Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Statin

**Statin** drugs, also known as **HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors**, are lipid-lowering drugs that reduce illness in people who have a high risk of cardiovascular disease. They are the most common cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carriers of cholesterol play key roles in arteriosclerosis, stroke and coronary heart disease.

The common side effects of statins are diabetes mellitus, nausea, hormonal imbalance, and muscle pains.

Statin brand drug names end in the word 'statin' to help know what the drugs do.

Atorvastatin, one of the most commonly prescribed brands, was in short supply in England in 2023 and the price rose from 49p through to £5.30 ($11.10 Au) per pack.

## Related pages

* LDL and lDL (little L), Cholesterol
* Heart
* Estrogen
# Plazas de soberanía

| *Plazas de soberanía* |
| --- |
| The *plazas de soberanía*, plus Ceuta (with Perejil Island) and Melilla on the mainland, and Alboran Island 50 km north of the coast |
| Country | Spain |
| Government |
|  • Type | *De facto* unincorporated area under the administration of the Ministry of Defence |
| Area |
|  • Total | 0.59 km2 (0.23 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |

The plazas de soberanía (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈplaθas ðe soβeɾaˈni.a], lit. "strongholds of sovereignty") is a term describing a series of Spanish overseas minor territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco or that are closer to Africa than Europe. This term is used for those territories that have been a part of Spain since the formation of the modern country (1492–1556), as opposed to African territories acquired by Spain during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Scramble for Africa.

Historically, a distinction was made between the so-called "major places of sovereignty", comprising the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and the "minor places of sovereignty", referring to a number of islands (and a small peninsula) along the coast. In the present, the term refers mainly to the latter.
# Amoebozoa

| Amoebozoa Temporal range: 1000–0 Ma
Had'n

Archean

Proterozoic

Pha.

 |
| --- |
|  |
| *Chaos carolinensis* |
| Scientific classification  |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Unikonta |
| Phylum: | Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913 *emend.* Cavalier-Smith, 1998 |
| Subphyla, infraphyla and classes |
| * Lobosa
	+ Discosea
		- Centramoebia
		- Flabellinia
	+ Tubulinea
		- Corycidia
		- Echinamoebia
		- Elardia
* Evosida
	+ Cutosa
		- Cutosea
	+ Conosa
		- Archamoebae
			* Archamoebea
		- Semiconosa
			* Variosea (paraphyletic)
			* Dictyostelea
			* Ceratiomyxomycetes
			* Myxomycetes
 |
| Synonyms |
| * Eumycetozoa Zopf 1884, emend Olive 1975
 |

The **Amoebozoa** are a eukaryote phylum of *Amoeba*-like protozoa. They are a sister clade to the fungi and the animals. Most move by internal cytoplasmic flow. Their finger-like pseudopodia are characteristic.

They are a major group with about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists. In most classification schemes, Amoebozoa is ranked as a phylum in either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa. In the classification of the International Society of Protistologists, it is kept as an unranked "supergroup" in the Eukaryota.

Sequence analysis shows Amoebozoa is a monophyletic clade. Most phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta. That is another major clade which contains both fungi and animals as well as some 300 species of unicellular protists. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level taxon, called Unikonta, Amorphea, or Opimoda.

Amoebozoa includes many of the best-known amoeboid organisms, such as *Chaos*, *Entamoeba*, *Pelomyxa* and the genus *Amoeba* itself.

Most are unicellular, and are common in soils and aquatic habitats. Some are symbionts of other organisms, including several pathogens.The Amoebozoa also include the mycetozoan slime moulds, multinucleate or multicellular forms which produce spores and can usually be seen by eye.

Nutrition is usually by phagocytosis. The cell surrounds food particles, sealing them into vacuoles where they are digested and absorbed. When food is scarce, most species form cysts, which may be carried by air to other places. In slime moulds, these structures are called spores, and form on stalked structures called fruiting bodies or sporangia.

Most Amoebozoa lack flagella and more generally do not form microtubule-supported structures except during mitosis. However, flagella occur among some archamoebae, and many slime moulds produce biflagellate gametes.

