Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Watch

The earliest dated watch known, from 1530.
A old pocket watch
Junghans Mega is the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands
A **watch** is a small clock carried or worn by a person. It makes it easy to see the time. It is also considered to be a fashion accessory, and expensive watches are designed for this purpose. A watch may be one of the few accessories worn by a person.

A **wristwatch** is designed to be worn on a wrist, attached by a strap or other type of bracelet. A pocket watch is to be carried in a pocket. There are other variations. Nurses often wear a watch attached to the front of their uniform. It hangs down from a short strap: when lifted by the user, it is right side up.

A wristwatch has the advantage of being portable in comparison to traditional watches.

Watches evolved in the 17th century from spring-powered clocks, which appeared as early as the 14th century. In 1524, Peter Henlein created the first pocket watch.
The first watches were strictly mechanical, driven by clockwork.

As technology developed, mechanical watches were largely replaced by vibrating quartz crystals, producing accurately timed electronic pulses. Some watches use radio technology to correct the time and date. The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970and the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands was manufactured 1991 by the German watchmaker Junghans.

Electronic movements, also known as quartz movements, have few or no moving parts, except a quartz crystal which is made to vibrate by the piezoelectric effect. A varying electric voltage is applied to the crystal, which responds by changing its shape so it works as an oscillator. It resonates at a stable frequency, which paces a timekeeping mechanism. Most quartz movements are primarily electronic but are geared to drive mechanical hands on the face of the watch to give a traditional analog display of the time.

Some watches are smartwatches, mobile devices similar to smartphones but smaller.
# Chrysler Building

| Chrysler Building |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Record height |
| Tallest in the world from 1930 to 1931 |
| Preceded by | The Trump Building |
| Surpassed by | Empire State Building |
| General information |
| Status | Active |
| Type | Skyscraper |
| Location | New York City United States |
| Country | United States |
| Construction started | Start in 1931 |
| Completed | Conclusion in 1930 |
| Opened | 1929-1930 |
| Height |
| Antenna spire | 319 m (1046 ft) |
| Technical details |
| Floor count | 77 Floor |

The **Chrysler Building** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 1,046 feet (319 m) tall and has 77 floors. It was built in 1931 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, now called The Trump Building. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later. The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world.

The Chrysler Building was also the tallest structure in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest structure in the world was Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building became the tallest within a year later.

## Photos

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Related pages

* List of tallest buildings in the world
* List of tallest buildings in New York City

## Other websites

* Emporis.com - Chrysler Building
* SkycraperPage.com – Chrysler Building Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
# Kinetics

Newton's cradle shows how force is transmitted.
**Kinetics** is the branch of mechanics which deals with the motion of bodies by considering the causes of motions.
In this branch we study that how the body moves and why?
It helps us to find the agent which produces motion in the body.
# Psychoactive drug

Different psychoactive drugs; counter-clockwise from top left: 1. cocaine
2. crack
3. Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
4. ephedrine
5. MDMA (Ecstasy -pill with the smile)
6. mescaline (green dried cactus flesh)
7. LSD (small plastic bag)
8. Psilocybin (dried mushroom)
9. Salvia divinorum ((large plastic bag)
10. Diphenhydramine (pink pill)
11. Amanita muscaria (red dried mushroom cap)
12. tylenol (contains codeine)
13. codeine
14. pipe tobacco (top)
15. Bupropion (brown pill)
16. cannabis (green, center)
17. hashish (brown rectangle)

A **psychoactive drug**, **psychopharmaceutical**, or **psychotropic** is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its action affects the central nervous system. It can affect the brain and change perception, mood, consciousness, cognition and behaviour. Hypnotics are often prescribed to help people sleep. Sometimes they are also used in rituals, or as illegal drugs. These drugs enable their users to change their consciousness. This can also help students when they are preparing their examinations. Certain therapies also use such substances.

Psychoactive substances change the consciousness and mood of their user. The people using them may have pleasant feelings, such as euphoria or they may be more alert. For this reason, many psychoactive substances are abused: They are used outside the aims of the treatment. This may lead to the user developing a psychological and physical dependence (*"addiction"*). It will get more difficult to interrupt the cycle of abuse.

Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency; this is done with psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances: Acamprosate or naltrexone are examples of substances made to treat alcoholism, methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid dependency. However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again. This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. *datura*) and dissociatives (e.g. *salvia divinorum*).

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.
# East Asian cultural sphere

East Asian Cultural Sphere
The **East Asian cultural sphere**, **Sinosphere**, or **Chinese sphere of influence**, is a region in Asia that has many influences from Chinese culture. These including the use of Chinese characters, clothing, art, food, inventions, social structures, government structures, religious ideas, and many other influences. The area is made of the Greater China region (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Singapore, and sometimes Mongolia and Vietnam (depending on who you ask). Since China had a very large trade network, it was able to easily share its goods and ideas across Eurasia, and especially its neighboring countries in East Asia.

