Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Given name

A **given name** is a name given to a person at birth or baptism. Given names are referred as first names. It is different from a surname. A surname is the last name or family name.

Example: A baby girl is born and someone decides to name her *Hope*. *Hope* is her given name. Someone can decide to give her a surname as it is commonly accepted for people to have a last name. When she grows up, she can pick her own given name or surname if she does not like the one that was picked for her. Family names are inherited and are not easily changed.
In most Western countries the given name comes first (before the last name or family name). However, in many Asian countries such as India's Telugu States, Japan and China it comes after the last name or family name, and occasionally also in Europe, e.g. in Hungarian.

Christians often call their first name their "Christian name".

## Related pages

* Personal name
* Posthumous name
* Regnal name
* Indian name
# Homograph

A **homograph** is one of a group of words that have the same spelling but have different meanings. They can also have different pronunciations.

For example:

* Polish (nationality) and polish (to make things shine)
* Dove (the bird) and dove (to dive)
* Present (a gift), present (to show), present (time) and present (to be somewhere)
* fine (feeling well), fine (a ticket)
# Homophone

**Homophones** are words that sound the same as another word but have a different meaning, and often a different spelling.

Examples include:

* one, won
* pail, pale
* fore, four, for
* it's, its
* there, their, they're
* Knight, night
* which, witch
* pore, pour
* pear, pair, pare
* see, sea, C
* high, hi
* wear, where
* hare, hair
* air, heir, err
* whether, weather
* too, to, two
* ate, eight
* no, know
* by, buy, bye
* flour, flower
* right, write
* be, bee
* week, weak
* rains, reins
* higher, hire
* fare, fair
* prince, prints
* pause, paws
* clause, Claus, claws

## Related pages

* Homonym
* Homograph
* Polysemy
* Synonym -a different word for the same or very similar meaning
# Zen

| **Buddhism**
 |
| --- |
| **Basic terms** |
| * Three Jewels
* Four Noble Truths

---

* + Dukkha Suffering
	+ Samudaya Cause of Suffering
	+ Nirodha Cessation of Suffering
	+ Magga Noble Eight Fold Path
* Buddhahood
* Enlightenment
* Nirvana
 |
| **People** |
| * Gautama Buddha
* Dalai Lama
* Bodhisattva
* Sangha
 |
| **Schools** |
| * Theravada
* Mahayana
	+ Zen
* Vajrayana
	+ Nyingma
	+ Kagyu
	+ Sakya
	+ Gelug
 |
| **Practices** |
| * Dharma study
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Meditation
* Chanting
* Metta
 |
| This box: * view
* talk
* edit
 |

禪 "Zen", written in Chinese characters
Bodhidharma
**Zen** (**禅**, **禪**, **जेन्**) is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism. Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma. It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century. From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

Zen is a Japanese word translated from the Chinese word Chán, which means "meditation".

Zen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen. The goal in Zen is to attain *satori*. This Japanese word translates as "enlightenment". The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans. Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought. The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery.

A modern Zen practitioner
Japanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West. Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English. In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy. From there it spread to many parts of the western world. Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China. Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.

Zen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism. The Japanese gardens found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style. They are called Zen rock gardens. They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen.

## Related pages

* Criticism of Buddhism
* *Zen at War*

Zen monastery, Japan
# Kyoto

The Golden Temple in Kyoto
Kyoto, main street, 1891

**Kyoto** (Japanese: 京都) is a city in Japan. This city was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868.

Kyoto is a major city in the Kansai region of Japan. Its population is 1.5 million people. The city of Kyoto is the capital city of the prefecture of Kyoto. Kyoto is one of the cultural, educational, and technology centers of Japan. In it are many universities including Kyoto University, the second oldest national university of Japan.

## History

After 794, the Japanese emperors lived in this city which was called Heian-kyō.

In 1868, the city was called *Saikyō* ("Western capital") in order to distinguish it from Edo (Tokyo) which was the "Eastern capital".

## Geography

There are mountains around the city on the east, north, and west sides. Some people in Kyoto believe that these mountains make Kyoto's summer especially hot and humid, and Kyoto's winter very cold.

