Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Richmond Park

Isabella Plantation, Richmond Park
**Richmond Park** is a 955 hectare (2,360 acres) park in outer London. Originally, it was outside London, in Surrey. It is now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

The park was created by Charles I in the 17th century as a deer park. It is the largest of London's Royal Parks. It is of national and international importance for wildlife conservation. The park is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. It is included, at Grade I, on the *Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England*.

It is the largest of the eight Royal Parks in London, and is famous for red and fallow deer. It is about three times the size of Central Park in New York (341 hectares or 843 acres).

Notable features in the park include Pembroke Lodge, once the home of the British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Also in the park is White Lodge, home of the Royal Ballet School and once a royal residence. One house in the park, Thatched House Lodge, is the residence of Princess Alexandra.

The park is fully open to the public, with access by road, bicycles and pedestrians.
# Hampton Court Palace

Hampton Court Palace main gate
**Hampton Court Palace** is a royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London. The British royal family have not lived there since the 18th century. The palace is 11.7 miles (18.8 km) south west of Charing Cross and upstream of Central London on the River Thames.

The palace was bought by the English monarchy in 1528. This was when Thomas Wolsey gave it to Henry VIII. It stayed a royal palace for the next 220 years. In its lifetime, it saw twelve monarchs on the throne, until George III stopped living in it after the death of his wife. There was a fire at Hampton Court in 1986. It is currently owned by Historic Royal Palaces, which also owns places like the Tower of London. It is open to the public. It has many gardens, and also has a maze.
# Hardback

The books on the centre and left are hardback books
A **hardback**, **hardcover**, or **hardbound** book is one with stiff covers.

The covers are of rigid cardboard. They are usually covered with cloth or heavy paper. A heavy cloth like buckram, or a leather is sometimes chosen.

It should have a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened. Less good is a glued spine, because the glue gets worse with time.

Hardback books may be printed on acid-free paper. They are much more durable than paperbacks. Paperbacks are often printed on cheap recycled paper, and have flexible, easily damaged paper covers. Hardback books are only slightly more costly to make, but are often much more expensive to buy.

Hardbacks may have artistic dust jackets, or designs printed right on the board binding.
# Non-fiction

**Non-fiction** is writing about facts. Although non-fiction is supposed to be truthful, sometimes it may not be. People normally assume that authors mean to be truthful, but they might make mistakes. Writing is normally split into two parts: non-fiction and fiction. As well as non-fiction books, there are also pictures and films.

## Types of non-fiction

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Autobiography
* Biography
* Diagram
* Dictionary
* Documentary
* Encyclopedia
* Essay
* History

  |   | * Journal
* Journalism
* Letter
* Natural history
* News
* Philosophy
* Photograph
* Popular science
* Textbook
 |

## Other websites

* Nonfiction Book Awards
# Potato blight

| Potato blight |
| --- |
|  |
| Symptom of late blight on the underside of a potato leaf |
| Scientific classification  |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| Phylum: | Oomycota |
| Order: | Peronosporales |
| Family: | Peronosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Phytophthora* |
| Species: | P. infestans |
| Binomial name |
| Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary |

**Potato blight** is a type of fungal disease. One well known example of potato blight was the disease which caused the Irish potato famine of 1845 to 1852, and the 1846 Highland potato famines.

The disease caused lots of famine. It was caused by an oomycete *Phytophthora infestans*. The oomycetes or water moulds are similar to fungi, but they are in a different Kingdom.

## Overview

*Phytophthora infestans* in Ireland caused over one million to starve to death and another two million people to move from affected countries. During the 1840s the blight damaged crops in Scotland and Europe also. It was the only important cash crop in Ireland, which explains its greater effect there. Also, most of the Irish crop was one variety, the Irish Lumper.

The first recorded instances of the disease were in the United States, in Philadelphia and New York City in early 1843. It crossed the Atlantic Ocean with a shipment of seed potatoes for Belgian farmers in 1845. All of the potato-growing countries in Europe were affected, but the potato blight hit Ireland the hardest. The lack of genetic variability created a susceptible host population for the organism.

## Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering for resistant cultivars is developing. A resistance gene effective against most known strains of blight has been found in a wild relative of the potato. It is introduced by genetic engineering into cultivated varieties of potato.
# Eurasian plate

The Eurasian Plate
The **Eurasian plate** is a tectonic plate. It includes most of the continent of Eurasia. This is a huge landmass with the traditional continents of Europe and northern Asia.

It does not include the Indian subcontinent, Arabia, and the area east of the Chersky Range in East Siberia. It does include oceanic crust west to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and north to the Gakkel Ridge.
# Mangrove

Mangrove root system
Mangrove trees can help make islands.
40 million year old fossil mangrove roots from Wadi Al-Hitan
**Mangroves** are trees or shrubs that grow in salty water in hot places like the tropics.

