Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive

| Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive |
| --- |
| ꞯ |
| q˗ |
| ʡ̟ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| Entity (decimal) | `&#42927;` |
| Unicode (hex) | U+A7AF |
|

| Image |
| --- |
|  |

 |

The **voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive** or **stop** is a rare consonant.

Pharyngeal consonants are usually pronounced at two parts of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower part is epiglottal, so the upper part is usually shortened to just 'pharyngeal'. In languages around the world, the upper pharynx makes a voiceless fricative [ħ] and a voiced sound that can be a fricative or (more commonly) approximant, [ʕ]. The epiglottal part makes the plosive [ʡ] and also sounds like the fricative [ʜ] and trill [ʢ]. Because the fricative and trill are usually trilled and rarely just fricative, these consonants are simply called pharyngeal, and are labelled as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill.

## Examples

No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. Some say the Nǁng language (Nǀuu) has an upper pharyngeal place of articulation in its click consonants— clicks in Nǁng have a closing in the back that is said to sometimes be uvular and sometimes be upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type. However, if the place was actually pharyngeal, they could not also exist as nasal clicks, which they do.

Besides that, upper pharyngeal plosives are only known from disordered speech. They can be found in the speech of some children with cleft palate, so they can back their stops so they don't have to nasalise them. The extIPA has the letter ⟨ꞯ⟩ (a small-capital Q) for this sound.

## Related pages

* Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive
# General American English

**General American** (GA) is a major accent of American English. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents and social group accents like African American Vernacular English.
# Hunan

Hunan
**Hunan** (Chinese: 湖南; pinyin: *Húnán*; listen) is a province of South Central China, in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (The characters in the name *Hunan* mean "lake" and "south"). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: *Xiāng*) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province.

Its major cities are Changde, Changsha, Chenzhou, Hengyang, Huaihua, Loudi, Shaoyang, Xiangtan, Yiyang, Yongzhou, Yueyang, Zhangjiajie and Zhuzhou.
# Candela

The **candela** (symbol: **cd**) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity. It measures how bright something is. It is one of the basic units of science. A light bulb is bright, but the Sun is much brighter, so the Sun has more candelas than the light bulb. The frequency chosen for measuring candelas falls within the visible spectrum near the green colour, corresponding to the wavelength of about 555 nm. The human eye is most sensitive to such frequency, when adapted for bright conditions.

A **candela** sometimes is called "candle".
# Chinatown

A Chinatown in Ottawa, Canada.
Philadelphia, USA.
**Chinatown** is the name used for neighborhood in any city outside of China where many Chinese immigrants came to live together. Chinatowns became common in cities around the world after China lost the first Opium War with the British Empire. After China lost, many Chinese people became poor, especially people living in Guangdong province. That was where most of the fighting took place. People from Guangdong went outside of China to look for work. They moved to places like Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the United States. When Chinese people moved to these places, they usually lived close together in the city they were staying. These became Chinatowns.

Famous Chinatowns around the world include those in San Francisco, New York City, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

Most early immigrants came from provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southeastern China. The common languages there are Toishanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, and Hokkien. So, these are common languages in many Chinatowns. Also, since most Chinatowns were created before the Chinese Communist Party took over mainland China, most Chinatowns use traditional Chinese characters. However, both simplified and traditional characters are often seen in Chinatowns in Malaysia.
# Emigration

*The Last of England* by Ford Madox Brown, depicting emigrants leaving England
Japanese government poster promoting South America
**Emigration** is leaving one's country or area to go live in another. Emigration (leaving) from one country is usually followed by Immigration (coming into) into another. The difference between the two is the perspective (or point of view) of which country a person is leaving and which country they are going to.

The urge to migrate is a part of human nature. People migrated well before we had written history. Emigrants from a place are its diaspora.

People who move around all the time are called nomads.

## Reasons

Emigration happens for different reasons:

* People think that they benefit from moving elsewhere, because they have a better job, or they have a better chance of economic success, or they are economically better off. This kind of migration is generally called economic migration.
* The climate, or climatic events force people to move. Climatic events include floods, droughts, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This kind of migration is generally known as environmental migration. As an example, people left Plymouth, on the Island of Montserrat, after a series of volcanic eruptions in 1995.
* People have disadvantages where they live, often because they have special views or opinions, or they disagree with the majority or those in power. Often they face persecution, for example because of special religious views or because they belong to an ethnic group. Many people emigrated from Europe to what was the "New World" because they had religious beliefs that were different from the majority.
* People who emigrate (or flee) from one country to another, for reasons including armed conflicts or wars are usually called refugees, once they arrive in another country.
* Very often people move to where the rest of their family lives.