We can see many temples and shrines built in traditional Japanese architectural styles here. Some of those buildings are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. On the other hand, since Kyoto was one of biggest and richest Japanese cities in the middle of the 19th century; the citizens were eager to import European style, and there are many European style buildings in the center of Kyoto for company offices and schools.

Kyoto is one of oldest cities in Japan. Many tourists from all over the world come to Kyoto. Japanese people often come to Kyoto in the spring to see the cherry blossoms, and in the autumn to see the leaves change color.

Traditional Kyoto food often uses vegetables. McDonald's signboards in Kyoto are brown to preserve the traditional surroundings.

The oldest novel in the world, Shikibu Murasaki's The Tale of Genji is set in Kyoto during the Heian Period.

Kyoto is famous for three festivals: Gion festival, Aoi festival in the summer, and Jidai festival in the autumn.

## Related pages

* Kyoto Protocol
* Tokyo

## Other websites
# Honshū

A map showing the main island of Honshu
**Honshū** (本州; It means "main region".) is the biggest island of Japan. The area is roughly about 227,960 km2

Honshū is also Japan's main island. It is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku(四国) across the Seto Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. It is the seventh biggest island, and is the island with the second highest number of people in the world after Java.

## Related pages

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
# Kyūshū

Kyushu| Native name: 九州 |
| --- |
| Satellite picture of Kyushu |
| Kyushu region of Japan and the current prefectures on the island of Kyushu |
| Geography |
| Location | East Asia |
| Archipelago | Japanese Archipelago |
| Area | 36,782 km2 (14,202 sq mi) |
| Area rank | 37th |
| Highest elevation | 1,791 m (5876 ft) |
| Highest point | Mount Kujū |
| Administration |
| **Japan** |
| Prefectures |  Fukuoka Prefecture  Kagoshima Prefecture  Kumamoto Prefecture  Miyazaki Prefecture  Nagasaki Prefecture  Ōita Prefecture  Okinawa Prefecture  Saga Prefecture |
| Largest settlement | Fukuoka |
| Demographics |
| Population | 12,970,479 (2016) |
| Pop. density | 307.13/km2 (795.46/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | Japanese |

**Kyushu** (九州, *Kyūshū*; literally "Nine Provinces"; Japanese: [kʲɯːꜜɕɯː]) is one of Japan's four main islands. It is the most southern of the main islands and the third largest.

## Regions

**Kyūshū region** is made up of the entire island. The name Kyūshū literally means, "nine countries" in Japanese. Kyūshū was made of nine old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. Each prefecture has a modern name and sometimes more than one old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

The original nine provinces in Kyushu were Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma.

Today, Kyushu is made up of seven of the prefectures of Japan.

* Fukuoka Prefecture
* Kagoshima Prefecture
* Kumamoto Prefecture
* Miyazaki Prefecture
* Nagasaki Prefecture
* Oita Prefecture
* Saga Prefecture

Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions. Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made. The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.

Under the Gokishichidō system, the island of Kyūshū was a part of the region known as Saikaidō. It was a part of this region from the 7th century until the middle of the 1800s. Around 1905, it was made into its own region. In the modern system, Kyūshū and the small islands around it are a part of the Kyūshū region.

## Related pages

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

 Media related to Kyushu at Wikimedia Commons

* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
* Kyushu -Citizendium
# Shikoku

A map of Japan with the island of Shikoku highlighted in brown
**Shikoku** しこく (四国) is the smallest of Japan's four main islands. About 4 million people live there, fewer than on any of the other main islands.

The island lies south of Honshu and east of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. A bridge connects it to the Honshu. Farming is a very important business in Shikoku. Citrus fruits are an important product here. Shikoku is the home to the 88 Temple Pilgrimage of the Shingon sect of Buddhism.

## Regions

Shikoku region covers the entire island.