A characteristic form is the model organism *Dictyostelium discoideum*.
# Renewable resource

A **renewable resource** is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Renewable energy almost never runs out, for example: solar energy is powered by heat from the sun and never runs out. Other examples include oxygen, geothermal power, fresh water, solar energy and biomass.

Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics and other fossil fuels are not renewable. They take millions of years to be made, and cannot be renewed in a human’s, or even a nation's lifetime. Ways have been developed to make biodegradable plastic and bio diesel and other fuels from renewable resources such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans and canola.

This is an example of a renewable resource.
Renewable resource harvesting and use typically do not produce pollution or contribute to global warming. The use of renewable resources and energy sources is increasing worldwide, with certain nations, such as Bhutan, and US states, such as California, beginning to rely entirely on renewable energy. From 2008 to 2012, the U.S. doubled renewable generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources. America and Britain are now home to some of the largest wind and solar farms in the world. There are also things called human resource where human’s waste is turned into energy. There are many other resources such as water power. Renewable resources are basically the opposite of non-renewable resources.

## Related pages

* Sustainable development

## Other websites

* Alternative Fuels - Beginner's tutorial on using alternative fuels in a diesel engine
# Islamic calendar

The **Islamic calendar** or **Hijri calendar** (Arabic: التقويم الهجري) is a calendar. It is used to determine Islamic holidays in most of Islam. It is a lunar calendar: it uses the phases of the Moon (rather than the Earth's orbit of the Sun) to count the passing of time. Its year has 12 months of 29 or 30 days, and lasts a total of 354 or 355 days. This means that each year of the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar such as the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called *hijra* years, because the first year of the calendar when the *hijra* occurred, that is when Prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina.

The current Islamic Calendar year is 1445 AH (AH = Latin: *Anno Hegiræ* = Year of the Hijra.)

Two Islamic countries (Iran and Afghanistan) use a different calendar, the Solar Hijri Calendar ("SH").

## Months

The timing of the months in the Islamic calendar is determined by direct observation of the Moon. A new month can only begin after a "waxing crescent Moon" is observed shortly after sunset. The "waxing crescent Moon" is the phase of the Moon which starts right after a New Moon. A lunar month (one new moon to the next) lasts a little over 29.5 days. For convenience, a month is the Islamic calendar is either 29 days or 30 days, one after the other. So a 29-day month is followed by a 30-day month (29+30 is the same as 29.5+29.5). In most years, that means that a year of 12 calendar months last 354 days. But that "a little over" is 44 minutes every month so, to keep the calendar in step with reality, an extra day is needed nearly every third year, so these years are 355 days long.

Whether or not the first crescent moon is actually visible differs by location. For desert communities, cloud-cover is rarely a problem but that is not true for people who live in the rain forest. One option is to use the tabular Islamic calendar, which predicts the moment of waxing crescent moon assuming perfect visibility. This method is used routinely by some Islamic communities but regarded by others as just an aid to securing a successful observation.

The commencement of Islamic months occurs at sunset on the first day, coinciding with the visual sighting of the lunar crescent. Lasting approximately 354 days, the lunar year causes the months to cycle in reverse through the seasons, without adherence to the fixed dates of the Gregorian calendar. The months of the Islamic year are:

| Months Number | Month name in English | Meaning | Days |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Muḥarram | forbidden | 29 |
| 2 | Safar | void | 30 |
| 3 | Rabīʿ al-Awwal | the first spring | 29 |
| 4 | Rabīʿ al-Thānī or Rabī’ al-Ākhir | the second spring | 30 |
| 5 | Jumādá al-Ūlá | the first of dry land | 29 |
| 6 | Jumādá al-Ākhirah | the last of dry land | 30 |
| 7 | Rajab | honour | 29 |
| 8 | Sha‘bān | scattered | 29 |
| 9 | Ramaḍān | burning heat | 30 |
| 10 | Shawwāl | raised | 29 |
| 11 | Dhū al-Qa‘dah | the one of sitting | 29 |
| 12 | Dhū al-Ḥijjah | the one of pilgrimage (Hajj) | 30 |

