Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Allusion

An **allusion** is a figure of speech. It refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in a person's mind. For example, telling someone "You have Herculean strength!" can refer to Hercules, known as one of the strongest men in Greek Mythology. Others common include:

* "Going down a rabbit hole" referencing Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where Alice goes down a rabbit hole and discovers a magical world unrelated to hers.
* "I'm not falling for that Trojan horse!" Referencing the Greek story in which a "gift" to the town of Trojan was actually a wooden horse made of hundreds of soldiers.
* Allusions can even be about famous people. For example: "You don't have to be Albert Einstein to know this." "He was the Robin Hood of our school." "She is no Mother Teresa; she can get angry easily." and "Our city really does need a Batman".

Allusions can be hurtful, humorous, or easily understandable/relatable. Try for yourself to make an allusion, and people will understand you more easily.
# Empress Suiko

| Suiko |
| --- |
| *Empress of Japan* |
| Reign | 593–15 April 628 |
| Predecessor | Sushun |
| Successor | Jomei |
| Born | 554 |
| Died | 628 |
| Burial | *Shinaga no Yamada no misasagi* (Osaka) |

**Empress Suiko** (推古天皇, *Suiko-tennō*) (554–628) was the 33rd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Her reign started in 593 and ended in 628. Historians consider details about the life of Empress Suiko to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Suiko*-tennō* was created for her posthumously by later generations.

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

In the history of Japan, Suiko was the first of eight women to be empress. The seven others were: (a) Kōgyoku/Saimei, (b) Jitō, (c) Gemmei, (d) Genshō, (e) Kōken/Shōtoku, (f) Meishō, and (g) Go-Sakuramachi.

## Traditional history

Suiko was the third daughter of Emperor Kimmei. She was the half-sister of Emperor Yōmei and Emperor Sushun.

Suiko was also a wife of Emperor Bidatsu.

## Events of Suiko's life

When Suiko became empress, she ended a power struggle for the throne after the deaths of emperors who were her brothers.

* **593** : In the 2nd year of Emperor Sushun's reign, he died. The next monarch was his half-sister who became known as Empress Suiko. This succession was confirmed in ceremonies.

Prince Shōtoku was the most important man in Suko's court.

In 599, an earthquake destroyed buildings in Yamato province which is now known as Nara Prefecture.

The reign of this empress was marked by the opening of relations with the Sui court in 600.

The use of the Sexegenary cycle calendar (*Jikkan Jūnishi*) in Japan is credited to Empress Suiko in 604.

* **604**: In the 12 year of Suiko's reign (the Suiko period), Japan organized its earliest Imperial calendar.

Suiko ruled for 35 years. She abdicated in 628.

### After her death

Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Empress Suiko.
Suiko died in 628. This empress' official name after her death (her posthumous name) was regularized only after death. Her reign name means "to reason from antiquity."

The actual site of Suiko's grave is known. This empress is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) at Osaka.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Suiko's mausoleum. It is formally named *Shinaga no Yamada no misasagi*.

## Related pages

* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Suiko seamount
* Japanese empresses

The chrysanthemum symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.
## Other websites

 Media related to Empress Suiko at Wikimedia Commons

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preceded by Emperor Sushun |  **Empress of Japan Suiko** 593-628 | Succeeded by Emperor Jomei |
# Heian period

The **Heian period** (平安時代, *Heian jidai*) is a time in the Japanese history from 794 to 1185. This grouping of years is named after city of Heian-kyō, which is the early name of present day Kyoto.

## History

The Heian period began in 794 when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō. It lasted until 1185, which is the beginning of the Kamakura period.

In this period Kyoto was the center of Japanese culture. It was also in this period that the first known novel was published. The author was a woman. Poetry was very popular in Heian-kyo at the time.

## Timeline

* **794**: Emperor Kammu moves the capital to Heian-kyō.
* **804**: Saichō (also known as Dengyo Daishi) establishes the Tendai Buddhist sect in Japan.
* **806**: Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi) establishes the Shingon Bhuddist sect in Japan
* **858**: Reign of Emperor Seiwa begins; the power of the Fujiwara clan expands
* **895**: Sugawara Michizane persuades Emperor Uda to suspend Imperial embassies to China.
* **1053**: Byōdō-in temple near Kyōto is completed
* **1087**: Emperor Shirakawa abdicates and becomes a Buddhist monk, the beginning of the *Insei* system of Imperial government
* **1185**: Death of Emperor Antoku; Taira clan is defeated in the Gempei War

## Gallery

* Model of ancient Kyoto with Imperial Palace
* South wing of the Phoenix Hall in the Byodo-In temple in Uji

## Related pages

* List of Japanese eras

## Other websites

 Media related to Heian period at Wikimedia Commons

* Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heian Period (794–1185)
* British Museum, Heian period (AD 794-1185)
* Japan-guide.com, Nara and Heian Periods (710-1185)
# Anthology

In book publishing, an **anthology** is a collection of literary works. It may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories or songs.

