran.

A peace treaty, the Treaty of Sèvres, was signed on August 10, 1920.