The name Shikoku literally means "four countries" in Japanese. Shikoku was made of four old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. In other words, each prefecture has a modern name and an old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

* Ehime, formerly Iyo Province – to the west
* Kagawa, formerly Sanuki Province – to the north
* Kōchi, formerly Tosa Province – to the south
* Tokushima, formerly Awa Province – to the east

## Cities

* Kōchi – home of "Yosakoi" and many local sights
* Matsuyama, Ehime – is best known for the old hot springs at **Dogo Onsen Takamatsu, Kagawa – the largest city in Shikoku
* Tokushima – home of the *Awa Odori* festival in August
* Uwajima – has a fertility shrine and wrestling bulls
* Naruto – the east gate of Shikoku.

## Points of interest

* Cape Ashizuri – a scenic cape at the southernmost point of Shikoku
* Iya Valley – a remote but beautiful mountain valley
* Kotohira – the site of the **Kompira-san** shrine
* Mount Ishizuchi – the tallest peak in Shikoku

### Castles

There are twelve original castles that are left in Japan and Shikoku is home to four of them.

* Marugame Castle, Marugame
* Kōchi Castle, Kochi
* Matsuyama Castle
* Uwajima Castle, Uwajima.

### Temples and Shrines

The 88 Temple Pilgrimage is a famous but difficult 1,647-kilometer circle around the entire island. Serious pilgrims may choose to complete the 88 Temple Circuit on foot. Other people uses buses.

## Related pages

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

 Media related to Shikoku at Wikimedia Commons

* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
# Hokkaidō

A map of Japan with the island of Hokkaidō highlighted in brown
Sōunkyō, a gorge in the Daisetsu-zan Volcanic Area
A satellite image of Hokkaido
**Hokkaidō** (北海道, *Hokkaidō*), also known as **Ezo** and **Yezo**, is a volcanic island in Japan. It is the northernmost of Japan's four main islands.

Hokkaidō Prefecture covers the entire island.

About 5,224,614 people live on the island. It is north of Honshu. Hokkaidō is the second largest Japanese island. It has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb in the Köppen climate classification) with cold snowy winters and warm to hot summers.

Agriculture is an important part of the island's economy.

## Regions

Hokkaidō region is one of Japan's traditional geographic regions.

The region covers the entire island. The island and the region have been called Hokkaidō since 1869.

## Related pages

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

 Media related to Hokkaido at Wikimedia Commons

* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
# Hakone, Kanagawa

Hakone
Flag
Seal
**Hakone** (箱根町, *Hakone-machi*) is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

Hakone — ukiyo-e woodblock print by Hiroshige, circa 1830s
In the Edo period, *Hakone-juku* was 10th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (*shuku-eki*) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

## Related pages

* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*

## Other websites

*  Archived 2008-04-16 at the Wayback Machine,  Archived 2012-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
# Aomori Prefecture

| Aomori Prefecture
青森県 |
| --- |
| Prefecture |
| FlagSeal |
| **Aomori Prefecture** in Japan |
| Country |  Japan |
| Capital | Aomori |
| Subdivisions |
List
* Districts: 8
* Municipalities: 40
 |
| Government |
|  • Governor | Sōichirō Miyashita |
| Area |
|  • Total | 9,646 km2 (3,724 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2020) |
|  • Total | 1,237,984 |
|  • Density | 128.3/km2 (332/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 |
| Area code | 02000-1 |
| ISO 3166 code | JP-02 |
| Website | Official website |

**Aomori Prefecture** (青森県, *Aomori-ken*) is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Aomori.

## History

Until the Meiji Restoration, the lands of Aomori prefecture were part of Mutsu Province.

## Geography

Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture on Honshū. The prefecture faces Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait. It shares its southern border with Akita Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture.

### Cities

There are ten cities in Aomori Prefecture:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * Aomori (capital)
* Goshogawara
* Hachinohe
* Hirakawa
* Hirosaki
 | * Kuroishi
* Misawa
* Mutsu
* Towada
* Tsugaru
 |

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture, including

* Towada-Hachimantai National Park

## Shrines and Temples

*Tsutsukowake jinja* is the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

 Media related to Aomori prefecture at Wikimedia Commons

* Aomori Prefecture website (in English); (in Japanese)
# Hanshin Tigers

Hanshin Tigers fans at a home game
The **Hanshin Tigers** are a Japanese baseball team. They are based in the Kansai region in central Japan.