In genre fiction, the term *anthology* is often used to group together a number of shorter works. These may be short stories or television programs, The items are often written by different authors but they can be by the same person. Anthologies have unrelated groups of characters and settings. An anthrology is normally collected into a single item such as a book for publication. Complete collections of works are often called "complete works" or "*opera omnia*" (Latin version).

## Etymology

The word was first used in the English language in the 17th century. It comes from the Greek word, ἀνθολογία) (*anthologic*). This word means "a collection of blossoms".

## Television

Many television programs are either anthologies' or a combination of an anthology and a series. While this type of anthology normally has the same group of characters and setting, each episode is a separate story. With this type of program, the viewer does not need to watch every episode to understand each one. Some programs use both serial programming, where each episode it part of a bigger story, and anthology episodes. These episodes are not directly part of the larger story but normally use the same characters and setting. These "semi-anthology" programs let the writers tell about other parts of the world they have created. This type of anthology was first seen in the mid to late 1960s and is still being used over half a century later.

## Related pages

* Diwan (poetry)
* Book series
# Translation

**Translation** means to copy writing or speech from one language into a different language.

The people who do translation are called translators. A translator who is copying a book into another language may use a language dictionary to find out how a word is written in another language. A translator who works with the spoken word is also called an interpreter. Translators can work independently as freelancers or by being hired by translation agencies. People who translate poetry, novels, drama, or short stories are called literary translators.

In computer technology, translation from a programming language to a machine language is called compiling.

There are free translators on the internet. A notable example of this is Google Translate.

## Related pages

* Bible translations
* Concept
* Compiler
* Machine translation

**Useful resources related to the subject: The Impact of Translation in New York City Archived 2019-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Choosing the Perfect Translation Agency for your Company Archived 2019-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Adapt your Translation for a better Understanding of Inter-culture Archived 2021-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
# Man'yōshū

A page from the Man'yōshū
The Man'yōshū (Japanese: 万葉集) is the oldest extant collection of Japanese waka (poetry in Classical Japanese), compiled sometime after AD 759 (during the Nara period).
# Monastery

Abbey of Monte Cassino, a famous monastery and the mother house of the Order of Saint Benedict.
The Syrian-orthodox monastery Mor Gabriel, founded in 397.
Asta Nørregaard: *Christmas Night Mass celebrated in a French Nunnery* (1889)
**Monasteries** are places where monks live. Although the word "monastery" is sometimes used for a place where nuns live, nuns usually live in a **convent** or **nunnery**. The word **abbey** (from the Syriac/Aramaic word **abba**: *father*) is also used for a Christian monastery or convent. The monk in charge of an abbey is called an **abbot**; the nun in charge of an abbey is an **abbess**.

Several religions have a system of monasteries. Christian monasteries have a chapel for the monks to worship. Monks are not allowed to marry (celibacy). They are also not allowed to own anything. Everything they use, including their clothes, belongs to the monastery. During the Middle Ages after the Roman Empire was defeated, monasteries were some of the few places where knowledge still existed.

Some monasteries were built in places far away from where other people lived. The monks who live there live very isolated lives, growing their own food and looking after one another. Other monasteries were in or near towns. Monks do a lot of work in the community, including as teaching, medical care or telling people about God. Few monks live isolated lives nowadays.

## Other websites

 Media related to Monasteries at Wikimedia Commons
# Literature

Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great German writers.
Old book bindings at a library
**Literature** is a group of works of art that are made of words. Most are written, but some are shared by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups by their language, historical time, place of origin, genre, and subject. The word "literature" comes from the Latin word "literatura," which means "writing formed with letters."

Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia. *Ramayana* and *Mahabharta*, two Indian epics, are still read today. The Iliad and *Odyssey* are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were shared over time through speaking and memory and were written down around the 9th or 8th century BCE.

Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is read for its artistic value. Literature is also related to people and community. According to Sangidu (2004) as quoted by Arfani et.al (2023), "literature is a part of society, a fact that inspires authors to involve themselves in the life order of the community where they are and try to fight for the position of the social structure and the problems face in society".

