Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Tangut language

| Tangut |
| --- |
| Xi-Xia |
| 𗼇𗟲 |
| Buddhist scripture written in Tangut |
| Native to | Western Xia |
| Ethnicity | Tangut people |
| Era | attested 1036–1502 AD |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan
* Tibeto-Burman
	+ Qiangic
		- Gyalrongic
			* West Gyalrongic
				+ **Tangut**
 |
| Writing system | Tangut script |
| Official status |
| Official language in | Western Xia |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | `txg` |
| Linguist List | `txg` |
| *Glottolog* | `tang1334` |

**Tangut** (Tangut: 𗼇𗟲; Chinese: 西夏語; pinyin: *Xī Xiàyǔ*; literally: "Western Xia language") is a Sino-Tibetan language. It is an extinct language. It was spoken by the Tangut people. It was an official language of the Western Xia dynasty. The language is written with the Tangut script.

In 1908, Pyotr Kozlov and his expedition team reached Khara-Khoto. They found Tangut texts in a pagoda. They took the manuscript back to Russia.
# Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IANA| Founded | 1988 |
| Founder | U.S. government |
| Focus | Manage DNS root zones |
| Location | * Playa Vista, California, U.S.
 |
| Owner | ICANN |
| Key people | Elise Gerich |
| Website | www.iana.org/ |

The **Internet Assigned Numbers Authority** (**IANA**) is a department of ICANN. IANA is a nonprofit corporation that handles many Internet-related symbols and numbers.

## Responsibilities

IANA is in charge of allocating numbers like IP addresses used in Internet protocols. These protocols are published in Request for Comments (RFC) documents. IANA works with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the RFC editorial team. Assigning IP addresses and domain names needs more administration. IANA delegates these to smaller administrations because of the many layers involved.

### IP addresses

IANA gives IP addresses in blocks to regional internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR assigns addresses for a different part of the world. All the RIRs formed the Number Resource Organization to coordinate with each other.

RIRs split their address pools into smaller chunks and give them to Internet service providers in their region. IANA assigns addresses with a /8 prefix for IPv4. It also assigns IPv6 addresses with /23 and /12 prefixes. These IPv6 addresses come from the 2000::/3 IPv6 address block. Because IPv4 addresses have run out, IANA does not assign them any more.

### Domain names

IANA also manages the top layer of the Domain name system (DNS). It works with many different server operators and policy makers from ICANN. IANA also manages .int domains for international organizations, and .arpa for reverse DNS.

### Protocol parameters

IANA is also involved in Internet Engineering Task Force protocols, like uniform resource identifier (URI) schemes. It also recommends character encodings to use on the Internet. IANA has to listen to the Internet Architecture Board when doing this.

### Time zone database

IANA also has a database containing time zone differences and rules. Computers everywhere use the information in this database to keep time correctly. IANA has been responsible for the database since October 16, 2011. The original FTP server holding the database was shutdown because of the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. court decision.

## Related pages

* Cybersecurity
* Artificial intelligence
* History of technology
* Information technology
* Computer programming
* World Wide Web (WWW)
# JSON

**JSON** (**JavaScript Object Notation**) is a way of expressing information. JSON is usually easy to understand. It can express information like XML. It is based on JavaScript's notation for object literals. However, JSON is stricter.

JSON and XML are both often used in AJAX. Even though JSON is named after JavaScript, it can be used in other programming languages, such as Python (PHP, etc.)

## Example

This is an example of JSON:

```
{
 "firstName": "John",
 "lastName" : "Smith",
 "age" : 25,
 "address" :
 {
 "streetAddress": "21 2nd Street",
 "city" : "New York",
 "state" : "NY",
 "postalCode" : "10021"
 },
 "phoneNumber":
 [
 {
 "type" : "",
 "number": "212 555-1234"
 },
 {
 "type" : "fax",
 "number": "646 555-4567"
 }
 ]
 }

```

**JSON Encoding and Decoding in Python**

Encoding:

```
import json

sampleDict = {
  "firstName": "John",
  "lastName" : "Smith"
}

sampleJson = json.dumps(sampleDict, indent=4)

```

Decoding:

```
import json

# A JSON string or can be a JSON response
sampleJson = """{ "firstName": "John", "lastName" : "Smith"}"""

sampleDict = json.loads(sampleJson)
print(sampleDict['firstName'])
print(sampleDict['lastName'])

```

## Other websites

* JSON website
# Slavic languages

| Slavic |
| --- |
| Geographic distribution | Throughout Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Russia |
| Ethnicity | Slavs |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European* Balto-Slavic
	+ **Slavic**
 |
| Proto-language | Proto-Slavic |
| Subdivisions | * East Slavic
* South Slavic
* West Slavic
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | ``sla`` |
|   Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language
  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language
  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language |

The **Slavic languages** (also called **Slavonic languages**) are a language family of the Indo-European group. Slavic languages and dialects are spoken in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and North Asia.

