Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Romanization of Japanese

Japanese uses the Roman alphabet as well as kanji, hiragana, and katakana. Romanized text being used for Japanese words, for example for computers, is called *romaji* (*ローマ字*).

## Differences among romanizations

This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Japanese: Hepburn, Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki:

| Hiragana | Katakana | Hepburn | Nippon-shiki | Kunrei-shiki |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| あ | ア | a |
| い | イ | i |
| う | ウ | u |
| え | エ | e |
| お | オ | o |
| や | ャ | ya |
| ゆ | ュ | yu |
| よ | ョ | yo |
| か | カ | ka |
| き | キ | ki |
| く | ク | ku |
| け | ケ | ke |
| こ | コ | ko |
| きゃ | キャ | kya |
| きゅ | キュ | kyu |
| きょ | キョ | kyo |
| さ | サ | sa |
| し | シ | shi | si |
| す | ス | su |
| せ | セ | se |
| そ | ソ | so |
| しゃ | シャ | sha | sya |
| しゅ | シュ | shu | syu |
| しょ | ショ | sho | syo |
| た | タ | ta |
| ち | チ | chi | ti |
| つ | ツ | tsu | tu |
| て | テ | te |
| と | ト | to |
| ちゃ | チャ | cha | tya |
| ちゅ | チュ | chu | tyu |
| ちょ | チョ | cho | tyo |
| な | ナ | na |
| に | ニ | ni |
| ぬ | ヌ | nu |
| ね | ネ | ne |
| の | ノ | no |
| にゃ | ニャ | nya |
| にゅ | ニュ | nyu |
| にょ | ニョ | nyo |
| は | ハ | ha |
| ひ | ヒ | hi |
| ふ | フ | fu | hu |
| へ | ヘ | he |
| ほ | ホ | ho |
| ひゃ | ヒャ | hya |
| ひゅ | ヒュ | hyu |
| ひょ | ヒョ | hyo |
| ま | マ | ma |
| み | ミ | mi |
| む | ム | mu |
| め | メ | me |
| も | モ | mo |
| みゃ | ミャ | mya |
| みゅ | ミュ | myu |
| みょ | ミョ | myo |
| や | ヤ | ya |
| ゆ | ユ | yu |
| よ | ヨ | yo |
| ら | ラ | ra |
| り | リ | ri |
| る | ル | ru |
| れ | レ | re |
| ろ | ロ | ro |
| りゃ | リャ | rya |
| りゅ | リュ | ryu |
| りょ | リョ | ryo |
| わ | ワ | wa |
| ゐ | ヰ | i | wi | i |
| ゑ | ヱ | e | we | e |
| を | ヲ | wo | o |
| ん | ン | n-n'(-m) | n-n' |
| が | ガ | ga |
| ぎ | ギ | gi |
| ぐ | グ | gu |
| げ | ゲ | ge |
| ご | ゴ | go |
| ぎゃ | ギャ | gya |
| ぎゅ | ギュ | gyu |
| ぎょ | ギョ | gyo |
| ざ | ザ | za |
| じ | ジ | ji | zi |
| ず | ズ | zu |
| ぜ | ゼ | ze |
| ぞ | ゾ | zo |
| じゃ | ジャ | ja | zya |
| じゅ | ジュ | ju | zyu |
| じょ | ジョ | jo | zyo |
| だ | ダ | da |
| ぢ | ヂ | ji | di | zi |
| づ | ヅ | zu | du | zu |
| で | デ | de |
| ど | ド | do |
| ぢゃ | ヂャ | ja | dya | zya |
| ぢゅ | ヂュ | ju | dyu | zyu |
| ぢょ | ヂョ | jo | dyo | zyo |
| ば | バ | ba |
| び | ビ | bi |
| ぶ | ブ | bu |
| べ | ベ | be |
| ぼ | ボ | bo |
| びゃ | ビャ | bya |
| びゅ | ビュ | byu |
| びょ | ビョ | byo |
| ぱ | パ | pa |
| ぴ | ピ | pi |
| ぷ | プ | pu |
| ぺ | ペ | pe |
| ぽ | ポ | po |
| ぴゃ | ピャ | pya |
| ぴゅ | ピュ | pyu |
| ぴょ | ピョ | pyo |
| ゔ | ヴ | vu |

This chart shows differences, which can be clearly seen among them:

| Kana | Revised Hepburn | Nihon-shiki | Kunrei-shiki |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| うう | *ū* | *û* |
| おう, おお | *ō* | *ô* |
| し | *shi* | *si* |
| しゃ | *sha* | *sya* |
| しゅ | *shu* | *syu* |
| しょ | *sho* | *syo* |
| じ | *ji* | *zi* |
| じゃ | *ja* | *zya* |
| じゅ | *ju* | *zyu* |
| じょ | *jo* | *zyo* |
| ち | *chi* | *ti* |
| つ | *tsu* | *tu* |
| ちゃ | *cha* | *tya* |
| ちゅ | *chu* | *tyu* |
| ちょ | *cho* | *tyo* |
| ぢ | *ji* | *di* | *zi* |
| づ | *zu* | *du* | *zu* |
| ぢゃ | *ja* | *dya* | *zya* |
| ぢゅ | *ju* | *dyu* | *zyu* |
| ぢょ | *jo* | *dyo* | *zyo* |
| ふ | *fu* | *hu* |
| ゐ | *i* | *wi* | *i* |
| ゑ | *e* | *we* | *e* |
| を | *o* | *wo* | *o* |
| ん | *n*-*n'*(-*m*) | *n*-*n'*  |
# Small seal script

Example of the small seal script
**Small seal script**, or **xiaozhuang characters**, was the first set of Chinese characters that were made the standard all across China. Previously, each of the Warring States had their own Chinese characters. People from one state did not understand the characters from another. When the Qin dynasty (221 BC to 206 BC) conquered the other states, Emperor Qin Shi Huang forced all Imperial China to use Qin characters and Qin units of measurement. This allowed people all across China to communicate with each other without confusion.