Mangroves make a special saltwater woodland or shrubland habitat, called a *mangrove swamp*, *mangrove forest*, *mangrove* or *mangal*. Mangroves grow on 1/3 of tropical shores. They are also found in sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and the southwest Pacific.

Their twisted, tangled roots collect sediment. Over time, the sediment may become islands, or extend the shoreline.

## Description

Mangroves live right in the sea, or at the sea edge. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch any kind of soil. During low tide, they may fall in soil rather than water and start growing where they fall. If the water level is high, they may be carried far away from where they fell.

Mangrove trees are often the beginning of what will one day be a small island. As soil and other things collect in their roots, little bodies of land are formed – just the right place for other island vegetation to grow. This is an example of seed dispersal by water.

Mangroves have special root-like structures. They are aerial roots or *pneumatophores*. These stick up out of the soil, and are covered in lenticels. They take in oxygen through their pores. These "breathing tubes" may reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. Smaller roots with air passages move oxygen from the air to parts of the plant underwater.

## Benefits

Mangrove roots give clear water to the coral reefs which often surround them. They trap dirt and clean water by filtering land runoff and removing pollutants. The tree also protects the shoreline (and the coral reefs) from being eroded by storm waves. Mangrove thickets are a good place for many coral-reef fish, shrimp, and crabs to grow.
# Opposition (Australia)

In Australian politics, the **Opposition** is the second largest party or coalition in the House of Representatives, with the leader of that party or coalition being given the title of Opposition Leader. Similarly, the second largest party or coalition in the lower house of a state or territory's parliament is also called the Opposition and the leader of that party or coalition is given the title of Opposition Leader. Currently, the Liberal–National Coalition, led by Sussan Ley, forms the federal Opposition.

## State and territory opposition

| State/territory | Opposition party/coalition | Leader of the Opposition | Opposition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australian Capital Territory |  | Liberal | Mark Parton | Australian Capital Territory Opposition |
| New South Wales |  | Liberal (Coalition) | Kellie Sloane | New South Wales Opposition |
|  | National (Coalition) |
| Northern Territory |  | Labor | Selena Uibo | Northern Territory Opposition |
| Queensland |  | Labor | Steven Miles | Queensland Opposition |
| South Australia |  | Liberal | Ashton Hurn | South Australian Opposition |
| Tasmania |  | Labor | Josh Willie | Tasmanian Opposition |
| Victoria |  | Liberal (Coalition) | Jess Wilson | Victorian Opposition |
|  | National (Coalition) |
| Western Australia |  | Liberal | Basil Zempilas | Western Australian Opposition |
|  | National |

## Related pages

* Australian Government
* Shadow Ministry of Australia
# Healthcare in Australia

**Healthcare in Australia** is partly public and partly private. Most of the cost is met by the Australian Medicare system, which is a national single-payer funding model. The state and territory governments run public hospitals where people can get care free of charge. Primary health services, such as GP clinics, are mostly privately owned but attract Medicare pays part of the cost. Australian citizens, people who live in Australia, and some visitors and visa holders can get health services under the Medicare system.

People can get health insurance to cover services offered in the private sector. The government pays about 25% of the cost. Private insurers have to charge people the same without taking into account any existing or previous conditions. Doctors are paid for seeing and treating people, and people can choose where they are treated.

The federal Minister for Health sets national health policy. State and territory governments regulate and administer doctors, public hospitals and ambulance services. One third of hospital places are run privately.

In 2017–18, total health spending was $185.4 billion, about $7,485 per person. Most of the money went on hospitals (40%) and primary health care (34%). Health spending was about 10% of overall economic activity. In 2020–21 it was $220.9 billion, 7.1% more than in 2019–20. 70% was paid by the government. Health spending as a proportion of GDP was 11th highest of OECD countries in 2019.

In 2023, 81% of Australians said their healthcare system was ‘good’ or ‘very good’.
# Australians

**Australians** is a term or reference name proscribed to people of Australian nationality or identify with Australia in a particular way. Origin of the term is in the word Australia, which means Southern Land in Latin.
# GIS

**GIS** may stand for **Geographic Information Sciences** or for **Geographic Information System**. These are two different but related things in geography. The Geographic Information Sciences include many fields of knowledge that help to understand geographic information while a Geographic Information System is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data and allow for the study of "layers" of geographic information.

GIS also known as **geographic information system** is a computer system made for capturing and displaying positions on the earth’s surface and portraying data in many different ways on maps. Its main job is to help in analyzing groups of data and in finding correlations or patterns. For example a map could use GIS to find out the amount of rubbish in one area, and also include how many factories and types of factories are in that area.