## Related pages

* English literature
* French literature
* Italian literature
* German literature
* Japanese literature
* American literature
* Spanish literature
* Modernist literature
# Content word

A **content word** is a word in a language that has meaning. The most common content words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Unlike function words, content words are usually open class, which means that there is no end to how many words a part of speech in a language can have. Since content words are usually more important in a sentence, they tend to be said with more stress in an English sentence.
# Inflection

**Inflection** (or inflexion) is a piece added to a word to express variations in grammar. The added bits are called affixes. They are prefixes (in front), suffixes (at the end) and infixes (in the middle). They are added to the *root*, the part of the word which does not change.

Some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit have complex inflections that they apply to most of their words. Others, such as English, are less inflected. Some, such as Mandarin Chinese, use no inflections.

Examples in English:

* *Write, writes, wrote, written* are tenses of the verb *to write*. Inflecting a verb is called conjugation.
* *Sing, sang, sung*
* *Dog, dogs* is a noun inflected for number. Inflecting a noun is called declension.
* *Foot, feet*
* *Mouse, mice*
* *Child, children*
* *Dog's, dogs'* are nouns in the genitive case, which means that the word after are owned by the dog or dogs.
* *I, me,* and *myself* are all **cases**, or different word forms, of the first-person pronoun.
* my can be used as adjective and mine can be used as pronoun. Hence can be considered as use of inflection apart from example of derivation
# Onomatopoeia

An **onomatopoeia** is a word that sounds like the sound it means: words that imitate particular sounds.

Examples:

* buzz -- the sound bees make
* arf, ruff, woof, bark -- sounds that dogs make
* cuckoo -- the bird's name is its call
* zip, zipper -- the sound it makes
* meow -- the sound that cat makes
* tick tock -- the sound that a clock makes
* boom -- the sound that a bomb makes
* crash -- the sound that breaking glass makes
* moo -- the sound a cow makes
* achoo -- the sound of a sneeze
# Ukiyo-e

View of Mount Fuji, part of the *Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō* series by Hiroshige, published 1850
**Ukiyo-e (浮世絵)**, "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district. Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his *Ukiyo monogatari* (浮世物語, *"Tales of the Floating World", c. 1661*), gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:

"Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms and the maple leaves; singing songs, drinking wine, diverting ourselves in just floating, floating; ... refusing to be disheartened, like a gourd floating along with the river current: this is what we call the floating world".

## Other websites

* A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet Archived 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Kuniyoshi Project
* Gallery with a lot of info
* Overviews of the Printmaking Process detailed description of the stages of printmaking with many illustrations
# Imperial Japanese Army

The **Imperial Japanese Army** (Japanese ; 大日本帝国陸軍, *Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun*), also known as the **IJA**, was the army of Imperial Japan from 1868 to 1945. The army was under the command of Emperor Meiji from 1868-1912, Emperor Taishō from 1912-1926, Emperor Hirohito from 1926-1945, and Hideki Tōjō from 1884-1948.

The IJA was started after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, replacing the Samurai. It was abolished at the end of World War II in 1945.

The army was involved in many Wars : Boshin War (1868-1869) Invasion Of Taiwan (1874) Shinpuren Rebellion (1876) Satsuma Rebellion (1877) First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Invasion Of Taiwan (1895) Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) World War 1 (1914-1918) Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria (1931) Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict (1932-1939) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Battle of Khalkhin Gol (1939) World War 2 (1941-1945) .

## Legacy

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits the use of aggressive force as a means for settling international disputes.

In order to defend Japan, if necessary, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) was formed.

The ground-reach of JSDF is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

## Related pages

* Imperial Japanese Navy

## Other websites

* AxisHistory.com, Japanese Army
* Imperial Japanese Army -Citizendium
# Occupation of Japan

The **Occupation of Japan** (連合国占領下の日本, *Rengōkoku senryō-ka no Nihon*) was a military occupation of Japan in the years after Japan's defeat in World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the British Empire and the supervision of the Far Eastern Commission. The occupation was led by American General Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers by US President Harry Truman.

Emperor Hirohito stayed on the imperial throne and was given full immunity from prosecution for war crimes after he agreed to replace the wartime cabinet with a ministry approved by the Allies.

## End

The occupation officially ended when the San Francisco Peace Treaty was signed on September 8, 1951, and became into effect on April 28, 1952.
# Glyph

A **glyph** is an element of writing. Example: the ligature '**æ**' in archæology represents **a** and **e** letters.

More exactly, a glyph is an element in an agreed set of symbols. A mark used in a language is a glyph, but in another language it may not be a glyph. For example, an '**n**' with tilde, **ñ**, is used in Spanish, as in piñata. It is not a glyph in English.

