# Sino-Japanese vocabulary

**Sino-Japanese vocabulary**, Chinese-based Japanese words, or **kango** (kanji: 漢語, hiragana: かんご), are Chinese loanwords in the Japanese language. Chinese is a Sino-Tibetan language while Japanese is a language isolate.  However, Chinese has had a major influence on Japanese and has affected many parts of it, including its phonology (how it organizes sounds) and its vocabulary. Including Chinese words into Japanese lead to allowing words to have closed syllables (syllables ending in a consonant), like the words *san* (kanji: 三, hiragana: さん, meaning: three) and *udon* (kanji: 饂飩, hiragana: うどん) and for words to have long vowels and long consonants, like *nō* (kanji: 能, hiragana: のう) and *gakkō* (kanji: 学校, hiragana: がっこう). Before Chinese words came into the Japanese language syllables in Japanese words only had open syllables (words that end in a vowel) like *katana* (kanji:刀, hiragana: かたな) and *shinobi* (kanji and hiragana: 忍び, hiragana only: しのび).

It is one of the three main sources of Japanese words, along with *yamato kotoba* (kanji: 大和言葉, hiragana: やまとことば), also known as *wago* (kanji: 和語, hiragana: わご), or native Japanese words, and *gairaigo* (kanji: 外来語, hiragana: がいらいご), or loanwords borrowed from languages other than Chinese (especially English since the post-WWII era).

## Chinese loanwords in Japanese vs. French and Latin loanwords in English

It is said that about 60-70% of Japanese words come from Chinese. Like how French and Latin are to English, Chinese loanwords are used to create formal vocabulary and technical terms in Japanese. For example, while the native English words are "moon" and "horse", the Latin terms "luna" and "equus" is used to create technical terms like "lunar calendar", a calendar that is based on the moon, and "equine science", the study of horses. Likewise, the native Japanese word for horse is uma (kanji: 馬, hiragana: うま) while the Chinese term is ba (kanji: 馬, hiragana: ば), which is used in terms like basha (kanji: 馬車, hiragana: ばしゃ, meaning: horse carriage), jōba (kanji: 乗馬, hiragana: じょうば, meaning: horse riding), and gunba (kanji:軍馬, hiragana: ぐんば, meaning: warhorse).

Most Chinese loanwords are nouns, and they are often made up of more than one kanji (Chinese characters used in Japanese). Most kanji have two different kinds of pronunciation, on'yomi (the pronunciation of the kanji borrowed from Chinese) and kun'yomi (the native pronunciation of Japanese words that use the kanji). *Yamato kotoba* words use the kanji's kun'yomi. While Japanese usually use the kun'yomi for words of just one kanji, like 火 (on'yomi: ka, meaning: fire) which is pronounced *hi*, and 山 (on'yomi: san, -zan, meaning: mountain) which is pronounced *yama*, when you put together the two kanji, 火山, the word will not be pronounced by their kun'yomi as *hiyama*, but rather they will be pronounced by their on'yomi as *kazan*, which the compound word fire+mountain means "volcano".

## Sino-Japanese parts of speech

While most Chinese loanwords in Japanese are nouns, they can also be used to make verbs, adjectives, and adverbs as well. While most Japanese verbs are native Japanese words, Chinese loanwords can be made into verbs using the *-suru* form. For example, the Chinese loanword *kinshi* (kanji: 禁止, hiragana: きんし) is a noun that means "prohibition" or "ban", but if you add *-suru* afterwards, as in *kinshi-suru* (kanji and hiragana: 禁止する, hiragana only: きんしする), it becomes a verb that means "to prohibit" or "to ban". Also, adjectives can be formed from nouns by adding the suffix *-teki* (的) to it. For example, while the word *shikaku* (kanji: 視覚, hiragana: しかく) is a noun that means "vision" or "sense of sight", adding *-teki* afterwards makes it into the word *shikaku-teki* (kanji: 視覚的, hiragana: しかくてき) which is an adjective that means "visual".

## Sino-Japanese vocabulary invented in Japan

Even though kanji a Chinese invention, Japanese has also created many Chinese-based words itself that were adopted into Chinese. These words are called *wasei-kango* (kanji: 和製漢語, hiragana: わせいかんご) which means "Japanese-made Chinese words". Many of these words describe things that are uniquely Japanese, such as *Shintō* (kanji: 神道, hiragana: しんとう), *dōjō* (kanji: 道場, hiragana: どうじょう), *Bushidō* (kanji: 武士道, hiragana: ぶしどう), *matcha* (kanji: 抹茶, hiragana: まっちゃ), and *seppuku* (kanji: 切腹, hiragana: せっぷく).

Since Japan was the first East Asian country to modernize, the Japanese were the first people in East Asia to be exposed to new technologies and fields of study, and therefore the first to develop Chinese-based names for such things, such as telephone (denwa, kanji:電話, hiragana: でんわ), science (kagaku, kanji: 科学, hiragana: かがく), and philosophy (tetsugaku, kanji: 哲学, hiragana: てつがく), and each of these terms have been adopted into Chinese as *diànhuà*, *kēxué*, and *zhéxué* in the same order. This phenomenon is called reborrowing.