## List of Slavic languages

### East Slavic languages

These languages are usually written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

* Ukrainian
* Belarusian
* Russian
* Rusyn

### West Slavic languages

These languages are usually written with the Roman alphabet.

* Czech-Slovak languages
	+ Czech
	+ Knaanic
	+ Slovak
* Lechitic languages
	+ Polish
		- Silesian
	+ Pomeranian
		- Kashubian
		- Slovincian
	+ Polabian
* Sorbian
	+ Upper Sorbian
	+ Lower Sorbian

### South Slavic languages

These languages may be written with the Cyrillic or Latin script, depending on the language.

* Eastern
	+ Bulgarian
	+ Macedonian
* Western
	+ Serbian
		- Montenegrin
	+ Bosnian
	+ Croatian
		- Burgenland Croatian
		- Molise Croatian
		- Bunjevac Croatian
	+ Slovenian

### Pan-Slavic languages

* Interslavic

## Other websites

* Slavic Grammar Matrix
# Lj

Lj in all letter case forms| LJ Lj lj |

**Lj** (all uppercase: **LJ**, all lowercase: **lj**) is a letter in some Slavic languages. It is a digraph made of the Latin letters L and J. Lj is used for the sound /ʎ/, a sound similar to /lj/ and /lʲ/.

It is the 17th letter of Gaj's Latin alphabet (a Latin version of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet), coming after L and before M.

In Unicode, Lj is its own character, with three forms:

* U+01C7 Ǉ
* U+01C8 ǈ
* U+01C9 ǉ

## Related pages

* Љ
# EBCDIC

**Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code** (**EBCDIC**) is an 8-bit character encoding. It is used mainly on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer operating systems. EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards. It was also related to the six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s. EBCDIC is also used on various non-IBM platforms. These include the Fujitsu-Siemens' BS2000/OSD, OS-IV, MSP, and MSP-EX, and Unisys VS/9 and MCP.
# Indo-Aryan languages

| Indo-Aryan |
| --- |
| Indic |
| Geographic distribution | South Asia |
| Native speakers | c. 800 million (2018)–1.5 billion |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European* Indo-Iranian
	+ **Indo-Aryan**
 |
| Proto-language | Proto-Indo-Aryan |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | ``inc`` |
| Linguasphere | ``59= (phylozone)`` |
| Glottolog | ``indo1321`` |
| Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi, Luwati, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.
  Pashai (Dardic)
  Khowar (Dardic)
  Shina (Dardic)
  Kohistani (Dardic)
  Kashmiri (Dardic)
  Punjabi (Northwestern)
  Sindhi (Northwestern)
  Rajasthani (Western)
  Gujarati (Western)
  Khandeshi (Western)
  Bhili (Western)
  Central Pahari (Northern)
  Dogri (Northern)
  Nepali (Northern)
  Western Hindi (Central)
  Eastern Hindi (Central)
  Bengali-Assamese (Eastern)
  Bihari (Eastern)
  Odia (Eastern)
  Halbi (Eastern)
  Marathi-Konkani (Southern)
  Sinhala (Southern)
  Maldivian (Southern)
(not shown: Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahuli) |

The **Indo-Aryan** languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. These are mainly spoken in North India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Sindhi Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Romani, Domari, Lomavren, Rohingya, Prakrit and Sanskrit.

## Related pages

* Languages of South Asia
* Iranic languages

* Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.

## Other websites

* The Indo Aryan languagesArchived 2009-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
# Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet

Extended IPA Chart for Disordered Speech, as of 2025

The **Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech**, commonly abbreviated **extIPA** /ɛkˈstaɪpə/, provide additional symbols, accent marks, and modifiers to the International Phonetic Alphabet. It can be used to transcribe people with speech problems.
# Lisp

A **lisp** is a speech problem, linked to the misarticulation of 's'-sounds. This results in unclear speech. In many languages, these sounds are difficult to pronounce. There is a difference between lisping children who are in the process of learning to speak, and lisping adults. In many cases, lisping is easy to treat using specialized therapy. Some characters (especially in cartoons) lisp for a comic effect.
# Voiced pharyngeal fricative

| Voiced pharyngeal fricative |
| --- |
| ʕ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `?\` |
|

| Image |
| --- |
|  |

 |

The **voiced pharyngeal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Arabic.

