Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.

| Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. |
| --- |
| Ramsay in 1970 |
| Born | (1915-08-27)August 27, 1915 Washington, DC |
| Died | November 4, 2011(2011-11-04) (aged 96) Wayland, Massachusetts |
| Nationality | United States |
| Alma mater | Columbia University, University of Cambridge |
| Known for | Separated oscillatory field method |
| Awards | Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (1960) Davisson-Germer Prize (1974) IEEE Medal of Honor (1984) Oersted Medal (1988) National Medal of Science (1988) Nobel Prize in Physics (1989) |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | Harvard University |
| Doctoral advisor | Isidor Isaac Rabi |
| Doctoral students | David J. Wineland, Daniel Kleppner, Howard Berg |
|  |

**Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.** (August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American physicist. He was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hans Georg Dehmelt.

Ramsay was born on August 27, 1915 in Washington, D.C.. He studied at Columbia University and at the University of Cambridge.

He was a physics professor at Harvard University for most of his career, Ramsey also held several posts with such government and international agencies as NATO and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among his other accomplishments are helping to found the United States Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Fermilab.

Ramsay was a Democrat. Ramsay died on November 4, 2011 in Wayland, Massachusetts from natural causes, aged 96.

## Books

* Groves, Leslie (1962). *Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project*. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-306-70738-1. OCLC 537684. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). *Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
* Rigden, John S. (1987). *Rabi, Scientist and Citizen*. Sloan Foundation Series. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-06792-1. OCLC 14931559.

## Other websites

* Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
* Group photograph Archived 2012-02-17 at the Wayback Machine taken at *Lasers* '93 including (right to left) Norman F. Ramsey, Marlan Scully, and F. J. Duarte.
* "Norman Ramsey and the Separated Oscillatory Fields Method". Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. DOE. Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
* Norman Ramsey, an oral history conducted in 1995 by Andrew Goldstein, IEEE History Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
# Ed Westcott

Westcott in 2004
**James Edward Westcott** (January 20, 1922 – March 29, 2019) was an American photographer. He is best known for working with the U.S. government during the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. He was one of the few people allowed to have a camera in the Oak Ridge, Tennessee area during the Manhattan Project. He took the main photos that showed the construction and operation of Oak Ridge, and of non-military life in the secret community of Oak Ridge. The photos he took during the Manhattan Project were not allowed to be published until after the program ended.

Westcott was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He was married to Esther Seigenthaler for 56 years until her death. The couple had five children.

Westcott died on March 29, 2019 in Oak Ridge, at the age of 97.

## Other websites

* Ed Westcott at OSTI.gov
# Marcus Oliphant

| SirMarcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant |
| --- |
| Born | 8 October 1901 Adelaide, Australia |
| Died | 14 July 2000 |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Other names | Mark |

**Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin** "**Mark**" **Oliphant**, AC, KBE, FRS, FAA, FTSE (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000), commonly known as **Marcus Oliphant**, was an Australian physicist and humanitarian. He helped to develop nuclear weapons. He was involved with the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion.

## Biography

Oliphant was born on 8 October 1901 in Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia. His father, Harold George “Baron” Oliphant, was a civil servant. His mother, Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, was an artist.

After graduating from Adelaide High School in 1918, he was unable to get money to pay for university. He got a job cleaning floors at a jewelry store. He was soon able to study at the University of Adelaide. He was interested in medicine, but Kerr Grant, the physics professor, offered him a place in the Physics Department. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1921.
Oliphant attempted to build a 60-inch (150-centimetre) cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The completion of it was postponed by the World War II in Europe in 1939.

He was involved with the development of radar with John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a completely new design, the cavity magnetron, which made microwave radar possible.

His most important achievement was being involved with the development of the atomic bomb. He reported that it was possible, and achievable as early as 1943. He spread his research in the United States, which led to the development of the Manhattan Project, led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Oliphant died on 14 July 2000 in Canberra, Australia.

## Achievements

Many places and things are named after Oliphant. There is the Oliphant building at the Australian National University, the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park, a South Australian high schools science competition, the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide, and a high school in Munno Para West, South Australia.

He is known for the co-discovery of deuterium, tritium, helium-3 and nuclear fusion and for the development of microwave radar.

## Awards

He achieved many awards over the course of his life.

* 1937 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
* 1943 Awarded Hughes Medal by the Royal Society
* 1946 Awarded Silvanus Thomson Medal, Institute of Radiology
* 1948 Awarded Faraday Medal by the Institution of Engineers
* 1954 Elected (Foundation) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
* 1954 Elected (Foundation) President of the Australian Academy of Science
* 1955 Invited to deliver the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society
* 1955 Invited to deliver the Rutherford Memorial Lecture by the Royal Society
* 1956 Received Galathea Medal from King Frederick IX of Denmark
* 1959 Created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
* 1977 Appointed Companion of the Order of Australia
# East Asia

Geographic East Asia.
**East Asia** or **Eastern Asia** is part of the continent Asia. East Asia covers about 6,640,000 km2 (2,560,000 sq mi), or 15% of the continent.

