Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Great power

A **great power** is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world. That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength. It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.

Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere. They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries. There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.

## Great powers

The world's great powers as of the early 21st century are at least:

* China
* Germany
* Japan
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* India

### Potential great powers

* India

## Older great powers

* France
* Italy

## Related pages

* Superpower
* Hyperpower
# Futures contract

A **futures contract** is an agreement between two parties. The buyer pays the seller today for the promise of the commodity at a future date. Futures contracts are traded in futures exchanges. The commodities can be things such as livestock, agriculture produce, metals, energy, and financial products. Trading futures can be profitable. But it is also complex and very risky. Instead of gaining a profit, an investor can lose the money invested. They could be required to pay more than they invested.

## Margin

Margin is the amount of money investors must give to the exchange, in order for contracts to be insured against counterparty risk. Initial margin ranges around 10% of the total value of the contract. Margin rates can be lowered for hedgers since the contracts are covered by assets.

## Examples

* Buffett is a farmer. He expects to harvest a hundredweight of corn. He wants a guaranteed price after the harvest is finished. Buffett would short a futures contract. He is obligated to deliver the corn at expiration.
* Graham works for ABC Airlines. The company's performance is very sensitive to fuel prices, so ABC Airlines needs guaranteed fuel prices. Graham would buy a futures contract, and the airline would receive fuel at expiration, at the price set.
* Hwang is a speculator. He believes that Treasury bond prices will go down. He shorts 10-year bond futures, and cancels his contract before expiration. If Hwang had incurred a large loss, his broker, or investment bank may have issued a margin call.
# Universal suffrage

1902 French poster.

These people in Hong Kong are protesting because they want universal suffrage. They want to vote for their Chief Executive. They did not get it.
**Universal suffrage** means that every citizen above the age of 18 is allowed to vote. Most countries have universal suffrage, but some do not. In some countries people had to fight to get it. In other countries, it was granted after demonstrations in the main cities. They thought it was important to have it because they wanted to choose who ruled over them.

## Related pages

* Civil rights
* Civil and political rights
* Women's suffrage
# Natural gas

The Door to Hell, a natural gas field in Turkmenistan. It has been burning continuously since 1971, fed by the rich natural gas deposits in the area.
**Natural gas** is a mixture of gases. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons. The main component is methane, which is a greenhouse gas. Natural gas is a natural resource, often found in the ground, either alone or together with petroleum. Landfills and natural processes produce a little methane. Usually it is transported to users in a pipeline.

Most natural gas is burnt as a fuel to produce energy. It burns with a blue flame. Like other flames, this can cause pollution with nitrogen oxides.

Natural gas is burned to produce electricity, to cook and to heat buildings. It is also used as fuel for natural gas vehicles for transport. When natural gas is burned in a power station it boils water into steam that spins a steam turbine that turns a generator to make electricity. Some power stations use natural gas in a gas turbine.

Natural gas is also converted into many different industrial chemicals. It is the most common feedstock for making pure hydrogen. Hydrogen is used as fuel in fuel cells, and to make ammonia. Ammonia is used as a fuel, as a fertilizer for crops, and for making many other things. Natural gas is also converted into monomers to make many plastic products.

## Related pages

* Fossil fuel
* Coal
* non-renewable resource

## Other websites

* History of using natural gas from the U.S. Department of Energy
# Ishirō Honda

| Ishiro Honda |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Ishiro Honda May, 7 1911 Yamagata Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | 28 February 1993 (81 years old) Tokyo, Japan |
| Cause of death | Natural |

**Ishiro Honda or Inoshiro Honda** was a Japanese movie director famous for making Godzilla the 1954 movie with Eiji Tsuburaya, Tomoyuki Tanaka, Shinichi Sekizawa and Akira Ifukube.

