Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Serotiny

**Serotiny** is an ecological adaptation of some seed plants.

In these plants, seed release occurs in response to an environmental trigger. The most common and best studied trigger is fire. However, the term *serotiny* may refer more broadly to plants that release their seeds over a long period of time, irrespective of the trigger or whether release is spontaneous. In this sense, the term is synonymous with bradyspory.
# South Australia

South Australia
South Australia's coat of arms
South Australia's flag
**South Australia** is one of the six states of Australia. The capital city is Adelaide.

## Location

South Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain.

## Appearance

The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.

## Emblems of South Australia

* The floral emblem of South Australia is Sturt's Desert Pea, *Swainsona formosa*. It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
* The faunal emblem is the Hairy-Nosed or Plains Wombat (*Lasiorhinus latifrons*). It was chosen on 27 August 1970.
* The marine emblem is the Leafy Seadragon (*Phycodurus eques*). It as chosen on 8 February 2001.
* The gemstone emblem of South Australia is the opal. This was chosen on the 15 August 1985.
* The official badge of South Australia is the Piping Shrike or White Backed Magpie (*Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota*). It was chosen on 14 January 1904.

* Sturt's Desert Pea
* The Hairy-Nosed Wombat
* Leafy Seadragon
* Opal
* White Backed Magpie

## History

South Australia was a *freely-settled*, planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was *proclaimed* at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance.

## Events

The state is known for its festivals and fine wine.

## Climate

The highest temperature recorded was 50.7°C at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960.
The coldest temperature recorded was -8.2°C at Yongala on 20 July 1976.
The highest rainfall recorded was 272.6 mm at Motpena on 14 March 1989.
# Timeline of prehistory

The **timeline of prehistory** covers the time from when humans first appeared to the time writing was invented. The appearance of *Homo sapiens* happened approximately 315,000 years ago in the African continent, and the invention of writing over 5,000 years ago. The first records are from 3,200 BC. Prehistory covers the period from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the beginning of ancient history.

All dates are approximate and may change based on new discoveries or studies.

## Middle Paleolithic

* **320 kya – 305 kya:** People at Olorgesailie, in Southern Kenya, improve their skills in making tools and start to trade over long distances.
* **315 kya:** Estimated date when *Homo sapiens* first appeared (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco).
* **270 kya:** The age of Y-DNA haplogroup A00 also known as ("Y-chromosomal Adam").
* **250 kya:** Date when *Homo neanderthalensis* (Saccopastore skulls) appeared for the first time.
* **230 kya:** The newest suggested date for the Terra Amata site, which is where the first known building designed for a specific purpose was located, propably built by Homo heidelbergensis.
* **230 kya – 150 kya:** The age of mt-DNA haplogroup L ("Mitochondrial Eve").
* **210 kya:** Presence of modern human in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).
# Henge

The three aligned henges of the Thornborough Henges complex
A **henge** is a Neolithic earthwork. Henges are typical of the British Isles (for example Stonehenge), but there are a few similar structures in continental Europe.

Henges have a ring bank and ditch. They are not thought to be primarily defensive, because their ditch is inside the wall or rampart. For defence, it would seem better to have the ditch outside the bank. That way, attackers would need to climb up further. Their function is thought to be mainly ceremonial. This is discussed often in relation to Stonehenge.

Henges are divided into three types:

1. **Henge** (≥20 m). There is usually little evidence of occupation in a henge, although they may contain ritual structures such as stone circles, timber circles and standing stones. Examples of henges are at
	1. Avebury, in Wiltshire, which contains the largest stone circle in Britain,
	2. The Great Circle at Stanton Drew in Somerset, which contains the second largest stone circle in Britain.
	3. The Ring of Brodgar in Orkney, which contains the third largest stone circle in Britain.
	4. Notes: example of henges without other significant internal monuments are the three henges of Thornborough Henges in Yorkshire. Stonehenge is not a typical henge because the ditch is outside the main earthwork bank.
2. **Mini henge** (<20 m). Like an ordinary henge, except the central flat area is less than 20 m in diameter. An example is the Neolithic site at Dorchester on Thames.
3. **Henge enclosure** (>300 m). A Neolithic ring earthwork with the ditch inside the bank, with the central flat area having abundant evidence of occupation and being more than 300 metres in diameter. Some true henges are as large as this (e.g., Avebury), but lack evidence of domestic occupation. Examples of henge enclosures are Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, and Mount Pleasant Henge in Dorset.