International law handles the different groups of migrants differently.

## Images

* German emigrants boarding a ship leaving for the US, in Hamburg, in 1850
* Drought refugees on a roadside in California, in 1936.
* Group of Florida migrants in North Carolina on their way to New Jersey, to pick potatoes, in 1945
* Hutterite women at work. Hutterites started to emigrate to the US in the 16th century. They still speak a language that resembles the German of the time. Today, there are about 45.000 Hutterites; most live in the US and Canada.

## Related pages

* Political asylum
* Deportation
* Diaspora
* Immigration
* Exile
* Human migration
* Refugee
* Migrant worker
# Affix

An **affix** is a piece added to a word, or root, which signals or changes its role in a sentence. It is part of grammar.p18 Affixes may occur in various positions in a word:

* **Prefix**: before the word/root, for instance: **anti**-climax; **re**-write.
* **Suffix**: after the word/root, for instance: clima**ctic**; walk**ed**. Most plurals.
* Infix: Inside the word/root. Rare in English, example: the **m** in recu**m**bent.
* Interfix: between words, to connect them: the reduced *and* in sun '**n** sand; editor-**in**-chief.

## Related pages

* Inflection
# Arabic languages

| Dialectal Arabic |
| --- |
| العربي اللهجية |
| Native to | Arab world |
| Ethnicity | Arabs |
| Native speakers | 350 million |
| Language family | Afro-Asiatic
* Semitic
	+ West Semitic
		- Central Semitic
			* North Arabian
				+ Arabic
					- **Dialectal Arabic**
 |
| Standard forms | * Modern Standard Arabic
 |
| Dialects | * Egypto-Sudanic Arabic Levantine Arabic Maghrebi Arabic Mesopotamian Arabic Peninsular Arabic
 |
| Writing system | Arabic alphabet |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Map of the dispersion of dialectal Arabic speakers |

**Arabic languages** include Algerian, Lebanese, North African Arabic and many other variants.
# Relief

Centaur from the pediment of Parthenon
**Relief** is a type of sculpture or carving. The worker creating the piece starts with a flat base, usually stone or wood, and takes small parts of the surface away until the desired image has been made.

Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.

Roman Hetaera, Relief, around 2nd century, Head is missing
In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away. The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.

## Famous reliefs

Famous reliefs include:

* Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
* Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
* Temple of Karnak in Egypt
* Angkor Wat in Cambodia
* Lion Capital of Ashoka, the national symbol of India
* glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
* The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
* Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia
* The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon now housed at the British Museum.
* The representation of Monticello on a US nickel.

## Gallery

* Greek couple in high relief
* Palmyra Figure in British Museum
* Persian relief from Qajar era in the style of Persepolis, located at Tangeh Savashi.
* Angels from Clonfert Cathedral, Co Galway, Ireland (adjusted to highlight relief)
# Dyslexia

**Dyslexia**, or **word blindness**, is a learning disability that affects reading. Different people are affected to different degrees. This condition makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. It is a very common problem.

Dyslexia affects the way the brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems.

Estimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia. Another source says it affects 3–7% of the population. Up to 20% of the general population may have some degree of symptoms. While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in boys, this is partly explained by a self-fulfilling referral bias among teachers and professionals.

## Characteristics

A person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent. Their education might be affected by their dyslexia or not. Recent studies show there are some small business owners that have dyslexia. Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.

At the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic.

## Therapy

Children with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing.

## Origins

Speech is a newcomer in evolutionary terms. Like the large heads of babies, human speech evolved very recently.

Newer biological functions tend to be less reliable than older functions.

## Related pages

* Dysgraphia
* Neurodiversity
# Social stigma

**Social stigma** is when society thinks that something is bad.

The sociologist Erving Goffman wrote that there are three kinds of social stigma:
1. Physical differences such as obesity, scars, and leprosy.
2. Differences in personal traits, such as mental illness, drug addiction, and alcoholism.
3. "Tribal stigmas" are traits of ethnic group, nationality, or of religion that are thought as different to that of the majority ethnicity, nationality or religion.

