Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Bract

Papery (upper) and leafy bracts on hay rattle (*Rhinanthus minor*). All the "leaves" in this image are bracts
In botany, a **bract** is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals.

## Variants

Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees,. Examples of this type of bract include *Euphorbia pulcherrima* (poinsettia) and *Bougainvillea*: both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers.

In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called **glumes**. These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing.

A **prophyll** is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle.

The frequently showy pair of bracts of *Euphorbia* species in subgenus *Lacanthis* are the **cyathophylls**.

Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as *Pseudotsuga*, they extend beyond the cone scales.

Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an **involucre**. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts. Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.

The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence.

## Epicalyx

Epicalyx of *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*
An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a *group of bracts resembling a calyx* or *bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx*. It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family *Malvaceae*, the *Hibiscus* family. *Fragaria* (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx.

## Spathe

*Anthurium scherzerianum* inflorescence with spathe and spadix
A *spathe* is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers. In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix.

## Gallery

* Bracts of *Bougainvillea glabra*, differ in colour from the non-bract leaves, and attract pollinators
* Bracts along a banana flower stalk surround the rows of flowers
* *Euphorbia milii* var. *vulcanii* cyathia bearing a pair of pinkish cyathophylls
* Colourful bracts of *Ananas bracteatus*
# Rosidae

**Rosidae** is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.

Rosidae as governed by the ICBN is in the Cronquist system in 1981.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * ordo Rosales
* ordo Fabales
* ordo Proteales
* ordo Myrtales
* ordo Rhizophorales
* ordo Cornales
* ordo Santalales
* ordo Rafflesiales
 | * ordo Celastrales
* ordo Euphorbiales
* ordo Rhamnales
* ordo Linales
* ordo Polygalales
* ordo Sapindales
* ordo Geraniales
* ordo Apiales
 |

This definition includes Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Fabidae (Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Huaceae, Oxalidales, Malpighiales, Rosales and Zygophyllales), Malvidae (Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales) as they are defined in the APG III system.
# 3rd millennium

The **3rd millennium** began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 3000.

Previous millenium: 2nd millenium

Next millenium: 4th millenium

## Events

Many important things have already happened in the 3rd millennium. Social media became extremely popular and spread around the world. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began; it eventually killed at least 7,057,132 people around the world.

### Wars

There have been wars in many countries in the 3rd millennium. These have included:

* The Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* The war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
* The global War on Terror (2001–2013)
* The war in Darfur (2003–2020)
* The Iraq War (2003–2011)
* The Second Lebanon War (2006)
* The Syrian Civil War (2011–2024)
* The Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
* The 2014 Gaza War
* The Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
* The 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis
* The Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)
* The Gaza war (2023–present)

## Future predictions

* By 2070, 1 billion to 3 billion people could be living in extreme heat because of climate change.
* On March 22, 2285, Easter will occur on its earliest possible date for the first time since 1818.
* 2400 will be the first century leap year since 2000.
* On June 6, 2079, any computer software using unsigned 16-bit binary day counts will overflow if it has a starting date of January 1, 1900.
* 2800 will be the second century leap year since 2000, and Earth will experience 241 lunar eclipses.

## Centuries and decades

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **21st century** | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s | 2030s | 2040s | 2050s | 2060s | 2070s | 2080s | 2090s |
| **22nd century** | 2100s | 2110s | 2120s | 2130s | 2140s | 2150s | 2160s | 2170s | 2180s | 2190s |
| **23rd century** | 2200s | 2210s | 2220s | 2230s | 2240s | 2250s | 2260s | 2270s | 2280s | 2290s |
| **24th century** | 2300s | 2310s | 2320s | 2330s | 2340s | 2350s | 2360s | 2370s | 2380s | 2390s |
| **25th century** | 2400s | 2410s | 2420s | 2430s | 2440s | 2450s | 2460s | 2470s | 2480s | 2490s |
| **26th century** | 2500s | 2510s | 2520s | 2530s | 2540s | 2550s | 2560s | 2570s | 2580s | 2590s |
| **27th century** | 2600s | 2610s | 2620s | 2630s | 2640s | 2650s | 2660s | 2670s | 2680s | 2690s |
| **28th century** | 2700s | 2710s | 2720s | 2730s | 2740s | 2750s | 2760s | 2770s | 2780s | 2790s |
| **29th century** | 2800s | 2810s | 2820s | 2830s | 2840s | 2850s | 2860s | 2870s | 2880s | 2890s |
| **30th century** | 2900s | 2910s | 2920s | 2930s | 2940s | 2950s | 2960s | 2970s | 2980s | 2990s |