## Source

* Malone, Caroline. 2005. *Neolithic Britain and Ireland*. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
# Rock art

Carving of Maitreya Buddha and disciples in Feilai Feng (The peak that flew from afar) Caves (Hangzhou, China).
Pictograph in southeastern Utah, from the Basketmaker period of Puebloan culture
**Rock art** is a term in archaeology for any markings that were made on natural stone by human beings. They can be divided into:

* Petroglyphs – carvings into stone surfaces
* Pictographs – rock and cave paintings

In addition, there is rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones. The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.

## Location

One can find petroglyphs and pictographs on the walls of a cave or on rock in open air.

## Similar terms

Rock art has also been described as rock records, rock sculptures, rock inscriptions, rock carvings, rock paintings, rock engravings, rock drawings, or rock pictures.

## Gallery

* Buddhist stone carvings at Ili River, Kazakhstan
* Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka rock painting, World Heritage Site
* "The Shoemaker", Brastad, Sweden

## Related pages

* Cave painting
* Upper Palaeolithic

* Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, *Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorao Plateau Rock Art*, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, CA, ISBN 1-885772-27-0 (cloth). For the "general public", this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.
* Rohn, Arthur H. and Freguson, William M, 2006, *Puebloan ruins of the Southwest*, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM, ISBN 0-8263-3970-0 (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.
* Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, *Indian Rock Art of the Southwest*, School of American Research, Sana Fe, University of New Mexico press, Albuquerque, NM, ISBN 0-8263-0913-5. Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "Figures", 11 Maps, and 2 Tables.

## Other websites

* Ekaterina, Devlet. 2001. Rock Art and the material culture of Siberian and central Asian shamanism. In *The Archaeology of Shamanism*. 43-54. 01/04/2007. Archived 2006-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Rock Art studies Archived 2002-01-27 at the Wayback Machine - A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 10,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.
* The website of Rock Art Foundation - Native American Rock Art Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Trust for African Rock Art Archived 2020-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
* British Rock Art Collection Archived 2006-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
* ARARA American Rock Art Research Association.
* Rupestre.net A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
* EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
* Art and Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago Archived 2021-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Bradshaw Foundation Supports dissemination of information on rock art, migration, and the study of artistic man around the world.
* Rock Art in South Africa  Archived 2005-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
* UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
# Nadir

Diagram showing the relationship between the zenith, the nadir, and different types of horizon. Note that the zenith is opposite the nadir.
In astronomy, the **nadir** is a point "below" a particular location. "Below" means in the same direction of gravity at that location. The nadir is the opposite of the zenith. The nadir is not a real point. It is used as a reference for the location of other things.

## Related pages

* Zenith

* Glickman, Todd S. (2000). *Glossary of meteorology*. American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9.
* McIntosh, D. H. (1972). *Meteorological Glossary* (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0-8206-0228-8.
* Picoche, Jacqueline (2002). *Dictionnaire étymologique du français*. Paris: Le Robert. ISBN 978-2-85036-458-7.
# Diana (mythology)

*Diana of Versailles* is a statue of Diana that is now in the Louvre in Paris. This statue dates from the first or second century. It may have been modelled on an older statue of the Greek period.
**Diana** was the goddess of hunting (and in later times, the moon and chastity) in Roman mythology. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.

According to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can not marry.

## Other websites

 Media related to Diana at Wikimedia Commons

* *Landscape with Diana and Callisto* painting
* *Diana and her Nymphs* painting
# Apollo 17

Apollo 17| The Saturn V rocket carrying the Apollo 17 crew into space. |
|  |
| Mission type | Crewed lunar landing |
| Operator | NASA |
|  |
|  |
| Spacecraft properties |
| Spacecraft | * Apollo CSM
* Apollo LM
 |
| Manufacturer | * CSM: North American Rockwell
* LM: Grumman
 |
|  |
|  |
| Crew |
| Crew size | 3 |
| Members | * Eugene Cernan
* Harrison Schmitt
* Ronald Evans
 |
|  |
|  |
| Orbital parameters |
| Reference system | Selenocentric |
|  |
|
 Eugene Cernan (seated), Ronald Evans (standing on right), and Harrison Schmitt (left).
 |
| Docking |
| ing |
|
Apollo program← Apollo 16  |

**Apollo 17** was the last flight to send people to the moon. It was done by NASA, the American space group.

It went up to space on December 7, 1972, carrying three astronauts: Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans. On December 11, 1972, Cernan and Schmitt became the last humans to land on the moon, while Evans stayed in orbit around the Moon.