## Filmography

### Directed

* Godzilla (1954 movie)
* Mothra (1961 movie)
* Rodan (1956 movie)
* Battle in Outer Space
* Frankenstein vs. Baragon
* Mothra vs, Godzilla

### Assistant director

* Tadano bonji
* Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts
# 1998 Winter Olympics

XVIII Olympic Winter Games|  |
| Host city | Nagano, Japan |
| Motto | *Coexistence with Nature* (Japanese: 自然との共存, *Shizen to no Kyōzon*) |
| Nations | 72 |
| Athletes | 2,176 (1,389 men, 787 women) |
| Events | 68 in 7 sports (14 disciplines) |
| Opening | 7 February |
| Closing | 22 February |
| Opened by | Emperor Akihito |
| Cauldron | Midori Ito |
| Stadium | Nagano Olympic Stadium |
| Winter |
|

| ← Lillehammer 1994 | Salt Lake 2002 → |
| --- | --- |

 |
| Summer |
|

| ← Atlanta 1996 | Sydney 2000 → |
| --- | --- |

 |

The **1998 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XVIII Olympic Winter Games,** were held in 1998 in Nagano, Japan. Other possible host cities were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; and Salt Lake City, USA. The selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom in 1991.

## Related pages

* Sports in Japan

## Other websites

* IOC Site on 1998 Winter Olympics
# The Hollywood Reporter

*The Hollywood Reporter*| President & Co-Editors in Chief | Joe Shields: Nekesa Moody & Maer Roshan |
| Former editors | Janice Min |
| Categories | Entertainment Trade |
| Frequency | Weekly and daily online |
| First issue | September 3, 1930 |
| Company | PMC |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Los Angeles, California |
| Language | English |
| Website | hollywoodreporter.com |
| ISSN | 0018-3660 |

The Hollywood Reporter is an American magazine and website providing Entertainment News to Hollywood insiders and the world through text, audio and video platforms.

## Related pages

* Variety (magazine)
* Nielsen Business Media
* Tubefilter

## Other websites

* Official website Archived 2010-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
# Kirin Kiki

Kiki in July 2015
**Kirin Kiki** (樹木 希林, *Kiki Kirin*) (15 January 1943 – 15 September 2018) was a Japanese actress. She was known for her work in Japanese cinema and television. Kiki was born in Tokyo. Kiki was known for her roles in *Ballad of Orin*, *The Triple Cross* and in *Half a Confession*.

Kiki died of breast cancer in Tokyo on 15 September 2018 at the age of 75.

## Other websites

* Kirin Kiki on IMDb
# Nobuhiko Obayashi

**Nobuhiko Obayashi** (大林 宣彦, *Ōbayashi Nobuhiko*; January 9, 1938 – April 10, 2020) was a Japanese director, screenwriter and editor. He was born in Onomichi, Hiroshima, Japan. He was best known as the director of the 1977 horror movie *House*. His other best movies are *Toki o Kakeru Shōjo* and *Hanagatami*.

Obayashi died on April 10, 2020 in Tokyo of lung cancer at the age of 82.
# Subsidiary

A **subsidiary** is a company that is controlled by its parent company. Even though a subsidiary works on its own, and its purposes are *different* from that of its parent company, the parent company is in control of its subsidiary.

A company's subsidiary is different from a company's division because a division works *together* with its parent company. A division's goal is usually similar to that of its parent company, and the division has to use its parent company's name. A subsidiary can use a name different from that of its parent company.

For example, YouTube is a *subsidiary* of Google, because Google is a search engine, while YouTube is a video sharing website. Google Videos is a *division* of Google, because Google Videos is a search engine that searches videos on the Internet. This is to match its parent company Google as a search engine. Also, YouTube has an entirely different name and logo from Google's, while Google Videos, as a division, must use Google's name and logo.
# Famine

Victims of the Russian famine of 1921–22 during the Russian Civil War
**Famine** is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition). In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be common.

## Famous famines

* 1816, the Year without a Summer was caused by Mount Tambora erupting. Tens of thousands died.
* The Irish Potato Famine lasted from 1846 to 1849. It was caused by a potato blight.
* In the Holodomor, about 7 million of people starved to death in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.
* The Great Leap Forward killed a few tens of millions of Chinese, in what was probably the biggest famine in history.