GIS can store information about a location and help provide knowledge on many different topics in a location. Users can specify a place via latitude and longitude, postal code or address. Then GIS can provide information about the people in that area including: income, population and education levels. It can also tell about physical things such as soil types, vegetation, water sources, manmade structures like buildings and roads.
# Stanford University

Stanford University| Campus from above |
| Motto | *Die Luft der Freiheit weht* |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1891 |
| Endowment | $17.2 billion |
| President | John L. Hennessy |
| Students | 17,256 |
| Undergraduates | 7841 |
| Postgraduates | 9688 |
| Location | Stanford, California, United States |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Nickname | Cardinal |
| Mascot | Cardinal |
| Website | www.stanford.edu |
|  |

The **Leland Stanford Junior University**, often called **Stanford University** (or simply **Stanford**), is a private university next to Palo Alto in California, in the middle of Silicon Valley,
about 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco and about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San José, in Santa Clara County. Leland and Jane Stanford opened the university on 1 October 1891. They named the university after their son, Leland Stanford Jr., who died at young age.

With one of the largest university campuses in the United States, the university includes the Schools of Engineering, Law, Medicine, Education, Business, Earth Sciences, and Humanities and Sciences. Stanford also hosts volunteer programs and a teaching hospital.

## History

Leland Stanford Jr. died in Europe in 1884. His parents, Leland and Jane Stanford, were rich and influential Californians. They chose to turn a farm they already owned into a large university as a memorial to their curious son. Stanford had early trouble, as the school ran low on money, and was hurt by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.

Herbert Hoover, who later became the US President, helped the school improve its operations, and later university leaders pushed students and alumni to develop the surrounding area. By the 1950s, cities around Stanford University were filling with technology companies, starting what became Silicon Valley.

## Campus

Stanford has many special areas. In honor of Stanford graduate and US president Herbert Hoover, Stanford hosts a large think tank and archive called the Hoover Institution. Many former students, like the founders of HP, donate lots of money and have buildings named after them. A large radio telescope called "The Dish" sits on the hills above Stanford.

## Student Body

Stanford has about 7,000 undergraduate students, and a larger number of students working on advanced degrees. Few high school students who apply to Stanford are accepted - over the last several years, only four out of every hundred students who applied were offered a spot.

## People who worked at or graduated from Stanford University

People who graduated from Stanford University are:

* Nicolas Sadirac (1989), founder and current head of the *École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies*

People who have worked at Stanford are:

* Mary Sheldon Barnes

## Related pages

* Volunteers in Asia - American non-profit organization closely related to Stanford
# Ecotourism

**Ecotourism** is the practice of going to another place other than one's place of origin to see the unique natural wildlife in that foreign place.

Eco+tourism forms a word ecotourism which literally means the tourism activities conducted over the attraction of ecological advantages.
# Organ (biology)

In biology, an **organ** is a group of tissues that work together in an organism. They specialise in particular vital functions. They create an organ system which, as a whole, is an organism.

These are examples of organs:

* Heart
* Lungs
* Brain
* Ear
* Eye
* Gall bladder
* Stomach
* Spleen
* Bones
* Pancreas
* Kidneys
* Liver
* Intestine
* Skin
* Uterus
* Bladder

## Classification

Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organism
# Cognitive psychology

**Cognitive psychology** is a branch of psychology that looks at basic actions of the mind. These are aspects of the higher brain, such as thought, feeling, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists often look at mental changes that happen after a stimulus (things that can be felt by the five senses) and before a behavioral response (what a person does after sensing something).

The general idea of cognitive psychology was surveyed in several 19th century works:

* Carpenter, William Benjamin 1874. *Principles of mental physiology*. London: Henry S. King. Reprinted: ISBN 1-85506-602-5
* James, William 1890. *Principles of psychology*. 2 vols, Harvard University Press. Reprinted by Dover Publications in 1950, vol 1: ISBN 0-486-20381-6, vol 2: ISBN 0-486-20382-4.

Cognitive psychology had its beginnings in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who came up with a theory of "stages" or "phases" that describe children's cognitive development.

## Major research areas

* **Perception **Learning **Memory **Psycholinguistics** (the psychology of language)
	+ Grammar and linguistics
	+ Phonetics, phonology, and acoustics
	+ Pragmatics
* **Thinking**

## Related pages

* Cognitive bias
* Social psychology
# Gnetophyta

| *Gnetophyta* |
| --- |
|  |
| *Welwitschia mirabilis* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Gnetophyta |
| Class: | Gnetopsida |
| Families & genera |
| *see text* |

The **Gnetophytes** are a group of seed plants with three genera. Their evolutionary relationships are unclear, but it is now clear that they are related to each other.

The three genera are:

* *Gnetum*
* *Welwitschia*
* *Ephedra*

By looking at the structure of these organisms (morphology) and the DNA (molecular taxonomy), scientists have found that *Gnetum* and *Welwitschia* are more closely related to each other than to *Ephedra*.