Since the strokes used to write small seal script characters were very long, curvy, and difficult to write quickly, officials of the Han dynasty replaced small seal script with traditional characters, which are still used today in China. However, since small seal characters look very artistic, they can still be seen in Chinese seals and calligraphy today.
# Nihon Shoki

A page from the Heian period
''Nihon Shoki'' (日本書紀, *Nihon shoki*; *The Chronicles of Japan*), also known as the Nihongi (日本紀), is an early book about the history of Japan up to 720 A.D. It is one of the national history books which are together called the *Rikkokushi*.

## History

*Nihon Shoki* is the second oldest book of classical Japanese mythology and history. It includes details that are not in the *Kojiki*, which is the oldest historical record of ancient Japan.

This book is important to people who study the history of Japan because it has information about the early rulers not found in other books.

Dates in the *Nihon Shoki* before the late 7th century were likely recorded using the Genka calendar system.

## Related pages

* *Nihon Odai Ichiran*
* Shoku Nihongi

 Media related to Nihon Shoki at Wikimedia Commons

* Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). *The Six National Histories of Japan* (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
# Wiktionary

Wiktionary|  |
| ExpandScreenshot
Main Page of the English Wiktionary on January 14, 2019 |
| Type of site | Online dictionary |
| Available in | Multilingual |
| Owner | Wikimedia Foundation |
| Created by | Jimmy Wales and the Wikimedia community |
| URL | wiktionary.org |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | December 12, 2002 (2002-12-12) |
| Current status | active |

**Wiktionary** is a wiki-based project to develop a multilingual online dictionary, or a group of meanings for words, in the form of a wiki. There are many languages of Wiktionary. Wiktionary is also a thesaurus. Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, which also runs Wikipedia. The English Wiktionary currently has over 7.3 million pages and 4.0 million users. Much like Wikipedia, the Wiktionary is run in several different languages that can be selected from its main page. These include the Simple English Wiktionary.

## Logo

In 2006, there was a vote for the change of the logo of Wiktionary. The original logo of only words was replaced. However, there were very few people who voted in this contest. Therefore, smaller wikis used the newer logo but the English Wiktionary stayed with the same logo.

In 2009, there was a second contest for a newer logo *(pictured)*. This was a step to make all the Wiktionaries to have the same logo on all projects. However, the English Wiktionary still did not use the new logo. The Simple English Wiktionary voted on the new logo on November 30, 2010 and the community decided the new logo to use it as their logo. However, no changes were made to the logo and the discussion was thus forgotten.

## Other websites

* Simple English Wiktionary main page
* English Wiktionary main page
* List of Wiktionaries by language family
# King of Na gold seal

This picture has two images put together to show both sides of a seal.
Top view of the snake knob
The King of Na gold seal is a valuable object made of gold that was found in 1784 on Shikanoshima Island in Fukuoka Prefecture, near Shikaumi Shrine in Japan. This seal is very important and has been recognized as a National Treasure of Japan.. It is thought that the King of Na gold seal was made in China and given to a Japanese envoy by Emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 AD. The seal bears five Chinese characters that identify it as the seal of the King of Na, a vassal state of the Han Dynasty in Japan.. The gold seal is now kept in the Fukuoka City Museum in Fukuoka, Japan..
# Baekje

A map showing Baekje
**Baekje** was ancient kingdom on the Korean Peninsula from 18 BCE to 660 CE. Baekje was also called **Nam Buyeo**. According to the Samguk Sagi, a historical record published in ancient Korea, Baekje was founded by Onjo at Wiryeseong (the present-day Han River area in Seoul). Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea together with Goguryeo and Silla. Beakje, Goguryeo and Silla tried to expand each of their lands by allying and making war against one another.

In the 4th century, Baekje conquered almost every southern part of the Korean Peninsula and flourished by accepting Buddhism and reforming its system. Also, due to its advantageous natural environment, Baekje easily traded with China and Japan. Especially Baekje established goodwill relationships with Japanese rulers of the Kofun period and transmitted its advanced culture such as pottery and Buddhism to Japan.

However, in the 5th century, Baekje was defeated by Goguryeo. It suffered the loss of its capital. Baekje moved its capital to Ungjin. In 6th century, King Seong decided to move capital to Sabi to restore Baekje's glorious past. Baekje was ruined by Silla at 660. Although Baekje was destroyed at that time, many ill-fated attempts were existed to restore Baekje from its descendants.
# Emperor Ōjin

| Emperor Ōjin 応神天皇 |
| --- |
|  |
| Emperor of Japan |
| Reign | 270–310 (traditional) |
| Predecessor | Jingū (de facto) Chūai (traditional) |
| Successor | Nintoku |
|  |
| Born | 201 Umi (Fukuoka) |
| Died | 310 (aged 108–109) Karushima no Toyoakira (Nara) |
| Burial | **Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi** (惠我藻伏崗陵) (Osaka) |
| Spouse | * Nakatsuhime-no-Mikoto
* (among others)
 |
| Issue | See below |
|

| Posthumous name |
| --- |
| *Japanese style*: Homuta no Sumeramikoto (誉田天皇) *Chinese style*: Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇) |

 |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Chūai |
| Mother | Empress Jingū |
| Religion | Shinto |

**Emperor Ōjin** was the 15th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

## Related pages

* Hachiman