At one point, all the countries wrote only using Chinese characters, but nowadays, only Chinese and Japanese speakers write using Chinese characters in everyday life. All the other countries either created a new writing system (Korea and Mongolia), or replaced Chinese characters with a different, already existing writing system (Mongolia, again, and Vietnam). Nonetheless, the languages of each country still have many Chinese loanwords.
# Will o' the wisp

A **will-o'-the-wisp** or ignis fatuus (Medieval Latin: "foolish fire") is a ghostly light. It is seen by travellers at night, especially over bogs, swamps or marshes.

Usually will o' the wisp looks like a ball of light or a small flame. UFOs and some ghost lights are different, they are usually in the sky while will o' the wisps are near ground.

It looks like a flickering lamp and is said to go farther back if approached. This draws travellers from the safe paths. This is a folk belief in a lot of English folklore and in much of European folklore. They are often said to be the work of fairies or elemental spirits. Some people think will o' the wisps are souls, spirits or spaceships.

Scientists try to use a natural explanation. Some say they are a gas, like methane, that goes up from the ground and burns. Other people say they are electric things, like ball lightning. One flying ball of light was explained: it was an owl that had a bright stomach. Sometimes animals or fungus make some light - this is called bioluminescence by scientists or foxfire. Sometimes diphosphine (P2H4) is also produced over marshes, which are highly flammable. Therefore, it burns in air and causes a flickering glow.

There are many old and new stories about will o' the wisps around the world. These lights have different names in different cultures and languages. Some of the names are *jack-o'-lantern*, *hinkypunk*, *hobby lantern* in English.

## Reported light locations

### Europe

* Ferbane in Ireland
* Hessdalen light in Norway
* Martebo lights in Sweden
* Paasselkä devil in Finland
* Virvatuluke in Estonia
* Dwaallichtjes in the Low Countries
* Corpse Candles in Wales

### North America

Canada
* Fireship of Baie des Chaleurs in New Brunswick
* St. Louis Light in Saskatchewan

United States
* Arbyrd/Senath Light of Missouri
* Bragg Road ghost light (Light of Saratoga) of Texas
* Brown Mountain Lights of North Carolina
* Gurdon light of Arkansas
* Hornet ghost light or Spooklight of Missouri-Oklahoma state line
* Maco light of North Carolina
* Marfa lights of Texas
* Oviedo Lights of Florida
* The Paulding Light of Michigan's Upper Peninsula
* Skinwalker Ranch lights of Utah

## Related pages

* Omphalotus olearius
# Life (disambiguation)

**Life** is a quality of something that has biological processes, for example an animal or plant. It might also refer to:

* *Life* (BBC TV series)
* "Life" (Our Lady Peace song)
* *Life* (magazine), a defunct American magazine
# East Tennessee State University

ETSU Memorial Center which is on the campus.
**East Tennessee State University** is a public university in Johnson City, Tennessee. The university has about 15,000 students. It was founded in 1911. The current president of the university is Brian Noland.

## Sports

The athletics teams of the university are called the Buccaneers. They have 18 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Southern Conference. The football team, which will resume play in 2015 after a 12-year absence, will play the 2015 season as an independent (not in a conference).

## Other websites

* East Tennessee State University's Official website
* East Tennessee State Buccaneers' Official athletics website
# Hybrid

*Petunia* × *atkinsiana*, also called *Petunia* × *hybrida*, is often grown in gardens.
A *mule* is a hybrid of a female horse and a male donkey.
A **hybrid** is the product of mating between individuals of different species or strains. The word is most common when talking about animals and plants.

Mules are hybrid animals. The female parent is a horse and the male parent is a donkey. A mule is generally sterile. Not all hybrids are sterile. Many garden plants and crop plants are hybrids. New species are sometimes formed from hybrids between two other species.
# Jewel

Some gemstones.
**Jewels** (or **gems** or **gemstones**) are rare minerals. They usually come in colours and sizes. They begin in a rough rock form, but can be cut and polished to turn into a jewellery.

However, some other non-mineral rocks (such as lapis lazuli) or organic materials can also be also used for jewelry and are called gemstones. These include amber or jet. Pearls and coral are sometimes also called gemstones.

Most gemstones are hard. Soft minerals are used in jewelry too, because of their luster that gives them value.

Being rare or in short supply also makes a gemstone valuable.

## History

The Ancient Greeks and Ancient Egyptians began to decide which gems are **Precious** and **semi-precious**. This continued in other cultures.::.

In modern times, the precious stones are diamond, ruby, sapphire and emerald, with all other gemstones being semi-precious.::.