## Characteristics

* The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
* The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is pharyngeal. This means that this sound is produced with the root of the tongue against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
* The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

## Examples

Occurrence of [ʕ]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arabic | عَيْن | [ʕajn] | 'eye or spring' |

## Approximant

| Voiced pharyngeal approximant |
| --- |
| ʕ̞ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `?\_o` |

The **voiced pharyngeal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

### Characteristics

* The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
* The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is pharyngeal. This means that this sound is produced with the root of the tongue against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
* The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.

### Examples

Occurrence of [ʕ̞]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Danish | ravn | [ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn] | 'raven' |
# Czech language

| Czech |
| --- |
| *čeština, český jazyk* |
| Native to | Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and other worldwide. |
| Ethnicity | Czechs, Moravians |
| Native speakers | 10 million (2007) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Balto-Slavic
	+ Slavic
		- West Slavic
			* Czech-Slovak
				+ **Czech**
 |
| Writing system | Latin script (Czech alphabet) Czech Braille |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Czech Republic  European Union  Slovakia (partially) |
| Regulated by | Institute of the Czech Language |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `cs` |
| ISO 639-2 | `cze (B)` `ces (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ces` |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-da < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam) |

Spoken Czech
The **Czech language** (čeština in czech, *ˈtʃɛʃcɪna*) is a Slavic language officially spoken by people in the Czech Republic. Ten million people speak it. It is very similar to the Slovak language; the differences between these two languages are small enough that speakers of Czech and Slovak usually understand each other.

It has three genders and is an inflected language like Latin. The grammar is much more complex than that of English.

## Other websites

* Ústav pro jazyk český – Czech Language Institute (in Czech)

* mluvtečesky.net – website for learning Czech language (in English, Germany, Polish and Czech)
# Tenuis dental click

| Tenuis dental click |
| --- |
| ǀ |
| kǀ |
| qǀ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |

The **tenuis dental click** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
# Nasal bilabial click

| Bilabial nasal click (velar) |
| --- |
| ŋʘ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |

| Bilabial nasal click (uvular) |
| --- |
| ɴʘ |

The **bilabial nasal click** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

## Characteristics

* The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
* The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is bilabial. This means that this sound is produced with both lips.
* It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
* The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (aka velaric ingressive). This means that a pocked of air is trapped between two closures, then make the air thin by a "sucking" action of the tongue, but not being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The forward closure is released to produce the 'click' sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a same pulmonic egressive airstream.

## Examples

Bilabial nasal clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kxʼa families of southern Africa, in the Australian ritual language Damin, and for /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as at least for some speakers of Ndau and Tonga.

| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Damin | m!**ii* | [ʘ̃iː] | 'vegetable' |
| Tonga | *ku**m**wa* | [kʼuᵑʘwa] | 'to drink' |
| Ndau | m**wana* | [ᵑʘwana] | 'child' |
| Nǀuu | mʘ**ôa* | [ᵑʘõɑ̃] | 'cat' |
# Tenuis alveolar lateral click

| Tenuis alveolar lateral click |
| --- |
| ǁ |
| kǁ |
| qǁ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |

The **tenuis alveolar lateral click** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
# Nasal alveolar lateral click

| Alveolar lateral nasal click |
| --- |
| ŋǁ |
| ɴǁ |

The **alveolar lateral nasal click** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
# Voiced bilabial affricate

| Voiced bilabial affricate |
| --- |
| bβ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `bB` |

The **voiced bilabial affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not phonemic in the Cockney dialect of English.

## Characteristics

* The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
* The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is bilabial. This means that this sound is produced with both lips.
* It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.
* The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is affricate. This means that this sound is produced by first stopping the air flowing from the mouth, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place this sound is produced, to make turbulence.

## Examples

| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Banjun |  |  |
| Dhao |  |  |
| English | Broad Cockney | *ru**b | [ˈɹ̠ɐˑb͡β] | 'rub' | Sporadic allophone of /b/. See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation | Rare allophone of /b/. See English phonology |
| Scouse | [ˈɹ̠ʊˑb͡β] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /b/. See English phonology |
| Shipibo | b**oko* | [ˈb͡βo̽ko̽] | 'small intestine' | Possible realization of /β/. See Shipibo phonology. |
| Ngiti | *a**bv**ɔ* | [āb͡βɔ̄] | 'thorny vine' | Rarely [bβ] more commonly [b̪v] |

List of languages with [bβ] on PHOIBLE
# Voiced palatal affricate

| Voiced palatal affricate |
| --- |
| ɟʝ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `J\j\` |

The **voiced palatal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but it is in Albanian.
# Voiced retroflex lateral affricate

| Voiced retroflex lateral affricate |
| --- |
| d𝼅 |
| ɖɭ˔ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
|

| Image |
| --- |
|  |

 |

The **voiced retroflex lateral affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
# Alveolar ejective affricate

| Alveolar ejective affricate |
| --- |
| ts’ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |

The **alveolar ejective affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
# Place of articulation

In phonetics (the study of sounds in human speech), the **place of articulation** of a sound is where in the mouth the sound is made (articulated). There are at least 13 different places of articulation. They are split into four big types.