## Other page

* Discrimination
* Dehumanization
* Prejudice
* Shame
* Social stigma of obesity
* Social rejection
* Victim blaming
# Old French

| Old French |
| --- |
| *Franceis*, *François*, *Romanz* |
| Pronunciation | [fɾãntsejs], [fɾãntsɔjs], [romãnts] |
| Region | northern France, parts of Belgium (Wallonia), England, Ireland, Kingdom of Sicily, Principality of Antioch, Kingdom of Cyprus |
| Era | evolved into Middle French by the 14th century |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Italic
	+ Romance
		- Western
			* Gallo-Romance
				+ Gallo-Rhaetian
					- Oïl
						* **Old French**
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-2 | `fro` |
| ISO 639-3 | `fro` |
| *Glottolog* | `oldf1239` |
|

**Old French** was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. It was then known as the langue d'oïl. This was different from the langue d'oc (Occitan language, also then called Provençal), whose territory bordered that of Old French to the south.

The Old Frankish language added many words to Old French after the conquest by the tribe of the Franks, of the portions of Roman Gaul that are now France and Belgium, during the Migration Period.
# United Kingdom of the Netherlands

| Kingdom of the Netherlands*Koninkrijk der Nederlanden* (in Dutch) *Royaume des Belgiques* (in French) |
| --- |
| 1815–1839 |
|
Flag

 Coat of arms

 |
| **Motto:Je maintiendrai* "I will maintain" |
| **Anthem:Wien Neêrlands Bloed* "Those in whom Dutch blood" |
| Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 |
| Capital | Amsterdam and Brussels |
| Common languages | Dutch, French |
| Religion  | Protestant, Roman Catholic |
| Government | Constitutional monarchy |
| King |   |
|  |
| • 1815–1839  | William I |
|  |
| Legislature | States-General |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | House of Representatives |
| Historical era | Early modern period |
|  |
| • Congress of Vienna  | 15 March 1815 |
| • Constitution adopted  | 24 August 1815 |
| • Belgian Revolution  | 25 August 1830 |
| • Treaty of London  | 19 April 1839 |
|  |
| Currency | Dutch guilder |
| ISO 3166 code | NL |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | First French Empire |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Netherlands |  |
| Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) |  |
| Luxembourg |  |
| Belgium |  |

 |

 |

New Map of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Duchy of Luxembourg, 1815
The **United Kingdom of the Netherlands** (1815–1839) is the unofficial name used for the **Kingdom of the Netherlands**. This was after it was first made from part of the First French Empire and before the new Kingdom of Belgium split off from it in 1830. Most of it is still today the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It was made up of the former Dutch Republic to the north, the former Austrian Netherlands to the south, and the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The House of Orange-Nassau were the monarchs. Also unites Benelux.

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1831 Belgian Revolution. William I, King of the Netherlands did not recognize a Belgian state until 1839. He was made to sign the Treaty of London. Only at this time were borders agreed.In the treaty was sad it that Belgium was neutral.
# Smörgåsbord

Smörgåsbord| *Smörgåsbord* |
| Type | Meal |
| Place of origin | Sweden |
| Serving temperature | Hot and cold |
| Main ingredients | Bread, butter, and cheese |
| * Media: Smörgåsbord
 |

**Smörgåsbord** (Swedish: [ˈsmœ̂rɡɔsˌbuːɖ] (listen)) is a type of Scandinavian meal. It comes from Sweden. It is a buffet-style meal with multiple hot and cold dishes. It is presented on open-face sandwiches.

Smörgåsbord became well known at the 1939 New York World's Fair. It is usually a meal for celebrations.
# Koiné language

A **koiné language**, **koiné dialect**, or simply **koiné** (Ancient Greek κοινή, "common [language]") is a standard language or dialect made by people who speak closely related languages or dialects in order to be able to talk and write to each other easily. They are created by combining phonology, vocabulary, and grammar from the different dialects (or sometimes creating new words and grammar based on the same methods earlier this sentence). The name of the term comes from Koine Greek, which was a common dialect used by Greeks to talk and write to Greeks from other city states.

This is not to be confused with pidgins or creoles because those are languages that are created for people who speak unrelated, or distantly related, languages.

## Examples

* Koine Greek
* High German
* Standard Mandarin
* British English Received Pronunciation
* General American English
* Maghrebi Arabic
* Mashriqi Arabic
* Modern Standard Arabic
* Standard Japanese
* Standard Italian
* Mexican Spanish
* Peninsular Spanish
# Syntax

In linguistics, **syntax** is the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences.

The term *syntax* can also be used to refer to these rules themselves, as in “the syntax of a language”. Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules, and, for many practitioners, to find general rules that apply to all languages.