## Types

* Amethyst
* Aquamarine
* Alexandrite
* Diamond
* Emerald
* Jade
* Peridot
* Ruby
* Sapphire
* Topaz
* Turquoise
* Opal
* Spinel

## Other websites

* "Book of Royal Gemstones" is a book from 1554 that talks about gemstones.
* "The Blossoms of Thoughts Regarding the Precious Stones" is an old book from the 1600s that is considered one of the most important books about precious stones. It is written in the Arabic language.
# Land (economics)

In economics, **land** means all natural resources that cannot be produced in a larger quantity if prices go up, such as geographical locations and mineral deposits.

In classical economics it is considered one of three factors of production, the other two being capital and labor; income that one gets because of ownership or control of natural resources is often referred to as rent.
# Chytridiomycota

| Chytridiomycota |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | **Chytridiomycota** M.J. Powell 2007 |
| Type species |
| *Chytridium* spp. A. Braun, 1851 |
| Classes |
|
Chytridiomycetes
Monoblepharidomycetes |

**Chytridiomycota** is a phylum of the Fungi kingdom. The name comes from **chytridium** (from the Greek *chytridion*, meaning "little pot"): the structure containing unreleased spores.

The chytrids are the most primitive of the fungi. Many chytrids are found in fresh water. There are approximately 1,000 chytrid species, in 127 genera, distributed among 5 orders.

Chytrids get their energy mostly from non-living organic matter.

Both zoospores and gametes of the chytrids are mobile by their flagella, one whiplash per individual.

Some chytrid species are known to kill amphibians in large numbers. The actual process, however, is unknown.

## Other websites

* Chytrid Fungi Online Archived 2006-06-27 at the Wayback Machine: by the University of Alabama
* Impact of chytrid fungus on frogs (Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife) Archived 2007-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
* 'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus. Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. Unresponsive 2022.
* The Aquarium Wiki on Chytrid Fungus Archived 2007-09-12 at the Wayback Machine and how it impacts amphibians kept as domestic pets.
# Diatomic molecules

**Diatomic molecules** are molecules made only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.
Two atoms are bonded together to form a unit known as a diatomic molecule.

Examples are hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), and carbon monoxide (CO).
# Viroid

| Viroid |
| --- |
|  |
| Virus classification  |
| *Informal group*: | Subviral agents |
| (unranked): | **Viroid** |

Theodor O. Diener, discoverer of the Viroid.
**Viroids** are the smallest infectious pathogens known. They consist solely of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats. They are mostly plant pathogens (plant diseases), some of which can cause crop loss.

Viroid genomes are extremely small in size. They are about 80 times smaller than the smallest virus. The human pathogen (causes diseases in humans) hepatitis D virus is a defective RNA virus similar to viroids.

Viroids were the first "sub-viral pathogens" discovered and named by Theodor Otto Diener. He was a plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, in 1971. The first viroid to be identified was the *Potato spindle tuber viroid* (PSTVd). About 33 species have been identified.

## Related pages

* Obelisk (biology), a viroid-like structure found in humans.
# Coptic calendar

**Coptic calendar** (also known as **Alexandrian calendar**) is a calendar used by the Coptic Church in Egypt. It is based on the Egyptian calendar used by the ancient Egyptians which was first introduced in 238 BC.

## Related pages

* Egyptian calendar
* Coptic Church
# Iron Age

Some iron tools
The **Iron Age** is the period after the Bronze Age in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. Iron production took place in Anatolia at least as early as 1200 BC, with some evidence pointing to even earlier dates.

In the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, the use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts ever found is a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly spread throughout the Near East (North Africa, southwest Asia) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

Before this time, people used bronze or flint tools and pottery. They farmed, and lived in communities. Most of Europe, Africa and Asia reached the Iron Age by 500 BC. It is a period of prehistory because, though iron and steel continue to be important even today, the "Iron Age" is defined as ending when people began to write their history.

Iron ore is easy to find, and some iron is a Native metal but iron is hard to make into tools. It melts at a higher temperature than bronze. When blacksmiths learned how to make iron tools, they were able to make many of them. With more and better tools, people could do more. For example, more people could own a metal plough. They could farm their fields better and grow more crops. Some people invented coins to help buy and sell their crops and their iron tools.

Bronze weapons and armor were no match for those made of iron, so many peoples who did not have iron were defeated by those who did. Soldiers used iron shields and helmets in battle.
# Minguo calendar

The **Republic of China calendar** (traditional Chinese: 民國紀元; simplified Chinese: 民国纪元; pinyin: *Mínguó Jìyuán*; Wade–Giles: *Min2-kuo2 Chi4-yüan2*) is a method of numbering years. It is used by Taiwan as well as other territories which are under control of the Republic of China. The Minguo calendar was also used by Mainland China from 1912 until the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949. There have been legislative proposals by pro-Taiwan Independence parties, like the Democratic Progressive Party to get rid of the Republican calendar and replace it with the Gregorian calendar.
# Discordianism

The Sacred Chao
**Discordianism** is a postmodern religion in which disorder (also called discord) is as important as order, existing within chaos. It was founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger, who published its most important text: the *Principia Discordia*.

The Sacred Chao and Five fingered hand of ERIS are the most recognized symbols of Discordianism.

## Discordian calendar

The **Discordian calendar** (also called **Erisian calendar**) is an alternative calendar used by followers of the discordian religion

The discordian year 1 YOLD is 1166 BC.

### Implementations

**ddate** is a linux program that prints the current date in the discordian calendar, in August 2011, ddate was made optional, and was removed in 2012, being readded in 2013

## Other websites

* PrincipiaDiscordia.com – contains the *Principia Discordia* in HTML.
# Christendom

This T-and-O map shows the known world of 1472 in form of a cross inscribed within an orb. It remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. More detailed versions place Jerusalem at the centre of the world.
**Christendom** or the **Christian world**, in the widest sense, means Christianity as a territorial phenomenon. That means: those countries where most people are Christian and because of that are part of Christendom.

People have used the term **Christendom** for the medieval and Renaissance understanding of the Christian world as one single *Body of Christ* with Christ as the head. With the rise of modern secularism and the Reformation during the early 16th century the understanding changed to a modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society that consists of many different communities.

## Related pages

* Caliphate (an Islamic analog to the Medieval political concept)
* Muslim World and Ummah

## Other websites

* Catholic Encyclopedia: Christendom
# Mnemonic

A mnemonic using your knuckles to remember the long months of the year
A **mnemonic** is a way for people to remember things more easily. For example, the treble clef lines on a music staff are for the notes E G B D and F. Music students are taught to remember this with a mnemonic - **E**very **G**ood **B**oy **D**oes **F**ine. The first known mnemonics were used by the Ancient Greeks. Cicero said the poet Simonides (c.556-c.468 B.C) discovered the power of mnemonics to help him make visual images so he could remember things. The word *mnemonic* comes from the Greek words *mnene*, meaning memory and *mnemon*, meaning mindful.
# Sagittarius (constellation)

Sagittarius| Constellation |
| List of stars in Sagittarius |
| Abbreviation | Sgr |
| Genitive | Sagittarii |
| Pronunciation | /ˌsædʒɪˈtɛəriəs/, genitive /ˌsædʒɪˈtɛəri.aɪ/ |
| Symbolism | the Archer |
| Right ascension | 19 |
| Declination | −25 |
| Quadrant | SQ4 |
| Area | 867 sq. deg. (15th) |
| Main stars | 12, 8 |
| Bayer/Flamsteed stars | 68 |
| Stars with planets | 25 |
| Stars brighter than 3.00m | 7 |
| Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) | 2 |
| Brightest star | ε Sgr (Kaus Australis) (1.79m) |
| Messier objects | 15 |
| **Visible at latitudes between +55° and −90°.Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August.** |

An image showing Sagittarius.
Messier 54 was the first globular cluster found outside the Milky Way
The constellation **Sagittarius** (meaning "the Archer") is a group of stars in one area of the night sky. The stars are in the shape of a centaur archer. This constellation is part of the Western zodiac.

The Milky Way is at its densest near Sagittarius, as this is where the galactic center lies. Consequently, Sagittarius contains many star clusters and nebulae. One of the brightest of the star clusters is Messier 55, about 7.5° west of δ Sgr.

The complex radio source Sagittarius A is here. It lies between the Scorpius constellation and Astronomers believe that one of its components, known as Sagittarius A\*, is associated with a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, with a mass of 2.6 million solar masses.

## Deep-sky objects

* Trifid Nebula
* NGC 6559
* Omega Nebula
* Lagoon Nebula
# Vegetation

**Vegetation** means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say *vegetation* you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by *flora* which refers exclusively to species composition.

*Vegetation* can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term *vegetation*.

Aerial view of mixed aspen-spruce forest in Alaska
## Other websites

### Classification

* Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
* Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee Archived 2005-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Vegetation Classification Standard Archived 2005-10-30 at the Wayback Machine [FGDC-STD-005, June 1997] (PDF)

### Mapping-related

* USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Archived 2011-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps Archived 2006-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Free Vegetation Distribution Site – "free access to almost the entire *Spot Vegetation* ten daily synthesis archive"

### Climate Diagrams

* Climate Diagrams Explained Archived 2018-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
* WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams Archived 2018-10-21 at the Wayback Machine