These are the 6 countries and 2 territories in East Asia:

* People's Republic of China
* Hong Kong (territory)
* Japan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macao (territory)
* Mongolia
* Republic of China (Taiwan)

## Population

About 1,575,784,500 people live in East Asia (as of 2010). most of them live in China.

| Countries and territories | Area km² | Population | Population density per km² | HDI (2010) | Capital | Official & national language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  China | 9,596,961 | 1,339,724,852 | 138 | 0.663 | Beijing | Mandarin Chinese |
|  Hong Kong | 1,104 | 7,061,200 | 6,390 | 0.862 | Hong Kong | Chinese, British English |
|  Japan | 377,930 | 127,950,000 | 337 | 0.884 | Tokyo | Japanese |
|  Macau | 30 | 556,800 | 18,662 | No Data | Macau | Hokkien |
|  Mongolia | 1,564,100 | 2,809,600 | 2 | 0.622 | Ulaanbaatar | Mongol |
|  North Korea | 120,538 | 24,346,000 | 198 | No Data | Pyongyang | Korean |
|  South Korea | 99,828 | 48,988,833 | 500 | 0.877 | Seoul | Korean |
|  Republic of China (Taiwan) | 36,188 | 23,174,528 | 639 | 0.868 | Taipei | Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Mandarin |

## Related pages

* China (People's Republic of China)
* Japan
* South Korea
* North Korea
* Mongolia
* Taiwan (Republic of China)
* Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)
* Macau (Special Administrative Region of China)
* Manchuria (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Tibet (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Inner Mongolia (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Xinjiang (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Far East (Usually referring to the 6 countries of East Asia and 11 countries of Southeast Asia collectively)

## Other websites
# Hot pot

A hot pot restaurant in Malaysia.
**Hot pot** is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries. Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China. Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil. Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles. Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide. In Japanese, the dish is called **shabu-shabu**.
# Đổi mới

**Đổi mới**  is the official title given to the current economic system in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It is described as a multisectoral market economy, where the state sector plays a crucial role in managing economic development with the possible long-term goal of developing socialism.

The socialist-oriented market economy is a product of Đổi mới economic reforms, which led to the replacement of the centrally planned economy with a market-based mixed economy based on state-owned industry. These reforms were implemented to allow Vietnam to participate in the global market economy.

Đổi mới-economic reforms were initiated by the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1986 during the party's sixth national congress. These reforms allowed private ownership of small businesses together with state-owned and collectively-owned companies. In addition, these reforms also played a greater role in market forces in order to coordinate economic activity between companies and public authorities.
# Han dynasty

The **Han dynasty** came to power in 202 BC. They followed the laws of Confucianism and legalism. This was called 'the Han synthesis'.

The Han dynasty was considered the golden age of early China with many important events and discoveries.

## History

The Han dynasty ruled China for over 400 years: from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. Its first emperor was Liu Bang, known in Chinese as Emperor Gaozu of Han.

Emperor Gaozu maintained a legalist ideology, just like the Qin dynasty had. However, the emperor also had ideas related to Confucianism about having a centralized system showing benevolence.

After eighty years, Emperor Wu of Han launched a period of military expansion. The Han armies took control of many territories, including the extremely important Silk Road in Mongolia and Xinjiang. The Silk Road helped make the empire a political, economic, military, and cultural center, but it was very expensive to manage and further expansion was cut off.

Several factors contributed to the fall of the Han dynasty, including uprisings of desperate and hungry people, the spread of attacks by nomadic groups, and official corruption.

## Importance

### Accomplishments

Under the Han dynasty:

* China made progress in arts and science
* The empire also became larger and larger
* China started trading with a number of other countries
* The Silk Road was formed. Merchants used the Silk Road to reach China for trade.
* Buddhism was introduced in China.

### Han Chinese

In the Han dynasty, many of the features of Chinese culture (including Confucianism and Chinese characters) became firmly established. For this reason, the dominant ethnic group in China today calls themselves the Han Chinese.

## Literature

Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman 1992. *China: a new history*. 2nd enlarged edition 2006. Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1

## Other websites

* Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University Archived 2009-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
# L

| The Latin alphabet |
| --- |
|  | Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd |  |
| Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj |
| Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp |
| Qq | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv |
|  | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz |  |

**L** is the twelfth (number 12) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for L

* For clothing, L sometimes means "large size".
* In Roman numerals, L means the number fifty.
* The city of Chicago, Illinois has an elevated train called the "Chicago 'L'".
* A character from the manga and anime Death Note.
* In Wheel of Fortune, L is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
* L is the symbol for litre, a unit of volume.
* L can sometimes mean ‘lose’ as in “He took a big L."

## Other websites

 Media related to L at Wikimedia Commons
# Voice (grammar)

**Voice** in grammar expresses the way the action (or state) that the verb expresses relates to the subject or object.

In English grammar, there are two voices: *active* and *passive*. When a clause is in the active voice, the subject is the doer of the action. When a clause is in the passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action. The active voice is much more commonly used than the passive voice.

* Active voice: *Jane **chose** the furniture*.
* Passive voice: *The furniture **was chosen** by Jane*.

This example shows how the word order changes the emphasis of the sentence. The first clearly answers the question "Who chose the furniture?" The second is more of an incidental comment.

The active voice is usually easier to say, and easier to understand than the passive voice. When a person learns a language, it is learnt first, and uses fewer words than the passive voice. Therefore, given an equal choice, the active voice is usually chosen.
# Googol

The number ten duotrigintillion is a big number, as illustrated here.
A **googol** is a unit of measurement. It is equal to ten duotrigintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) of something. The number of the same name is also known as ten thousand sexdecillion.

A 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, first used the word "googol". Sirotta made this word in 1937, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.He may have been inspired by the comic strip character Barney Google.

The company Google was named after the number "googol". Its creators originally called it BackRub because it used backlinks to tell how important each page was. Someone suggested "googolplex". They shortened it to "googol" and then spelled the word wrong when looking for a domain name that was not yet taken.

## Related pages

* Graham's number
* Googolplex, which is 10googol

## Googol vs Google name theories

Google was meant to be named Googol but they misspelled it and they just kept it.

Or, the misspelling may have been intentional thanks to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

That's in the article already, dumdum.
# Uranos

**Uranos** is the sky in Greek mythology. It is also spelt **Ouranos**, and in Ancient Greek: Οὐρανός - "sky" or "heaven".

## Overview

Uranos is the son and husband of the primordial goddess Gaia and father of the Titans, Hekatonkheires, and Elder Cyclopes. Uranos was killed by the youngest son (out of the Titans), Kronos with help of four of his brothers: Koios, Krios, Iapetus, and Hyperion.

## Equivalents

His Roman equivalent was Caelus, the husband of Terra, as Gaia was known to the Romans.

## Usage

### Planet

The planet Uranus in our Solar System is named after Uranos, so is the radioactive chemical element uranium.

## Related pages

* Hesiod
* Theogony
* *The Odyssey*
* Ancient Greece
* Classical antiquity
* Roman mythology
# Near-Earth asteroid

**Near-Earth asteroids** (NEAs) are asteroids whose orbits are close to Earth's orbit. A few tens of thousands have been found. Sometimes one crashes into earth. We try to find out if any are going to hit Earth using Asteroid impact prediction. Two near-Earth asteroids have been visited by spacecraft: 433 Eros, by NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous probe and 25143 Itokawa, by the JAXA Hayabusa mission.

## Related pages

* Near-Earth object
* Asteroid impact prediction
# Funicular

The Peak Tram in Hong Kong is a funicular railway.
A **funicular** is a railway that uses trains that are pulled by cables wound around a pulley. This makes them able to climb very steep slopes, like those on hills and mountains.
# Orbital inclination

A diagram of Keplerian orbital elements.
**Orbital inclination** is a term for the angle between two orbital planes. It is often used to describe the movement of celestial bodies such as stars and planets.

One of the planes is the standard, or reference. The galactic plane of a galaxy is often used as the reference.

* For a planet's orbit, the *inclination* is the *angle to the ecliptic plane*.
* For a moon, an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates.
# 99942 Apophis

99942 Apophis
Path of risk where 99942 Apophis may impact Earth in 2036. Source: data estimated by the B612 Foundation.
**(99942) Apophis** is a near-Earth asteroid that worried people for a short time in December 2004. This was because observations seemed to show that it would hit the Earth in 2029. Other observations had more accurate, or better, ideas. During 2029, Apophis would go through a "gravitational keyhole", an area in space no more than about 400 meters across. This would make it hit the Earth on April 13, 2029. This danger made the asteroid Level 1 on the Torino impact hazard scale until August 2006.

More watching showed scientists that the "keyhole" would be missed. On August 5, 2006, Apophis was lowered to a Level 0 on the Torino Scale. As of October 19 2006 the probability that Apophis will hit the Earth on April 13, 2029 is something around 1 in 45,000. It may also hit in 2038, but however the probability for that encounter, or meeting, is 1 in 12.3 million.

There is some use, of a symbol ()) for the asteroid Apophis.

## More reading

Cooke, Bill. (2006) Fatal attraction. *Astronomy*, May 2006, pp. 46-51.

## Related pages

* OSIRIS-APEX

## Other websites

### Risk assessment

These sources are updated as new orbital data becomes available:

*  Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine (NASA JPL)
* 2004 MN4 page and 2004 MN4 impactor table from NEODyS.

### NASA

*  Archived 2007-08-18 at the Wayback Machine (JPL)
*  Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine (JPL)
*  Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine (JPL)

### Other articles

* Closest Flyby of Large Asteroid to be Naked-Eye Visible (2029 approach)
*  Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine (*Sky and Telescope*)
* An asteroid, headed our way (Christian Science Monitor, on efforts to deflect the asteroid if needed)
# Sputnik programme

A model of Sputnik 1
The **Sputnik programme** was a Soviet Union spacecraft programme. Sputnik 1, the first satellite in the programme, was launched on October 4, 1957. This was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit.

The United States was very surprised when the Soviet Union sent Sputnik 1 into space. It did not want to fall behind. So, it began spending more money on science and education. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.

## Etymology

The word *Sputnik* comes from the Russian: Спутник, lit. 'fellow traveler',
'sput.nik or 'sput.nık, not 'spʌt.nık.

## Other websites

 Media related to Sputnik at Wikimedia Commons

* Sputnik, Citizendium
# Rosetta (spacecraft)

*Rosetta*| Artist's illustration of *Rosetta* |
|  |
| Mission type | Comet orbiter/lander |
| Operator | ESA |
| COSPAR ID | 2004-006A |
| SATCAT no. | 28169 |
| Website | esa.int/rosetta |
| Mission duration | Final: 12 years, 6 months, 28 days |
|  |
|  |
| Spacecraft properties |
| Manufacturer | Astrium |
| Launch mass | *Orbiter:* 2,900 kg (6,400 lb) *Lander:* 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Dry mass | *Orbiter:* 1,230 kg (2,710 lb) |
| Payload mass | *Orbiter:* 165 kg (364 lb) *Lander:* 27 kg (60 lb) |
| Dimensions | 2.8 × 2.1 × 2 m (9.2 × 6.9 × 6.6 ft) |
| Power | 850 watts at 3.4 AU |
|  |
|  |
| Start of mission |
| Launch date | 2 March 2004, 07:17:51 (2004-03-02UTC07:17:51) UTC |
| Rocket | Ariane 5G+ V-158 |
| Launch site | Kourou ELA-3 |
| Contractor | Arianespace |
|  |
|  |
| End of mission |
| Disposal | Deorbited |
| Last contact | 30 September 2016, 10:39:28 (2016-09-30UTC10:39:29) UTC SCET |
| Landing site | Sais, Ma'at region 2 years, 55 days of operations at the comet |
|  |
|  |
| Flyby of Mars |
| Closest approach | 25 February 2007 |
| Distance | 250 km (160 mi) |
| Flyby of 2867 Šteins |
| Closest approach | 5 September 2008 |
| Distance | 800 km (500 mi) |
| Flyby of 21 Lutetia |
| Closest approach | 10 July 2010 |
| Distance | 3,162 km (1,965 mi) |
| 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko orbiter |
| Orbital insertion | 6 August 2014, 09:06 UTC |
| Orbit parameters |
| Periapsis | 29 km (18 mi) |
|  |
|  |
| Transponders |
| Band | S band (low gain antenna) X band (high gain antenna) |
| Bandwidth | from 7.8 bit/s (S band) up to 91 kbit/s (X band) |
|  |
|

| Instruments |
| --- |
| ALICE | Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer |
| CONSERT | Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radio wave Transmission |
| COSIMA | Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer |
| GIADA | Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator |
| MIDAS | Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System |
| MIRO | Microwave Spectrometer for the Rosetta Orbiter |
| OSIRIS | Optical, Spectroscopic, and InfraRed Remote Imaging System |
| ROSINA | Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis |
| RPC | Rosetta Plasma Consortium |
| RSI | Radio Science Investigation |
| VIRTIS | Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer |

 |
| **Horizon 2000**← *INTEGRAL**Herschel* →  |

**Rosetta** was an ESA space probe. It went on a mission to study the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The Rosetta mission had two parts: the **Rosetta space probe** and the Philae lander. The spacecraft was launched on 2 March 2004 by an Ariane 5 rocket. On 12 November 2014 Philae landed but soon lost electrical power and radio contact. Rosetta continued to examine the comet from orbit until 30 September 2016 when it landed.