## The Flight

### Going to and from space

About 500,000 people viewed the flight of Apollo 17. A Saturn V rocket took flight from the Kennedy Space Center in America.
About two hours after leaving Earth the section with the people in it went away from the main rocket. The section with the people in it had two parts, the Apollo Command Module called *America* and the Apollo Lunar Module called *Challenger*. *America* was the moon control space ship and *Eagle* was the moon-landing space ship. 3 days later the team entered Lunar Orbit (orbit around the moon). A day later the *Challenger* went away from *America*. The *Challenger* landed safely on the moon with Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt inside.

## Photos

* Apollo 17 astronauts (left to right): Harrison Schmitt, Eugene Cernan and Ronald Evans.
* The Saturn V rocket waiting for launch.
* *The Blue Marble* as photographed by Apollo 17.
* Eugene Cernan as photographed by Harrison Schmitt.
* Eugene Cernan on the Lunar Rover.
# Lunar eclipse

A lunar eclipse occurs in two regions, an outer penumbral shadow where the sunlight is dimmed, and an inner umbral shadow, where much dimmer sunlight only exists by refraction through the Earth's atmosphere, leaving a red color.
This can be seen in different exposures of a partial lunar eclipse, for example here with exposures of 1/80, 2/5, and 2 seconds.
A solar eclipse occurs in the daytime at the new moon when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon
A **lunar eclipse** is an astronomical phenomenon. It happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth. Lunar eclipses happen about twice a year, unlike total solar eclipses that are sometimes more than a year apart. They can be seen from a much larger portion of the Earth compared to solar eclipses. Lunar eclipses can last for a few hours, but total solar eclipses last only a few minutes.

During a lunar eclipse, the Moon looks red brown. It may be thought that the Moon is completely black because of the Earth's shadow, but no. The reddish-brown colour is because some of the Sun's light bends through the Earth's atmosphere and shines on the Moon. Refraction is greater for red light rays than for others, so red is what strikes the Moon.

Like solar eclipses, there are different types of lunar eclipses. There are total eclipses, where the moon passes completely through Earth's shadow and all of the moon appears reddish-brown. A partial eclipse occurs when only part of the moon passes through Earth's shadow and so only part of the moon appears reddish.

Lunar eclipses are safe to view with your naked eyes and also with telescopes.

Although it is safe to see the lunar eclipse with your naked eyes one should never see a solar eclipse with the naked eyes as the rays damage the retina of the eye.

A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the earth, while revolving around it. At this time, it is necessary that the earth is between the sun and the moon, and all three of them are in the same plane. On a full moon day, the moon's path of revolution passes thought the thick shadow of the earth.

If the moon is totally hidden within the shadow, people see a total lunar eclipse and if only a part of the moon is in the shadow, people see a partial lunar eclipse.
# Navajo Nation

The **Navajo Nation** (Navajo: *Naabeehó Bináhásdzo*) is an American Indian territory covering about 17,544,500 acres (71,000 km2; 27,413 sq mi), such as parts of northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico in the United States.

This is the largest land area owned by an indigenous tribe in the United States, with a population of 173,667 as of 2010.

The current President of the Navajo Nation is Jonathan Nez since 2019.
# Executive order (United States)

An **executive order** is a rule or order made by a President of the United States. The order tells agencies and officers of the Federal government of the United States things that they must do.

Executive orders can be stopped by the courts in a process called judicial review. They may be stopped if they are against laws or against the Constitution of the United States.