## Labial (lips)

Labial sounds are made with one or two lips.
They are split into three types:

### Bilabial (two lips)

Bilabial sounds are made with both lips.
The bilabial sounds in English are [m], [p], and [b].

### Labiodental (lip and teeth)

Labiodental sounds are made with the lips and the teeth.
Almost always the top lip and the bottom teeth are used.
The labiodental sounds in English are [f] and [v].

### Linguolabial (lip and tongue)

Linguolabial sounds are made by the tongue touching the top lip.
There are no linguolabial sounds in English.
Sometimes it is said to be part of the next group (Coronal).

## Coronal (tip of the tongue)

Coronal sounds are made with the tip of the tongue. They are split into three types:

### Dental (teeth and tongue)

Dental sounds are made by the tip of the tongue touching the back of the teeth. The dental sounds in English are [θ] and [ð].

### Alveolar (gum ridge and tongue)

Alveolar sounds are made by the tip of the tongue touching the ridge behind the teeth. The alveolar sounds in English are [n], [t], [d], [s], [z], and [l].

### Retroflex (roof of the mouth and tongue)

Retroflex sounds are made by pressing the tongue flat against the front part of roof of the mouth. There are no retroflex sounds in English.

### Palatal (roof of the mouth and tongue)

Palatal sounds are made by the body of the tongue and the middle part of the roof of the mouth. The only palatal sound in English is [j]. Some say that it is part of the next group (dorsal).

## Dorsal (body of the tongue)

Dorsal sounds are made with the body of the tongue.

### Velar (soft palate and back of the tongue)

Velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. There are three velar sounds in most dialects of English: [k], [g], and [ŋ].

### Uvular (uvula and back of the tongue)

Uvular sounds are made with the back of the tongue and the uvula. There are no uvular sounds in English.
# Open-mid central unrounded vowel

| Open-mid central unrounded vowel |
| --- |
| ɜ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `3` |

The **open-mid central unrounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, written as er, ir or ur, as in fern, fir and fur.
# Phonation

In phonetics, **phonation** is the physical process of producing vocal sound, where air from the lungs travels through the larynx, causing the vocal folds to vibrate.
# Bracket

The different types of brackets. From top to bottom: square brackets, braces, parentheses, chevrons, and inequality signs.
**Brackets** are tall punctuation marks used in matched pairs within text. They are used in mathematics and in literature (written language). They are sometimes used to set apart or interject other parts of the text. They are noted as left/right: the *left bracket* is "[" and the *right bracket* is "]".

In the American English, "bracket" usually refers specifically to the "square" or "box" type. In British English, "bracket" normally refers to the "round" type, which is called a "parenthesis" mark in American usage.

Parentheses are the curved brackets "(  )". They are also called *round brackets*, *curved brackets*, *oval brackets*, or, colloquially, *parens*.

Parentheses have several different meanings, such as:

* noting optional text:  "(this is optional)";
* showing other word endings:  "vote(s)" or "quick(ly)"
* adjusting the meaning:  "There are some (many) pages".
* adding humor:  "They sell pre-owned (read: "used") cars".
* indicating a negative number:  $90 - $100 = ($10)
* grouping terms in a calculation:  6 x (2 + 3) = 30.
* showing emphasis for attention:  "(((wow)))".

There are also other uses for parentheses.

Parentheses enclose text which could be left out, without destroying or altering the meaning of a sentence. In most writing, overuse of parentheses is usually a sign of a badly structured text. A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas around the text, although if the sentence contains commas for other uses, then visual confusion may result.

Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add more information, such as in:

"Sen. John McCain (R., Arizona) spoke at length"
They can also note "either singular or plural" for nouns, such as in the word "claim(s)".

In mathematics, various brackets are used for various purposes. These include, in particular:

* The use of parenthesis in ordered pairs and tuples (as in WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 )
* The use of square brackets in intervals (as in WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2 )
* The use of braces in set-builder notation (as in WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_4 )
* The use of angle brackets in inner products (as in WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_6 )

## Related pages

* Emoticon
* Order of operations

* Lennard, John (1991). *But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-811247-5.
* Turnbull; et al. (1964). *The Graphics of Communication*. New York: Holt. States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers.