Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Open-mid back rounded vowel

| Open-mid back rounded vowel |
| --- |
| ɔ |
| Audio sample |
|
source · help |
| Encoding |
| X-SAMPA | `O` |

The **open-mid back rounded vowel** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is written with aw, as in law. [ɔr] is written or or ore, as in core.
# 15th century

The **15th century** was the century from 1401 to 1500.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 15th century are in *italics*.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1390s | *1390* | *1391* | *1392* | *1393* | *1394* | *1395* | *1396* | *1397* | *1398* | *1399* |
| **1400s** | *1400* | 1401 | 1402 | 1403 | 1404 | 1405 | 1406 | 1407 | 1408 | 1409 |
| **1410s** | 1410 | 1411 | 1412 | 1413 | 1414 | 1415 | 1416 | 1417 | 1418 | 1419 |
| **1420s** | 1420 | 1421 | 1422 | 1423 | 1424 | 1425 | 1426 | 1427 | 1428 | 1429 |
| **1430s** | 1430 | 1431 | 1432 | 1433 | 1434 | 1435 | 1436 | 1437 | 1438 | 1439 |
| **1440s** | 1440 | 1441 | 1442 | 1443 | 1444 | 1445 | 1446 | 1447 | 1448 | 1449 |
| **1450s** | 1450 | 1451 | 1452 | 1453 | 1454 | 1455 | 1456 | 1457 | 1458 | 1459 |
| **1460s** | 1460 | 1461 | 1462 | 1463 | 1464 | 1465 | 1466 | 1467 | 1468 | 1469 |
| **1470s** | 1470 | 1471 | 1472 | 1473 | 1474 | 1475 | 1476 | 1477 | 1478 | 1479 |
| **1480s** | 1480 | 1481 | 1482 | 1483 | 1484 | 1485 | 1486 | 1487 | 1488 | 1489 |
| **1490s** | 1490 | 1491 | 1492 | 1493 | 1494 | 1495 | 1496 | 1497 | 1498 | 1499 |
| **1500s** | 1500 | *1501* | *1502* | *1503* | *1504* | *1505* | *1506* | *1507* | *1508* | *1509* |
# Lai Châu province

| Lai Châu province
*Tỉnh Lai Châu* |
| --- |
| Province |
| Lai Châu province in Vietnam |
| Country |  Vietnam |
| Area |
|  • Total | 9,069 km2 (3,502 sq mi) |
| Population (April 1, 2019) |
|  • Total | 460,196 |
|  • Density | 50.74/km2 (131.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
| ISO 3166 code | VN-01 |
| Website | Official website |

**Lai Châu** is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Lai Châu.
# Johannesburg

Princess township.

**Johannesburg** is the largest city in South Africa. It is the capital of the Gauteng Province. It was founded on October 4, 1886 and has the JSE Securities Exchange, which is the largest stock exchange in Africa.

Johannesburg houses the tallest office block in Africa, the Carlton Centre (50 stories) and the tallest tower, the Hillbrow Tower (270 metres, or 90 stories). The city is nicknamed Egoli or Jozi, which means "*place of gold*", for the large gold deposit at Witwatersrand.

 The Johannesburg Zoo was established in 1904, and historically, it has been owned and run by the city of Johannesburg. It houses the only two polar bears in Africa. Johannesburg is not seen as a tourist centre in South Africa, but rather as a commercial centre.

Johannesburg has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb in the Köppen climate classification). Snow is a very rare event. It only snows in Johannesburg once or twice in a century.

Nelson Mandela died there on 5 December 2013, aged 95. He was also given the "Freedom of the City" award. In 2023, a fire started in the town. The fire killed more than 70 people and became one of the deadliest fires in the history of South Africa.
# Audience

Military audience
An **audience** is a group of people that see, hear or otherwise experience the same thing. It may be many different kinds of thing, such as a play, a movie, a book, or a broadcast. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some live performance events invite the audience to be part of the performance, while others allow only applause and criticism. Mass media seldom provide for audience participation.

An audience at a sporting event are called *spectators* or a *live audience*
# Digital marketing

**Digital marketing** is advertising delivered through digital channels. It is a type of marketing that is done online and has an effect on offline business. It is done online, using things like search engines, social media, email, and other websites to connect with current and potential customers.

## Differences from traditional marketing

Digital Marketing is different from traditional marketing. Traditional marketing uses offline channels, while digital marketing uses online channels. A traditional marketing campaign, for example, may use billboards, radio ads, and news stories, while a digital marketing campaign may use social media, blog posts, and email to promote a business and its offerings.

## Digital marketing channels

* Website Marketing
* Whatsapp marketing
* Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising
* Content Marketing
* Email Marketing
* Social media marketing
* Search engine indexing
* Affiliate marketing
* Video Marketing
* Block Chain Marketing
# Liberty Place

| Liberty Place |
| --- |
| One and Two Liberty Place |
|  |
| General information |
| Status | Complete |
| Type | Commercial offices Residential Hotel Retail |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Groundbreaking | Phase 1: May 13, 1985 Phase 2: February 16, 1988 |
| Completed | Phase 1: 1987 Phase 2: 1990 |
| Owner | Sunbelt Management Coretrust Capital Partners HEI Hospitality |
| Height |
| Architectural | 945 feet (288 m) / 848 feet (258 m) |
| Top floor | Phase 1: 784 feet (239 m) |
| Technical details |
| Floor count | 61 / 58 |
| Floor area | 111,483 square metres (1,199,990 sq ft) |
| Lifts/elevators | Phase 2: 24 |
| Design and construction |
| Architect | Helmut Jahn |
| Architecture firm | Murphy/Jahn |
| Developer | Rouse & Associates |
| Structural engineer | Thornton Tomasetti |

**Liberty Place** are skyscrapers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. They are made up of a 61-story, 945-foot (288 m) skyscraper called **One Liberty Place**, a 58-story, 848-foot (258 m) skyscraper called **Two Liberty Place**, a two-story shopping mall called the **Shops at Liberty Place**, and the 14-story **Westin Philadelphia Hotel**. Construction of One Liberty Place was approved and the first phase of the project began in 1985 and was completed in 1987. One Liberty Place became the city's first skyscraper.
# Franklin Center (Chicago)

| Franklin Center |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| General information |
| Location | Chicago United States |
| Completed | 1989 |
| Height |
| Antenna spire | 307 m (1,007 ft) |
| Technical details |
| Floor count | 60 |

**Franklin Center** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 307 meters (1,007 feet) tall and has 60 floors. It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages

* List of tallest buildings in Chicago
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

* Emporis.com - AT&T Corporate Center
* SkycraperPage.com – AT&T Corporate Center
# Landmark 81

| Vinhomes Landmark 81 |
| --- |
| Landmark 81 |
| Landmark 81 in January 2021 |
|  |
| Alternative names | Vinhomes Central Park Landmark 81 |
| Record height |
| Tallest in Southeast Asia from 2018 to 2020 |
| Preceded by | Petronas Twin Towers |
| Surpassed by | Merdeka 118 |
| General information |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Mixed-use |
| Architectural style | Neo-futurism |
| Location | Bình Thạnh District, Ho Chi Minh city |
| Address | Vinhomes Central Park, Phường 22, Bình Thạnh, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam |
| Town or city | Ho Chi Minh City |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Groundbreaking | 13 December 2014 |
| Construction started | 2015 |
| Topped-out | 2018 |
| Completed | 2018 |
| Opened | 2018 |
| Inaugurated | 27 July 2018 |
| Owner | Vinhomes |
| Height |
| Architectural | 461.3 metres (1,513 ft) |
| Antenna spire | 65 metres (213 ft) |
| Roof | 395.2 metres (1,297 ft) |
| Observatory | 382.7 metres (1,256 ft) |
| Technical details |
| Floor count | 81 |
| Floor area | 241,000 m2 (2,590,000 sq ft) |
| Lifts/elevators | 29 |
| Design and construction |
| Architecture firm | Atkins |
| Developer | Vinhomes |
| Structural engineer | ARUP |
| Services engineer | Aurecon, Mace, CotecCons |
| Main contractor | Coteccons |
| Known for | Tallest building in Vietnam, second tallest building in Southeast Asia |
| Other information |
| Number of rooms | 450 |
| Website |
| landmark-vn.com |

**Landmark 81** is a supertall skyscraper in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The investor and primary developer is Vinhomes, a Vietnamese company that is also the country's largest real-estate company. Landmark 81 is the tallest building in Vietnam, the second tallest building in Southeast Asia, and the 17th tallest building in the world.

## Other websites

* Landmark 81 SkyView
# Ryugyong Hotel

The **Ryugyong Hotel** is an unfinished triangular hotel in Pyongyang North Korea whose profile resembles a mountain or evil villain's lair. The 105 storey building has never been completed. It is 330 meters tall.
# Chrysler Hemi engine

Hemi head chamber (notice the intake and larger exhaust valves)
The **Chrysler Hemi engine**, known by the trademark **Hemi** nickname, is a series of V6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with a hemispherical combustion chamber. Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles. The first (known as the Chrysler FirePower engine) from 1951 to 1958. The second type was made from 1964 to 1971. The third beginning in 2003. Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as marketing term, many other auto and truck manufacturers have used similar designs. In general the Hemi engines are smaller and more powerful than older engine designs. They are also less expensive to build. They can produce a great amount of torque and horsepower for their size.

## Australian Hemis

During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the *Hemi* name for their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine and applied it to the 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine. It was installed in various North American market vehicles.
# Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)

Sunnyside
**Sunnyside** is a house in Tarrytown, New York. It was once the home of American writer Washington Irving. He wrote many books, but he is best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". Irving bought the property on June 7, 1835 for $1,800. He described it to his brother as "a beautiful spot, capable of being made a little paradise ... I have had an architect up there, and shall build upon the old mansion this summer. My idea is to make it a little nookery somewhat in the Dutch style, quaint, but unpretending. It will be of stone." In its day, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. said that Sunnyside stood "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land." The public interest in the home drew several gawkers hoping to catch a glimpse of Irving working. Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859. Irving's descendants lived in the house until 1945. In that year, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. bought it. He opened the house to tourists in 1947. Sunnyside is now a museum. An admission fee is charged. The house contains furniture that once belonged to Irving. Sunnyside became a National Historic Landmark in 1962.
# Valcour Bay

|  |
| --- |
|  |
| Valcour Bay |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark |
|  |
| A 1776 map showing the Battle of Valcour Bay |
| Nearest city | Plattsburgh, NY |
| Built | 1776 |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000508 |
| Significant dates |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | January 1, 1961 |

**Valcour Bay** is a strait between the New York mainland and Valcour Island. It is four miles south from Plattsburgh, New York. The bay was where the Battle of Valcour Island had happened during the American Revolutionary War. On October 11, 1776, the presence of an American fleet on the west shore of Lake Champlain, at Valcour Bay, hampered the British and allowed an American victory at Saratoga a year later, a turning point in the Revolutionary War. In 1961 Valcour Bay was declared a National Historic Landmark.
# Schizoaffective disorder

**Schizoaffective disorder** is a mental health condition that combines symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders. People with this disorder experience both psychotic symptoms and mood episodes.

## Symptoms

Schizoaffective disorder has two main types of symptoms:

Psychotic symptoms (like in schizophrenia):

* Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there)
* Delusions (false beliefs)
* Disorganized thinking

Mood symptoms:

* Depression (feeling very sad or hopeless)
* Mania (feeling extremely happy or irritable)

Psychotic symptoms must be present without mood symptoms for at least 2 weeks.

## Types

There are two main types of schizoaffective disorder:

* Bipolar type: includes manic episodes
* Depressive type: includes only major depressive episodes

## Causes

The exact cause is unknown, but factors that may contribute include:

* Genetics
* Brain chemistry
* Stress
* Drug use
* Spiritual trials

## Diagnosis

Schizoaffective disorder is diagnosed by a psychiatrist. Diagnosis is based on:

* Symptoms reported by the patient
* Observation of the patient's behavior
* Medical and psychiatric history
* Test to rule out other conditions

## Treatment

Treatment usually involves medications such as antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants. Psychotherapy (talk therapy), and social support and education are also treatments.
# Capsule

Capsules used for medicine
Cod liver oil soft gel capsules
A pharmaceutical **capsule** is an easy way to take medication. Capsules may contain powder, liquid or oil. The outer shell is made of hard or soft gelatin. Capsules come in different shapes and colors to identify dose or what company made them. They are also available as timed release which work over a period of time. Capsules should usually be taken whole. Capsules should also not be crushed without first checking to see if it is safe.

## Soft gelatin capsules

Soft gelatin capsules are airtight-sealed one-piece capsules containing a liquid or a semisolid fill without a bubble of air or gas. They are made from a more flexible, gelatin film plasticized by the addition of glycerine, sorbital, etc.

As with hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules are mostly given orally. Some can be formulated and manufactured to produce a number of different drug delivery systems such as

* **Chewable softgels** where a highly-flavoured shell is chewed to release the drug liquid.
* **Suckable softgels** which consist of a gelatin shell containing the flavoured medicament to be sucked.
* **Twist-off softgels** which are designed with a tag to be twisted or snipped off, thereby allowing access to the drug.

* Allen L. and Ansel H. (2014). *Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems*. Philadelphia: Lipincott Williams and Wilkins.
* Augsburger, L and Hoag, S. (2018). *Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Capsules.* New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
* Aulton, M. and Taylor, K. (2013). *Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, (4th ed.)*. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
* Dash, A., Singh, S. and Tolman, J. (2014). *Pharmaceutics – Basic Principles and Application to Pharmacy Practice*. USA: Academic Press.
* Felton, L. (2012). *Remington Essentials of Pharmaceutics*. UK: Pharmaceutical press.
* Ghosh, T. and Jasti, B. (2005). *Theory and Practice of Contemporary Pharmaceutics*. USA: CRC Press LLC.
* Gibson, M. (2009). *Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation: A Practical Guide from Candidate Drug Selection to Commercial Dosage Form.* New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
* Hoag, S. (2017). Capsules Dosage Form: Formulation and Manufacturing Considerations. In Y. Qui, Y. Chen, G. Zhang, L. Yu, and R. Mantri (Eds.), *Developing Solid Oral Dosage Forms – Pharmaceutical Theory and Practice, (2nd ed.)* (pp. 723-747). UK: Elsevier Inc.
* Jones D. (2008). *Fasttrack Pharmaceutics – Dosage Form and Design*. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
* Lachman, L., Lieberman, H. and Kangi, J. (1990). *The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (3rd ed.).* USA: Lea & Febiger.
* Liu, R. (2018). *Water-Insoluble Drug Formulation (3rd ed.).* New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
* Mahato, R. and Narang, A. (2018). *Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery (3rd ed.).* New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
* Ofoefule, S. (2002). *Textbook of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy.* Nigeria: Samakin (Nig) Enterprise.
# Drug withdrawal

| Withdrawal |
| --- |
| *Classification and external resources* |
| ICD-10 | F10..3-F19..3 |
| ICD-9 | 292.0 |
| MedlinePlus | withdrawal |
| eMedicine | article/819502 |
| MeSH | D013375 |

**Drug withdrawal** is the group of symptoms that occur upon the fast discontinuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs.

In order to experience the symptoms of withdrawal, one must have first developed a form of drug addiction, which may occur as physical dependence, psychological dependence, or both.

Symptoms can also occur when people stop taking drugs whicch they had taken for a long time. That way, if someone switches from one drug to another one (for example to reduce side effects), this change needs to be planned carefully with the aid of a physician.
# Involuntary commitment

**Involuntary commitment**, **civil commitment**, or **involuntary hospitalization**/**hospitalisation**, or informally in Britain **sectioning**, **being sectioned**, **commitment**, or **being committed**, is a legal process through which a person who is found to have a mental disorder and is taken to a psychiatric hospital where they can be treated involuntarily. This treatment may involve the use of psychoactive drugs. In many places, people diagnosed with mental health disorders can also be forced to undergo treatment while in the community; this is sometimes known as outpatient commitment and shares legal processes with commitment.
# Judicial review

**Judicial review** is the power of a court to decide whether a law or decision by the government is constitutional. This power was established in the United States in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison.

Countries that have judicial review are: India, Ireland, Malaysia, the Philippines, England, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States.

## Related pages

* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
# Nuclear reaction

On how Lithium reacts with Deuterium.
A **nuclear reaction** is a process involving an atomic nucleus or more than one nucleus. The most common kinds are

1. Nuclear fusion, a reaction in which two or more particles collide. The results are new particles which are different from the first ones.
2. Nuclear fission, a nucleus breaking into pieces.
3. Radioactive decay, in which a nucleus spits something out, changing itself into a different kind of nucleus.

In the case of radioactivity the reaction is spontaneous. Fission and fusion can be done on purpose, to release energy. This energy can then be used for different things, for example to make steam (as in a nuclear power plant). It can also be used as energy for a bomb.

In the example figure 6Li fuses with deuterium. This makes Beryllium which then decays into two alpha particles.

Nuclear reactions occur in the sun, in nuclear reactors, in particle accelerators, and in outer space. Other than radioactive decay, very few nuclear reactions occur on earth except in these special places. Nuclear reactors use nuclear reactions to make heat and electricity. Accelerators sometimes cause nuclear reactions to make radioactive materials. Particles from outer space cause nuclear reactions in earth's atmosphere that make air slightly radioactive.

Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that they do not need a catalyst. Radioactive decay also cannot be stopped, sped up or slowed down.

## Related pages

* Chemical reaction

## Other websites

* Images for nuclear reaction
* Videos for nuclear reaction
# Mathematics Genealogy Project

The **Mathematics Genealogy Project** is a web-based database for the academic information of mathematicians. It contains information on many mathematical scientists who contributed to research-level mathematics (Mathematics higher than graduate level). The project entry includes PhD course graduation year, PhD thesis title, *alma mater*, doctoral advisor, and doctoral students.
# Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

| Pierre-Gilles de Gennes |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | (1932-10-24)24 October 1932 Paris, France |
| Died | 18 May 2007(2007-05-18) (aged 74) Orsay, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay University |
| Known for | Soft matter Polymer physics Reptation Liquid crystalline elastomer |
| Children | 7, including Claire Wyart |
| Awards | * ForMemRS (1984)
* Matteucci Medal (1987)
* Harvey Prize (1988)
* Lorentz Medal (1990)
* Wolf Prize (1990)
* Nobel Prize for Physics (1991)
* Eringen Medal (1998)
 |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | * ESPCI
* Collège de France
* University of Paris XI
 |
|  |

**Pierre-Gilles de Gennes** (French: [ʒɛn]; 24 October 1932 – 18 May 2007) was a French physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1991.

In 1971, he became professor at the Collège de France, and participated in STRASACOL (a joint action of Strasbourg, Saclay and *Collège de France*) on polymer physics.

His works focused on granular materials and the memory of the brain.
# Reinhard Genzel

**Reinhard Genzel** ForMemRS (born 24 March 1952) is a German astrophysicist. He was born in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany. His works relate to infrared and submillimetre astronomy.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1995.

Genzel was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Physics, which he shared with Andrea Ghez and Roger Penrose.