Executive orders have a big effect on the internal affairs of government. They decide how and to what degree legislation will be enforced. They also deal with emergencies and wars.
# Iah

**Iah** ( Egyptian: *jˁḥ*, Coptic ⲟⲟϩ) is a minor ancient Egyptian moon god who eventually evolves into Khonsu. Iah is said to be a god of both time and fertility. He is most notable for creating the ancient lunar calendar. The word *jˁḥ* simply means "moon". It is also transliterated as *Iahu*, *Iahw*, *Yah*, *Yahu*, *Yahw*, *Jah*, *Iahu*, *Jahw*, *Aah*, *Aahu*, or *Aahw*.

## 5 Day Myth

In an ancient Egyptian myth, sun god Ra has cursed goddess Nut so that she can not have birth on any of the 360 days of the year. The wisdom god Thoth devised a plan that involved challenging A'ah to a game of Senet. Thoth outsmarted A'ah and won enough moonlight to add 5 days to the year. Since these extra days were not cursed, Nut was able to birth a god on each of these days; Isis, Osiris, Nephthys, and Horus. Due to the loss of moonlight, the moon was unable to shine continuously and was forced to periodically dim in order to recuperate. Thus creating the phases of the moon.
# Reconstructionist Judaism

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**Reconstructionist Judaism** is a movement within Judaism that started in the 1920s. People like Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983) believed that Judaism is like a civilization that constantly develops. The Jewish society therefore develops much like any other society. As a result, the Jewish religion needs to adapt to these changes. There are about 13 million Jews in the world, about half of them live in the United States. Of these, about three percent, or 180,000 people, see themselves as Reconstructionist.

## Other websites

* Archived site of the former Jewish Reconstructionist Federation JRF
* New site of the Jewish Reconstructionist Movement Archived 2017-10-05 at the Wayback Machine JRM
* Reconstructionist Rabbinical College RRC
* Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association Archived 2021-04-10 at the Wayback Machine RRA
* University Synagogue Orange County Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine US
# Rebecca (The Bible)

**Rebecca** was a woman in the Book of Genesis. She was the daughter of Bethuel and the sister of Laban. Rebecca married Isaac. She and Isaac prayed to God to have a child. Then Rebecca became pregnant. She wanted to know why it was painful and God told her that she would give birth to twins who would become two nations that would fight each other. She gave birth to Esau and Jacob. She convinced Jacob to trick Isaac into blessing him instead of Esau so Esau decided to kill Jacob. So Rebecca told Jacob to run away to Laban and she told Isaac she was sending him away so he wouldn't marry a Canaanite woman.
# Haskalah

**Haskalah** or the **Jewish Enlightenment**, was a movement for the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with an influence on those in Western Europe and the Muslims.
# Annihilation

|  |
| --- |
| **Antimatter** |
| **Overview** |
| **Annihilation** |
| **Devices Particle accelerator
* Penning trap
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| **Antiparticles Positron
* Antiproton
* Antineutron
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| **Uses PET
* Fuel
* Weaponry
 |
| **Bodies ALPHA Collaboration
* ATHENA
* ATRAP
* CERN
 |
| **People Paul Dirac
* Carl Anderson

| edit |
| --- |

 |

**Annihilation** is the name given in physics to the process that occurs when a particle and its antiparticle equivalent collide. The collision between these two particles releases energy. Two types of this include the annihilation of electrons and positrons (the antiparticle for electrons), and the annihilation of protons and antiprotons.

The word has other meanings.
# Adaptive optics

A deformable mirror can be used to correct wavefront errors in an astronomical telescope.
**Adaptive optics** is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion. It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion.

Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the idea was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical.

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is **tip-tilt** correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes.

A significant fraction of the distortion introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the effect introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality.

Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors with only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.

## Other websites

* Description of Active & Adaptive Optics E.S.O.
* Adaptive Optics Tutorial at CTIO Archived 2021-06-01 at the Wayback Machine A. Tokovinin
* Research groups and companies with interests in Adaptive Optics
* NSF Center for Adaptive Optics at UC Santa Cruz
* Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics at The University of Arizona Archived 2008-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Using Adaptive Optics to image photoreceptors Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
* Gemini's Laser Vision Reveals Striking New Details in Orion Nebula
* Adaptive optics pinpoints on black holes Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Uranus in 2004 Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine (with and without AO)