## Other websites

* Famine Early Warning System Archived 2007-07-11 at the Wayback Machine monitors agricultural production and other warning signs worldwide
* United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
* International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
* In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News
# Monica Rial

**Monica Rial** is an American voice actress. She voices various anime characters such as Stocking in *Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt*. She is also the voice of Lana Robertson in the Disney Channel animated series *North Woods*.
# Tsundere

Tsundere is a Japanese term, mainly used for characters in anime, manga, and video games. The word describes a person who is mean and mad at first, but gradually becomes nicer.
# Yona of the Dawn

|  |
| --- |
| Yona of the Dawn |
| 暁のヨナ (*Akatsuki no Yona*) |
| Genre | Adventure, fantasy, romance |
| Manga |
| Written by | Mizuho Kusanagi |
| Published by | Hakusensha |
| English publisher | NA Viz Media |
| Demographic | *Shōjo* |
| Magazine | *Hana to Yume* |
| Original run | August 4, 2009 – December 19, 2025 |
| Volumes | 47  |
| Anime television series |
| Directed by | Kazuhiro Yoneda |
| Written by | Shinichi Inotsume |
| Music by | Kunihiko Ryo |
| Studio | Pierrot |
| Licensed by | NA Funimation |
| Original network | AT-X, Tokyo MX, Sun TV, TV Aichi, RKK, BS11 |
| Original run |  October 7, 2014  –  March 24, 2015 |
| Episodes | 24 + 3 OVA  |

Yona of the Dawn (Japanese: 暁のヨナ, Hepburn: *Akatsuki no Yona*) is a Japanese manga series by Mizuho Kusanagi. It is published in Hakusensha's *shōjo* manga magazine *Hana to Yume* from August 2009 to December 2025. An anime television series based on this manga was created by Pierrot. It aired between October 7, 2014 and March 24, 2015.

Funimation has licensed the anime series for streaming and home video rights in North America. The first opening theme is an song by Kunihiko Ryo, called "Akatsuki no Yona" (暁のヨナ; lit. meaning *Yona of the Dawn*). The first ending theme is *Yoru* (夜; lit. meaning *Night*) by Vistlip. The second opening theme is "Akatsuki no Hana", by Cyntia. The second ending theme is "Akatsuki", by Akiko Shikata. The first OVA was released on September 18, 2015, the second OVA was released on August 19, 2016 and the third OVA was released on December 20, 2016.
# Für Elise

"**Für Elise**" (German for *For Elise*) is the common name of the song "**Bagatelle in A minor**." It was written for the piano by the composer Ludwig van Beethoven in 1810. The song is thought to be written for Therese, a woman that Beethoven wanted to marry in 1810. It is believed that his handwriting was not translated correctly when the song was transcribed. This caused the piece to be known as " Für Elise" rather than "Für Therese". However, there is also musings that he wrote the piece for a singer named Elise Barensfeld, who was both a student and a friend. Neither claim have ever been fully confirmed or refuted.

The piece of music was not published until 1865. This was a long time after the death of Beethoven. It is one of the most well-known pieces of piano music in the world.

## Form

The piece is in rondo form. There is a main section (A) which appears three times. Between these three sections there are two other sections (B and C), so the form of the piece can be described as: A B A C A.

The main section has a time signature of 3/8. It is based on arpeggios which flow from one hand to the other. This is the section that many beginner pianists want to play. The two middle sections are harder to play at the correct speed. They have fast scales, arpeggios and left hand demisemiquavers (32nd notes).

* Woodstra, Chris. et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 104. ISBN 0-87930-865-6

* What is the meaning of Beethoven’s ‘Für Elise’ – and who was Elise?

## Other websites

* Für Elise - and other Beethoven resources (includes the free sheet music)
# Question

A **question** is what someone asks, usually when there is something that he or she does not know. In writing, a question mark ("?") comes at the end of a question. However, just because a question is asked does not mean there is an answer.

Paul Gaugin's *Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?*
## Types of question

Sometimes a question has a simple answer like "Yes" or "No".
Sometimes a question has a more complicated answer like "Maybe", or "I don't know". There are so many types of questions and so many ways of answering questions.

## Examples of these questions

People may give a short answer. People may give a long answer. It depends on the question.