## Other websites

* Japanball Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
# Mongolian language

| Mongolian |
| --- |
| монгол хэл
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ |
| Pronunciation | /mɔŋɢɔ̆ɮ xeɮ/ |
| Native to |  Mongolia  China  Russia |
| Region | All of state Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, parts of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Gansu provinces in China |
| Native speakers | 5.2 million (2005) |
| Language family | Mongolic
* **Mongolian**
 |
| Early forms | Middle Mongolian
* Classical Mongolian
 |
| Standard forms | * Khalkha (Mongolia)
* Chakhar (China)
 |
| Dialects | * Khalkha
* Chakhar
* Khorchin
* Kharchin
* Baarin
* Shilin gol
* Ordos Mongolian
* Darkhad
 |
| Writing system | Mongolian alphabets: Traditional Mongolian script (in China), Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet (in Mongolia), Mongolian Braille |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Mongolia  China
* Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
 |
| Regulated by | Mongolia: State Language Council, China: Council for Language and Literature Work |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `mn` |
| ISO 639-2 | `mon` |
| ISO 639-3 | `mon` – inclusive code Individual codes: `khk` – Khalkha Mongolian `mvf` – Peripheral Mongolian (part) |
| *Glottolog* | `mong1331` |
| Linguasphere | `of 44-BAA-b part of 44-BAA-b` |
| Geographic distribution of Mongolic peoples across Asia (red) |
|

The **Mongolian language** (, *Mongɣol kele*, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, *Mongol khel*) is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family and the language of most of the residents of Mongolia, where it is officially written with the Cyrillic alphabet and of around three million Mongolian speakers in the *Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region* of China, where it is officially written with the traditional Mongolian script. It is also spoken in some areas in the Russian Far East and Kyrgyzstan. The majority of speakers in Mongolia speak the Khalkha (or *Halh*) dialect, while those in China speak one of many Inner Mongolian dialects.

* Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): *The Mongolic languages*. London: Routledge.

## Other websites

* Ethnologue report for Khalkha Mongolian
* Lingua Mongolia Archived 2009-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Information on classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary
* Omniglot - Mongolian Alphabets
* Mongolian bilingual dictionaries
# Ge'ez script

The **Ge'ez script** (Ge'ez: ግዕዝ, **Gəʿəz**), also known as **Ethiopic**, is a writing system native to Eastern Africa. It is the alphabet used in several languages of Eritrea and Ethiopia.

The script is used as an abugida (alphasyllabary) for languages such as Amharic and Tigrinya. It originally was an *abjad,* writing consonants only. In Amharic and Tigrinya, the script is often called fidäl (ፊደል), meaning "script" or "alphabet".

## Distribution

Ge'ez script was first used to write the Ge'ez language. Ge'ez is now the liturgical language of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and Beta Israel, the Jewish community in Ethiopia.
# Old Uyghur alphabet

| Old Uyghur alphabet  |
| --- |
|  |
| Script type |  Abjad/Alphabet
 |
| Time period | ca.700s–1800s |
| Direction | horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, top-to-bottom  Vertical (left-to-right); Horizontal (right-to-left), used in modern printing, especially in multi-lingual publications |
| Languages | Old Uyghur, Western Yugur |
| Related scripts |
| Parent systems | Egyptian hieroglyphs* Proto-Sinaitic
	+ Phoenician
		- Aramaic
			* Syriac
				+ Sogdian
					- Old Uyghur alphabet
 |
| Child systems | Traditional Mongolian alphabet |
| Unicode |
| Unicode range | U+10F70–U+10FAF |

The **Old Uyghur alphabet** is the alphabet that was used to write the Old Uyghur language. It comes from the Sogdian alphabet. It is not to be confused with the modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet used to write the modern Uyghur language. The modern alphabet comes from the Arabic alphabet.
# English Braille

**English Braille** is the English variation of Braille. It uses dots to show letters, and is most often used by blind people.