## Other websites

* Unicode Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Font Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
# Character encoding

A strip of paper, with the word "Wikipedia" encoded on it.
Given a number of characters of an alphabet, a **character encoding** is a function that will map each character to a number. This number must be unique and is called **code point**. In this context, a character is the minimal unit of text that has a semantic value: In alphabets that use letters, this is usually a letter. Early systems, like the telegraph only have a part of all the letters possible. They have only uppercase letters, numbers, and a few extra characters (punctuation, spacing, newline..). The flag alphabet ships use is even more restricted.
# Emoji

An emojis
**Emoji** (絵文字; えもじ) are symbols (♻︎) or faces (🤣) (often used in text messages on a mobile phone or computer. They come in all shapes and sizes and can mean many things depending on when and how it is used. There are emojis for objects, places, emotions and much more. Emojis are normally used when people text each other. The first emojis were created in 1999 by Shigetaka Kurita. Later on, people began to put emojis on webpages and they became very popular outside Japan when they were added to Apple's iOS and Google's Android software.

As of Unicode 11.0, 1,212 code points have been assigned as Emoji. This only includes single characters, many more contain 2 or more characters.

In November 2016, a conference about emoji was held in San Francisco, California.

## In fiction

The 2017 animated film The Emoji Movie is about emojis in a phone who live and act like people.

## Related articles

Emoticons

## Other websites

 Media related to Emoji at Wikimedia Commons

* Emojipedia — Home of Emoji Meanings
# Aikido

Aikido
合気道| One version of *shihōnage* where the attacker (*uke*) is standing and the defender (*nage*) sitting. This is called *hanmi-handachi*. The *uke* is being thrown, and is taking a breakfall (*ukemi*) to safely reach the ground. |
| Focus | Grappling |
| Country of origin |  Japan |
| Creator | Morihei Ueshiba |
| Famous practitioners | Kisshomaru Ueshiba, Moriteru Ueshiba, Steven Seagal, Christian Tissier, Morihiro Saito, Koichi Tohei |
| Parenthood | *Aiki-jūjutsu*; Jujutsu; *Kenjutsu*; *Sōjutsu*, *Bojutsu*, *Iaijutsu* |

**Aikido** (合気道, *aikidō*) /eye-Kee-doh/ is a Japanese martial art. It was developed by Morihei Ueshiba.

Aikido is based on Ueshiba's philosophy, martial arts training and religious beliefs. The word "aikido" is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) life energy" or as "the way of harmonious spirit." Ueshiba wanted to create an art where people could defend themselves without harming their attacker by using the attackers "ki" against them. He wanted each practitioner of aikido to develop both physically and spiritually.

Aikido is performed by blending with the way the attacker moves, using the force of the attack rather than coming against it. This is achieved by using the attackers "ki" against them. This takes very little physical strength, as the *aikidōka* (person who does aikido) uses the force of the attacker's own momentum using stepping and turning movements. The techniques are completed with many different throws or joint locks which can be combined with different defenses. Aikido is one of many grappling arts.

Aikido is based on the martial art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to separate from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the Ōmoto-kyō religion. Ueshiba's early students' records use the name *aiki-jūjutsu*. Many of Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with different groups placing importance on different things. However, they all share techniques learned from Ueshiba and most have concern for the safety of the attacker.

## Related pages

* Sports in Japan

## Other websites

* Encyclopedia of Aikido Archived 2007-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
* AikiWeb Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* AikidoFAQ
* Aikido Journal
# Sumo

A Sumo match
**Sumo** (相撲, *sumō*) is a Japanese full-contact sport.

In sumo, a wrestler (*rikishi*) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (the *dohyō*) 4.55 metres in diameter. Also, the *rikishi* try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.

Sumo tournaments (*basho*) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as *honbasho*) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.

A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the *Makuuchi* (幕内) or *Makunouchi* (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 *rikishi*.

The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.

## Rikishi

Sumo wrestlers (*rikishi*) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.

### Grand champions

Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (*yokuzuna*).

* Akashi, 16th century
* Maruyama, (1712-1749)
* Tanikaze (Kajinosuke, 1750-1795)
* Onagawa (1758-1805)
* Ao no Matsu (1791-1851)

...
* Chiyonofuji Mitsugu (born 1955)
* Takanosato (born 1952)
* Futahaguro Koji (born 1963)
* Hokuto-umi, (born 1963)
* Onokuni (born 1962)
* Asahifuji (born 1960)
* Akebono (born 1970)

For a full list of those rikishi who have held the title of *Yokozuna*, see List of yokozuna.

### Foreign-born competitors

Sumo has changed in modern times. Foreign-born wrestlers are part of the sport. For example, Konishiki and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.

In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.