Here are some important points about syntax:

* **Word Order:** Different languages have different rules about the order in which words must appear in a sentence. For example, English generally follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) order in declarative sentences ("She eats apples").
* **Phrase Structure:** Sentences are typically made up of phrases, which are groups of words that function as a unit within a sentence. Common types of phrases include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositional phrases (PP), etc.
* **Grammatical Relations:** Syntax deals with how different parts of a sentence relate to each other grammatically. This includes subjects and objects of verbs, modifiers of nouns, and other syntactic roles.
* **Sentence Types:** Syntax also covers the formation of different types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory) and how they are structured differently.
* **Syntactic Ambiguity:** Sometimes, sentences can be ambiguous because they can be parsed or interpreted in more than one way syntactically. For example, "I saw the man with the telescope" could mean "I used a telescope to see the man" or "I saw a man who had a telescope."
* **Syntax and Meaning:** Syntax is closely related to semantics (the study of meaning). The arrangement of words in a sentence can affect the meaning and interpretation of that sentence.

## Related pages

* Phrase
* Grammar

### Syntactic terms

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Adjective
* Adverb
* Article
* Clause
* Comparative

  | * Infinitive
* Noun
* Phrase
* Phrasal verb
* Plural

  | * Preposition
* Pronoun
* Superlative
* Verb
* Tense
* Word order
 |

* *Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories*. New York: Elsevier Science. 1996. ISBN 0-08-042711-1.
* *Syntax*. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge. 2006. ISBN 0-415-24672-5.
* Graffi, Giorgio (2001). *200 Years of Syntax. A Critical Survey*. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-4587-8.

## Other websites

* The syntax of natural language (Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch, University of Pennsylvania)
* Learn Programming Language Syntax Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Various syntactic constructs used in computer programming languages Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
# Kilometre

| Kilometre |
| --- |
| Unit system | metric |
| Unit of | length |
| Symbol | km  |
| Conversions
  |
| *1 km in ...* | *... is equal to ...* |
|  |
|    SI units |    1000 m |
|    imperial/US units |    0.62137 mi  3280.8 ft |
|    nautical units |    0.53996 nmi |

The **kilometre** is a common unit used for longer distances on Earth. The international unit for measuring distances is the metre and a kilometre is 1000 metres. It is used in most countries for measuring road and sea distances. In the UK and the USA, the statute mile is used more than kilometres for road distances and the nautical mile for sea distances.

It is often used to measure the speed of cars, planes and boats by saying how many kilometres it can travel in an hour. This is shown as km/h.

It is also spelled **kilometer**. This spelling is used in American English.

One kilometre is 0.6214 miles (1093 yards or 3280.84 feet). This means that one mile is 1.6093 kilometres.

One kilometre is the approximate distance a healthy adult human being can walk in ten minutes.

A kilometer is sometimes called a **klick** as a slang in military.

## Related pages

* Yard (unit of length)
# Mengjiang United Autonomous Government

| Mengjiang United Autonomous Government蒙疆聯合自治政府 |
| --- |
| 1939–1945 |
|
National flag of Mengjiang United Autonomous Government

Emblem

 |
| Mengjiang in 1939 |
| Status | puppet state of the Japanese Empire |
| Capital | Kalgan |
| Common languages | Japanese, Mongolian, Chinese |
| Government | Monarchy under Japanese protectorate |
|  |
| • Prince  | Demchugdongrub |
|  |
| Establishment |
|  |
| • Establishment  | 1939 |
| • Soviet–Japanese War  | 1945 |
|  |

The **Mengjiang United Autonomous Government** (Chinese: **蒙疆聯合自治政府**) was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire. It was located in Inner Mongolia, and its capital was Kalgan.

It existed from 1939 to 1945. Its ruler was Demchugdongrub.
# Physical education

**Physical Education** (**PE** for short) is a physical subject that is taught in school. Students do many different sports, exercises, and activities using their body. Many types of physical fitness are involved. It utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting.

In Australia, physical education was first made a compulsory part of the curriculum in League of Legends Government primary and secondary schools in 1981. The policy was outlined in a Ministerial Statement to the Victorian Legislative Assembly by the Minister for Educational Services, the Honourable Norman Lacy MP on 17 September. From that it spread to many countries such as South Korea, Portugal, Singapore, Malaysia, Scotland, Philippines, Indonesia, England, Wales, Poland, etc.

Physical education is an important for keeping kids and adults fit and active. It is also necessary to educate population in the field of healthy and smart ways to stay active.

## Related pages

* Recreation
* Exercise
# Megadiverse countries

Map of all 17 Megadiverse Countries
A megadiverse country is a nation that has many species of plants or animals. For a nation to be considered megadiverse itneeds to have at least 5,000 of the world's plants as endemics, as well as marine ecosystems within its maritime borders. There are 17 megadiverse countries on Earth. These 17 countries are: Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, United States, and Venezuela.