## Other websites

* Islamic Calendar
* Islamic-Western Calendar Converter (Based on the Arithmetical or Tabular Calendar)
# Kartikeya

| Kartikeya |
| --- |
| War and Victory |
| Kartikeya at Batu caves, Malaysia |
| Other names | Kumara, Murugan, Skanda, Velavan, Arumukha, Saravana, Shadanana, Shanmukha, Subrahmanya |
| Affiliation | Deva |
| Abode | Kailasha |
| Planet | Mangala |
| Mantra | *Oṃ Saravaṇa Bhava* *Om Saravaṇa Bhavāya Namaḥ* |
| Weapon | Vel, Bow and arrow |
| Animals | Indian Peacock, Cock, Snake |
| Day | Tuesday |
| Color | Red |
| Mount | Indian Peacock |
| Gender | Male |
| Festivals | Surasamharam, Vaikasi Vishakam, Thai Pusam |
| Personal information |
| Consort | Devasena as Valli |
| Parents | * Shiva (father)
* Parvati (mother)
 |
| Siblings | Ganesha |

Kartikeya (கார்த்திகேயர்), also known as **Murugan** in Tamil, is the god of war and victory. Kartikeya is the major god popularly worshipped in India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Singapore, Malaysia and many other places of the world, where many Tamils widespreadly live. Kartikeya has six shrines in Tamil Nadu, which are known as Arupadai Veedu. Also known as ettu-kudi velavan, which meaning Lord of 8 abodes. In Tamil Nadu, Kartikeya has continued to be popular with all classes of the Tamil society since the Sangam age.

Kandhan is the son of Shiva and Parvati, who was born to kill all the Asuras and Asuris and to be the protector of the Devas and Devis and other living beings. The Asuras and Asuris, who were demons and demonesses who frequently warred against the Devas and Devis, who were gods and goddesses. The six sites (Arupadai Veedu) in Tamil Nadu where Kartikeya sojourned while leading his armies of Devasena and Devis and killed all the Asuras and Asuris who are evil in this world are Palani, Svamimalai, Thiruparamkundram, Pazhamudirsolai, Thiruthani, Thiruchendur, are the complete six Arupadai Veedu temples of Kartikeya.

Kartikeya is the god of the Tamil language and he is mentioned a lot in Sangam literature. The six abodes of Kartikeya are all in Tamil Nadu. Each of these temples has a unique history and a different reason to worship Kartikeya.

Thai Pusam during January – February months and it is celebrated as a 6-day festival. On Thai Pusam day, Kavadis and Palkudams are taken by devotees in procession around Thiruparankundram. Special Abhishekas are performed to the Mulavar statue of Kartikeya and Utsavar statue of Kartikeya. Annadhanam is provided to all devotees participating in the functions. In the night, Kartikeya is taken in procession accompanied by Nadasvaram, Veda Parayanam around Thiruparankundram.

Vaikasi Vishakam day, (during May – June month), Kavadis and Palkudams are taken by devotees in procession around Palani.

Surasamharam is celebrated during October – November month is celebrated as a 6-day festival. The devotees of Kartikeya will fast for 6 days. On the evening of the 6th day, Surasamharam (The destruction of Suran) will be held at every Kartikeya temple around the world. The Surasamharam festival (The destruction of Suran) at Thiruchendur is very special as that mythological incident occurred there only.

## External Link

1.**Lord Murugan HD Wallpapers & Images**
# Base (geometry)

A cube is made of six squares; the square is therefore the base of the cube.
In plane geometry, the **base** is the side on which a polygon rests on, and which is used as a referenced side for other measurements. The base of a triangle or quadrilateral is often written as WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 . It is used in the calculation of the area of a triangle and parallelogram.

Many geometric shapes of more than two dimensions are constructed by using regular two-dimensional shapes. For example, a tetrahedron is constructed with four triangles, and a cube with six squares. In that context, the shape that is used for construction is called base. The triangle is the base of the tetrahedron, and the square is the base of the cube.

However, there are also geometric figures that are constructed using different shapes. A pyramid, for example. uses one rectangle and four triangles. In that context, the rectangle is said to be the base of the shape. A cylinder uses a circle or an ellipse as a base.