* "Guess what?"
* "Who are you?"
* "Can I help you?"
* "Do you speak English?"
* "Is this your bag?"
* "What time is it?"
* "Where are you from?"
* "Why are you doing that?"
* "Who do you want to see?"
* "When will tea be ready?"
* "What did you say?"
* "How old are you?"
* "What time is the football game?"
* "Why do you look so funny?"
* "Why did the chicken cross the road?"
* "Where can I find the nearest subway station?"
* "Why do you allow people to change an online encyclopedia?"

## Types

Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of answers. A question like "Why did you do that?" clearly asks for an explanation. What that explanation might be depends on context. This kind of explanation is not right or wrong: it all depends on circumstance. The question and answer may also have to do with "who", "what", "when" and "where".

There are types or forms of explanations, including:

* explanations which are based on a principle or theory.

*Who should I listen to?* Answer: *Mother knows best.*
* explanations which rely on a model or pattern.

*Where does this part go?* Answer: *The pocket is on the left side of the shirt*.
* explanations which tell a story or narrative.

*When did you do that?* Answer: *I ran away after the dog barked.*
* explanations which relate to goals or purposes.

*Why are you doing that?* Answer: *Because I'm going to build a boat.*
Many kinds of explanations are made up of more than one type.

An explanation can be valid or invalid or a combination of both. Some explanations may appear reasonable, but they turn out to be misleading or wrong.
# Interlinear text

**Interlinear text** is text on several lines where additional lines give explanations of the main text. That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

## Related pages

* Literal translation

## Other websites

* Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
* Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
* Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
* Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
* Interlinear Morphemic Glosses Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
* The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat
# Open Library

Open Library|  |
| Screenshot
Open Library homepage in September 2011 |
| Type of site | Digital library index |
| Available in | English |
| Revenue | Donation |
| URL | openlibrary.org |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Free |
| Launched | 2006 (2006) |
| Current status | Active |
| Content license | data: public domain source code: AGPLv3 |

**Open Library** is an online project to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Malamud, This is a project of the Internet Archive.

## Related pages

* Project Gutenberg
* Google Books
* WorldCat

## Other websites

* Official website
* *The Open Library* public domain audiobook at LibriVox (Text of the speech given by Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, at the launch of the Open Library in October 2005)
# Shuri

**Shuri** was the capital of the former countries of Chuzan and later of the Ryukyu Kingdom, which were in present-day Okinawa. The Ryukyu kings would rule the kingdom from Shuri Castle. Today, it is a district of the present-day city of Naha. Shuri and Naha used to be different cities, but since Okinawa became part of Japan, Shuri would no longer be the capital. The Japanese government made Naha, which was a nearby port city, to be Okinawa's capital instead. Today, Shuri Station it is the last stop on the Okinawa Urban Monorail.
# Public shaming

**Public shaming** is when someone is out of favor for their actions or words. It has been used as a punishment in some countries long ago.

## Online shaming

Public shaming has been seen online due to a super-minority of groups willing to "cancel" people.
# Parts of speech

**Parts of speech** are types of word in grammar. There are many different word categories: they are called 'lexical categories'. The most common are these:

| Part of Speech | Function | Example Words | Example Sentence(s) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Verb | Identifies an action or state. | *(to) be*, *have*, *do*, *like*, *work*, *sing*, *can*, *must* | London **is** a big city. I **like** London. | A verb has a subject, which is a noun performing the action. Some verbs also have an object, which receives the action. |
| Noun | Identifies a person, place or thing. | *pen*, *dog*, *work*, *music*, *town*, *London*, *teacher*, *John* | **New York City** is very beautiful. | Proper nouns are a type of noun that refers to something individual. Two proper nouns are New York City and the name Amelia. Proper nouns are capitalized. Other nouns are called common nouns. |
| Adjective | Describes a noun. | *good*, *big*, *red*, *interesting* | The cat is **black** and **white**. |  |
| Adverb | Describes a verb, adjective or adverb. | *quickly*, *silently*, *well*, *badly*, *very*, *really* | The giraffe eats **slowly**, but when he is **very** hungry, he eats **reallyquickly**. | Slowly describes the verb eat, very describes the adjective hungry and really describes the adverb quickly. |
| Pronoun | Replaces a noun. | *I*, *you*, *he*, *she*, *some*, *it* | **She** is very good at playing the piano. |  |
| Preposition | Links a noun to another word. | *to*, *at*, *after*, *on*, *under* | The dog is **under** the table. The man ran **over** the bridge. | Under links the noun dog to the noun table. Over links the verb ran to the noun bridge. |
| Conjunction | Joins clauses, sentences or words. | *and*, *but*, *when*, *or* | I like apples **and** oranges, **but** I don't like grapes. |  |
| Determiner | Helps refer to a noun. | *the*, *a*, *an, my, your,this, that* | There is **a** drink on **the** table. It is **my** drink. |  |
| Interjection | Short exclamation. | *oh*!, *ouch*!, *hi*! | **Ouch**! That really hurt! |  |