Braille was made by Louis Braille in 1824.
# IPA Braille

*International* in Received Pronunciation and its Braille encoding.
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a way to express how a word is pronounced. **IPA Braille** is a way to write the International Phonetic Alphabet using Braille letters. That way, people who are blind can also read how a word is pronounced. A first version of IPA in Braille was published in 1934. The IPA was updated several times since then, but IPA Braille was not changed. In 1989, the Braille version of IPA was completely outdated. Between 2008 and 2011 a new version was developed. It still uses many of the letters of the original, but it is also different in some ways. Diacritics are completely different, for example.
# Perforation

A typically perforated stamp in an Azerbaijani miniature sheet
**Perforation** means lines of punching holes made in any material. It is used in making paper objects like stamps or tickets, and along the edges of movies.

In philately, there are three types of the cutting of postage stamps for stamp separation, including:

1. *Perforation*, or cutting rows and columns of small holes.
2. *Rouletting*, or small horizontal and vertical cuts.
3. *Diecutting*, or cutting paper to shape using a metal die (used for self-adhesive stamps).

## Related pages

* Postage stamp

## Other websites

* The dictionary definition of perforation at Wiktionary
# Kodansha

Kodansha Ltd.| Logo since 2021 |
| Headquarters in Bunkyō, Tokyo |
| Native name | 株式会社講談社 |
| Romanized name | Kabushiki gaisha Kōdansha |
| Formerly | Dainippon Yubenkai-Kodansha (1911–1958) |
| Company type | Family-owned private KK |
| Industry | Publishing, music |
| Founded | 1910 |
| Founder | Seiji Noma |
| Headquarters | Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Yoshinobu Noma (President & CEO) |
| Products | Books, light novels, magazines, manga, CDs and DVDs (through King Records) |
| Owner | Noma family (Noma Cultural Foundation 39.2%) |
| Number of employees | 914 (as of September 2013) |
| Subsidiaries | King Record Co., Ltd. Kobunsha Co., Ltd. Kodansha USA Ichijinsha |
| Website | www.kodansha.co.jp |

**Kodansha Ltd.** (Japanese: 株式会社講談社, Hepburn: *Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha*) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company. It is headquartered in Bunkyō, Tokyo.
# Creole language

A **creole language** (or a **creole**) is a language that comes from a pidgin. Creoles seem very similar to each other, even if they come from different languages. There is not a widely accepted theory that explains why this happens.

## Related pages

* Lingua franca

## Other websites

* Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics (SPCL) Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine
* The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology
# Sea otter

| Sea otter |
| --- |
|  |
| Conservation status |
|  Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Mustelidae |
| Subfamily: | Lutrinae |
| Genus: | *Enhydra* |
| Species: | E. otter |
| Binomial name |
| Enhydra otter (Linnaeus 1758 |

**Sea otters** (*Enhydra lutris*) are marine mammals. They live on the Pacific coast of North America. Their historic range included shallow waters of the Bering Strait. It also included Kamchatka, and as far south as Japan.

Sea otters have about 26,000 to 165,000 hairs per square centimeter of skin. They have a rich fur for which humans hunted them almost to extinction. By the time the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty gave them protection, so few sea otters remained that the fur trade had become unprofitable. Sea otters eat shellfish and other invertebrates (especially clams, abalone, and sea urchins).

The otters usually carry a favorite rock in their paws or in a pouch under their forearm. They use it to smash shells open. This makes them one of the few animals that use tools. They grow to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) in length and weigh 30 kg (66 lb). Although once near extinction, they have begun to spread again, from small populations in California and Alaska. Sea otters are one of the smallest mammals in the ocean.

## Sea otters and kelp

Without the sea otters to eat them, there were too many sea urchins. The sea urchins then began to eat large amounts of kelp. They ate and killed so many kelp plants that they turn kelp forests into desert-like places called urchin barrens. The fish, krill and other animals that lived in the kelp either died or left. In some places where sea otters have returned, like Juan de Fuca Strait, they ate enough sea urchins that the kelp forests grew back.

## Sea otters and people

Humans hunted sea otters for their skins.
Sea otters catch the same shellfish, sea urchins, crabs, clams, and abalone, that indigenous peoples in Alaska and Canada need to eat. In May 2020, scientists from Simon Fraser University said in a report that more sea otters in northwestern North America would live if indigenous communities had more freedom to make decisions about them and to make plans based on traditional knowledge of sea otters, mixing in modern Western scientific methods as needed.