## Related pages

* Altitude
# Cereal

Oats, barley, and some food products made from cereal grains.
A bowl of breakfast cereal with a cup of coffee.
**Cereal** usually refers to a type of grass that is grown to be eaten. Some, such as wheat, are mostly used to feed people. Some are fed to cattle, and lesser amounts are used for other purposes.

Breakfast cereal is a common breakfast meal in the United States. It is made of grain, usually eaten with milk, and often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit.

The word "cereal" comes from 'Ceres', the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture. Grains are called *corn* in the United Kingdom and Ireland, but in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand *corn* means *maize*.

## History

In the 19th century, Americans typically ate meat for breakfast, not grains or fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.

In 1863, Granula became the first breakfast cereal. The name *Granula* comes from *granulates*, formed of grain. It included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

## Related pages

* Corn
* Wheat
* Grain
* Grass

## Other websites

* Cereal site - All About Cereal
* Cereals Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine by the Vegetarian Society
* Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
# Salta Province

| Salta |
| --- |
| Province |
| FlagSeal |
| **Salta** within Argentina |
| Country |  Argentina |
| Government |
|  • Mayor | Gustavo Sáenz |
| Area |
|  • Total | 155,488 km2 (60,034 sq mi) |
| Population (July 1, 2019) |
|  • Total | 1,406,584 |
|  • Density | 9.046/km2 (23.43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−03:00 (ART) |
| ISO 3166 code | AR-A |
| Website | Official website |

**Salta** is a province in the north of Argentina. It has a population of 1,000,000.

It is famous for its wonderful natural views and the old architecture in the provincial capital, Salta City.

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites

* Official Page (in Spanish)
* Tourist Secretary (in Spanish)
* Salta Archived 2016-01-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
* Universidad Nacional de Salta (in Spanish)
* Welcome Salta Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)

| Provinces of Argentina |  |
| --- | --- |
| Buenos Aires | Buenos Aires Province | Catamarca | Chaco | Chubut | Córdoba | Corrientes | Entre Ríos | Formosa | Jujuy | La Pampa | La Rioja | Mendoza | Misiones | Neuquen | Río Negro | Salta | San Juan | San Luis | Santa Cruz | Santa Fe | Santiago del Estero | Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands | Tucumán |
# Karelian language

| Karelian |
| --- |
| *karjala, karjalan kieli* |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Karelia |
| Ethnicity | Karelians (1989 census) |
| Native speakers | 8753 in Russia and 11000 in Finland (2010 census) |
| Language family | Uralic
* Finnic
	+ Northern
		- **Karelian**
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | `krl` |
| *Glottolog* | `kare1335` |
| ELP | Karelian |

**Karelian**, is a Finnic language spoken in Karelia, Russia and Finland. It is spoken by Karelians.

It is not to be confused with Livvi-Karelian, which is a different language.
# Germanic languages

| Germanic |
| --- |
| Teutonic |
| Geographic distribution | Principally northern, western and central Europe, the Americas (Anglo-America, Caribbean Netherlands and Suriname), Southern Africa and Oceania |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European* **Germanic**
 |
| Proto-language | Proto-Germanic |
| Subdivisions | * North Germanic
* West Germanic
* East Germanic (extinct)
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | ``gem`` |
| Linguasphere | ``52- (phylozone)`` |
| Glottolog | ``germ1287`` |
| *World map showing countries where a Germanic language is the primary or official language*
  Countries where (a) Germanic language(s) is/are the first language(s) of the majority of the population
  Countries or regions where (a) Germanic language(s) is/are (an) official but not primary language(s)
  Countries or regions where (a) Germanic language(s) is/are (an) unofficial but recognised/used in some areas of life/spoken among a local minority |

The **Germanic** languages are a group of Indo-European languages. They came from one language, Proto-Germanic, which was first spoken in Scandinavia in the Iron Age. Today, the Germanic languages are spoken by around 515 million people as a first language. English is the most spoken Germanic language, with 360-400 million native speakers.

The Germanic languages are the East Germanic languages (all extinct), the North Germanic languages, and the West Germanic languages.

When Proto-Germanic split from Proto-Indo-European, one of the main changes to the sounds in the language was Grimm’s law.