## Open and closed classes

Verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and interjections are called open classes because they are parts of speech that can easily add new words. On the other hand, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions are closed classes because new words cannot be added easily. For example, since pronouns are a closed class, there are fairly few pronouns: *I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, yours, yourself, he, him, his, his, himself, she, her, her, hers, herself, it, it, its, its, itself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves, they, them, their, theirs, themselves*. Since pronouns are used to replace whole noun phrases, there is no need to have many kinds of pronouns. Instead of saying "The Earl of Sandwich introduced the Earl of Sandwich's favorite food, the sandwich", one uses the pronoun *his* to replace "the Earl of Sandwich's" to make the sentence not repeat itself when it doesn't have to, thus the sentence becomes "The Earl of Sandwich introduced his favorite food, the sandwich". New nouns, on the other hand, can easily be made, and are constantly being added into the English language.
# Laryngeal consonant

**Laryngeal consonants** are consonants that are articulated (made) in the larynx. Laryngeal consonants include pharyngeal consonants, glottal consonants, and for some languages uvular consonants.
# Qin-Lian Yue

| Qin-Lian Yue |
| --- |
| *Hamlim Jit* / *Hamlim Jut* |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Guangxi |
| Native speakers | About 3,900,000 (2013) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan
* Sinitic
	+ Yue
		- **Qin-Lian Yue**
 |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-3 | *None* (`mis`) |
| ISO 639-6 | `qnli` |
| *Glottolog* | `qinl1235` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA-mf` |
|   Qin-Lian (lower left), among other Yue and Pinghua groups in Guangxi and Guangdong |

**Qin–Lian** (Hamlim, traditional Chinese: 欽廉方言; simplified Chinese: 钦廉方言) is a southern branch of Yue Chinese spoken in the coastal part of Guangxi, which is represented by four traditional cities Qinzhou, Lianzhou, Lingshan and Fangcheng (欽廉靈防) or by three modern prefecture-level cities Qinzhou, Beihai and Fangcheng (欽北防).
# Younian dialect

**Younian language** or **Younian dialect** (Chinese: 优念话 *yōunian*) is a kind of Pinghua dialects. It is used in some villages of Red Yao in Longsheng County, Guilin, and Guangxi. There were more than 10,000 native speakers in 1997.
# State Seal of Japan

The **Great Seal of Japan** (国璽, *kokuji*) is one of the national seals of Japan and is used as the official seal of state.

大日本國璽 (*Dai Nihon Kokuji*)

*National Seal of Greater Japan.*
## History

Abei Rekido, the Kyoto-based master-hand of the seal Abei Rekido of Kyoto was ordered to produce the seal, and he manufactured it with the Privy Seal of Japan in one year in 1874. Although there was no character "帝" (imperial) in the seal text. it was not reminted (remade) at the start of the Meiji Constitution.

At the 2019 Japanese imperial transition, the State Seal – together with the Privy Seal and two of the Imperial Regalia – featured twice during the ceremonies: During the abdication of Emperor Akihito on 30 April, and during the accession of Emperor Naruhito on 1 May, chamberlains carried the seals into the Hall of Pines, where they were placed on tables near the reigning Emperor.

## Related pages

* Government crest of Japan