* König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (1994). *The Germanic languages*. London: Routledge.
* Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.). *A History of the English Language*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 420–439. ISBN 978-0-511-16893-2.

## Related pages

* Runes
# Grafting

Consolidated V-graft, on an cherry tree.
Grafting large olive trees with good varieties
**Grafting** or **graftage** is a technique used in horticulture that consists of taking tissues from one plant and putting them onto another plant. The two plants will then grow together. The technique is a type of vegetative reproduction. Grafting is commonly used with roses, and fruit trees. It only works with dicots and gymnosperms, and not with monocots. Monocots do not have a vascular cambium, which is needed for the process to work. There are several different methods of grafting; each method has its advantages and drawbacks.
# Reduced instruction set computer

A **reduced instruction set computing** (acronym **RISC** pronounced *risk*), represents a CPU design method to simplify instructions which "do less" but provide higher performance by making instructions execute very fast.

RISC was developed as an alternative to what is now known as CISC. However, there are CPU designs other than RISC and CISC. Some examples are VLIW, MISC, OISC, massive parallel processing, systolic array, reconfigurable computing, and dataflow architecture.

The main feature of a RISC processors is a small core logic which allows designers to increase the number of the register set and increase internal parallelism using one of the following methods:

1. Instruction level parallelism (ILP) which increases the rate at which instructions are executed within a CPU
2. Thread level parallelism (TLP) which increases the number of threads the CPU can execute "in-parallel".

Other features, which are typically found in RISC architectures are:

* Uniform instruction format, using a single word with the opcode in the same bit positions in every instruction, requiring less decoding.
* Similar general purpose registers, allowing any register to be used by any method, simplifying compiler design. However most RISC CPUs have separate floating point registers.
* Simple addressing modes. Complex addressing performed via sequences of arithmetic and/or load-store operations.
* Few data types in hardware. Some CISCs have byte string instructions, or support complex numbers, which are almost never found on a RISC.

Well known RISC processors include Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture (including PowerPC), SuperH, and SPARC.

## Related pages

* Complex instruction set computer
* Very long instruction word
* Minimal instruction set computer
* Zero instruction set computer
* OISC
* Microprocessor
* Instruction set architecture
* Computer architecture

## Other websites

* RISC vs. CISC Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
* What is RISC Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
* RISC vs. CISC from historical perspective Archived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
# Volga Germans

**Volga Germans** (German: *Wolgadeutsche* or *Russlanddeutsche*, Russian: поволжские немцы, *povolzhskie nemtsy*) were ethnic Germans living along the Volga River. They kept the culture, language, traditions and religions of Germans, including Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism.

Catherine the Great invited Germans to immigrate. She gave them Russian lands, and allowed them to keep their language and culture.

The Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of the Volga Germans (German: *Autonome Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik der Wolga-Deutschen*; Russian: Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика Немцёв Поволжья) existed from 1924 to 1942 with the capital in Engels.

## South America

Germans from Russia also settled in Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Most Volga Germans who settled in Latin America were Catholic. Many Catholic Volga Germans chose South America as their new homeland because the nations in South America shared their religion.

## Other websites

* Volga Germans
* American Historical Society of Germans from Russia Archived 2020-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Germans from Russia in Argentina Genealogy Archived 2005-08-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
* Wolgadeutschen Archived 2007-08-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
# Prose

**Prose** is the ordinary form of the written, or spoken, language. It is not poetry. On the written page it looks like a cluster of paragraphs. It does not need any special format, such as lists and tables. In writing, it is without special rhythm. It is similar to everyday communication. That is what makes it different from poetry and from theatrical works such as plays.

## Origin

*Prose* comes from the Latin word *prosa*, meaning straightforward. Prose writing is usually used to describe facts or to discuss whatever one's thoughts are in free flowing speech. It may be used for newspapers, novels, magazines, encyclopedias, letters, stories, history, philosophy and biography.

## Forms

Prose generally has no formal structure, like meter or rhyme, that is often found in poetry. Therefore, it is used to describe literature which is non-poetic, and non-theatrical. There is, however, a blend of the two forms of literature known as *prose poetry*.