Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# English Reformation

King Henry VIII of England
The **English Reformation** was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers.

Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.

There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.

The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe overall.
# Dianthus

| *Dianthus* |
| --- |
|  |
| *Dianthus plumarius* flower |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Caryophyllaceae |
| Genus: | Dianthus L. |
| species |
|
About 300 species; see text |

Dianthus is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, found mainly in Europe and Asia, with a few species found south to north Africa, and one species (*D. repens*) in Arctic North America. Common names include **carnation** (*D. caryophyllus*), **pink** (*D. plumarius* and related species) and **sweet william** (*D. barbatus*). The name *Dianthus* is from the Greek words *dios* ("god") and *anthos* ("flower"), and was mentioned by the Greek botanist Theophrastus.

## Selected species

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * *Dianthus alpinus* - Alpine pink
* *Dianthus amurensis* - Amur pink
* *Dianthus anatolicus*
* *Dianthus arenarius* - Sand pink
* *Dianthus armeria* - Deptford pink
* *Dianthus barbatus* - Sweet William
* *Dianthus biflorus*
* *Dianthus brevicaulis*
* *Dianthus callizonus*
* *Dianthus campestris*
* *Dianthus capitatus*
* *Dianthus carthusianorum* - Carthusian pink
* *Dianthus caryophyllus* - Carnation or plove pink
* *Dianthus chinensis* - China pink
* *Dianthus cruentus*
* *Dianthus deltoides* - Maiden pink
* *Dianthus erinaceus*
* *Dianthus freynii*
* *Dianthus fruticosus*
* *Dianthus furcatus*
* *Dianthus gallicus* - French pink or Jersey pink
* *Dianthus giganteus*
* *Dianthus glacialis*
* *Dianthus gracilis*
* *Dianthus graniticus*
 | * *Dianthus gratianopolitanus* - Cheddar pink
* *Dianthus haematocalyx*
* *Dianthus japonicus*
* *Dianthus knappii*
* *Dianthus lusitanus*
* *Dianthus microlepsis*
* *Dianthus monspessulanus* - Fringed pink
* *Dianthus myrtinervius* - Albanian pink
* *Dianthus nardiformis*
* *Dianthus nitidus*
* *Dianthus pavonius*
* *Dianthus petraeus*
* *Dianthus pinifolius*
* *Dianthus plumarius* - Common pink
* *Dianthus pungens*
* *Dianthus repens* - Boreal carnation
* *Dianthus scardicus*
* *Dianthus seguieri* - Sequier's pink
* *Dianthus simulans*
* *Dianthus spiculifolius*
* *Dianthus squarrosus*
* *Dianthus subacaulis*
* *Dianthus superbus* - Large pink
* *Dianthus sylvestris*
* *Dianthus zonatus*
 |
# Income tax

Taxes that are based on how much money a person earns are called **income taxes**. There are many other sorts of taxes on businesses and property.

Now most countries have some sort of income tax. It is usually only for people who live in the country. How it is done varies a great deal both between countries and over time. Income tax can only work in a money economy, with reasonably accurate accounts and in an orderly society with reliable records. Income tax is generally worked out a percentage of a persons income. There may be an amount of income which is not taxed. The rate may be higher for people who have income above a set amount. It is usually worked out on a yearly basis.

For people who are employed the income tax is generally taken out of their pay by their employer who pays it to the government. People who run their own business have to produce accounts.

## History

William Pitt the Younger introduced a progressive income tax in 1798.
The first modern income tax was started in 1799 in Great Britain by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in his budget of December 1798, to pay for weapons and equipment for the French Revolutionary War. Pitt's income tax began at 2 old pence in the pound (​1⁄120) on incomes over £60 (worth about £5,500 in 2019), up to 2 shillings in the pound (10%) on incomes of over £200. Pitt hoped that the new income tax would raise £10 million a year, but in1799 it only raised a little over £6 million.

## Related pages

* Redistribution of income and wealth
# BBC Radio 3

| **BBC Radio 3** |
| --- |
|  |
| City of license | London |
| Broadcast area |  United Kingdom - National |
| Frequency | FM: 90 MHz - 93 MHz DAB: 12B Freeview: 703 Tiscali TV: 603 Virgin Media: 903 UPC Ireland: 909 Live Stream Real/WM |
| First air date | 30 September 1967 |
| Format | Classical, Jazz |
| Audience share | 1.2% (June 2008) |
| Owner | BBC BBC Radio |
| Website | BBC Radio 3 |

**BBC Radio 3** is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. It devotes most of its schedule to classical music. Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.

## Other websites

* BBC Radio 3  at bbc.co.uk
* Live Radio 3  at bbc.co.uk, from BBC iPlayer.
# The Independent

The Independent is a daily online newspaper in the United Kingdom, founded in 1986. Its sister paper, the **Independent on Sunday** is, as the name suggests, published on a Sunday.

Originally a broadsheet newspaper, it became a tabloid in 2006. The paper stopped being printed in March 2016 and is now only available online. It tends to take a liberal and centre to centre-left political position.
# East Midlands

East Midlands in England
The **East Midlands** is one of the regions of England and is the eastern half of the Midlands.

The counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire and most of Lincolnshire belong to this region.

The highest point in the region is Kinder Scout, in Derbyshire at 2,088 ft (636 m).

## Population and settlement

Its main cities are Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Derby, and Northampton. Leicester is officially the largest city in the region, although the largest area is the Nottingham Urban Area.

East Midlands Airport is situated between the three main cities of Derby, Leicester and Nottingham.

Midland Mainline and GNER trains go to London and to Birmingham and the South West.

The M1 motorway serves the three largest cities.

## History

A historical basis for such an area exists in the Five Burghs of the Danelaw. The current government office region was created in 1994.

## Local government

The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

| Map | Ceremonial county | Shire county /unitary | Districts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Derbyshire | 1. Derbyshire | High Peak, Derbyshire Dales South Derbyshire, Erewash Amber Valley, North East Derbyshire Chesterfield, Bolsover |
| 2. Derby |
| Nottinghamshire | 3. Nottinghamshire | Rushcliffe, Broxtowe Ashfield, Gedling Newark and Sherwood, Mansfield Bassetlaw |
| 4. Nottingham |
| Lincolnshire  | 5. Lincolnshire | Lincoln, North Kesteven South Kesteven, South Holland, Boston, East Lindsey, West Lindsey |
| Leicestershire | 6. Leicestershire | Charnwood, Melton Harborough, Oadby and Wigston Blaby, Hinckley and Bosworth North West Leicestershire |
| 7. Leicester |
| 8. Rutland |
| 9. Northamptonshire | South Northamptonshire, Northampton Daventry, Wellingborough Kettering, Corby East Northamptonshire |

## Other websites

* East Midlands Development Agency Archived 2006-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
* East Midland Directory Archived 2008-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
* East Midlands Regional Assembly Archived 2008-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Government Office for the East Midlands Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Government's list of councils in the East Midlands Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
* East Midland Network Exchange Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
# Bailiwick of Guernsey

The **Bailiwick of Guernsey** is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou.

A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.

## Other rocks and islets

The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13 km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.

Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.

The country code (also used for internet) is **GG**.

## Other websites

* "History of Little Lihou" Archived 2012-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Archeology on Lihou
# Catholic Monarchs

The **Catholic Monarchs** were Queen Isabella I of Castile (r. 1474–1504) and King Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516), whose marriage and joint rule marked the *de facto* unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; to remove the obstacle that this consanguinity would otherwise have posed to their marriage under canon law, they were given a papal dispensation by Sixtus IV. They married on October 19, 1469, in the city of Valladolid; Isabella was 18 years old and Ferdinand a year younger. It is generally accepted by most scholars that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their reign was called by W.H. Prescott "the most glorious epoch in the annals of Spain".

Spain was formed as a dynastic union of two crowns rather than a unitary state, as Castile and Aragon remained separate kingdoms until the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707–16. The court of Ferdinand and Isabella was constantly on the move, in order to bolster local support for the crown from local feudal lords. The title of "Catholic King and Queen" was officially bestowed on Ferdinand and Isabella by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in recognition of their defence of the Catholic faith within their realms.
# Francoist Spain

| Spanish State*Estado Español* |
| --- |
| 1936–1975 |
|
Flag (1945–1977)

Coat of arms (1945–1977)

 |
| **Motto:Una, Grande y Libre* ("One, Great and Free") *Plus Ultra* ("Further Beyond") |
| **Anthem:Marcha Granadera* ("Grenadier March") Duration: 2 minutes and 53 seconds.2:53 |
| Territories and colonies of the Spanish State:

* Spain, Ifni, Western Sahara and Guinea
* Protectorate in Morocco
* Tangier International Zone
 |
| Capitaland largest city | Madrid |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Religion  | Roman Catholicism (official) |
| Demonym(s) | Spanish, Spaniard |
| Government | Personalist Dictatorship |
| Head of state |   |
|  |
| • 1936–1975  | Francisco Franco |
|  |
| Head of Government |   |
|  |
| • 1938–1973  | Francisco Franco |
| • 1973  | Luis Carrero Blanco |
| • 1973–1975  | Carlos Arias Navarro |
|  |
| Legislature | *Cortes Españolas* |
| Historical era | World War II, Cold War |
|  |
| • Civil War  | 17 July 1936 |
| • Nationalist victory | 1 April 1939 |
| • Succession law  | 6 July 1947 |
| • UN membership  | 14 December 1955 |
| • Organic Law  | 1 January 1967 |
| • Franco's death  | 20 November 1975 |
|  |
| Area |
| 1940 | 796,030 km2 (307,350 sq mi) |
| Population |
|  |
| • 1940  | 25,877,971 |
|  |
| Currency | Spanish peseta |
| Calling code | +34 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Preceded by** | **Succeeded by** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist faction |
|  | Second Spanish Republic |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Spanish transition to democracy |  |

 |

 |
| Today part of |  Equatorial Guinea  Morocco  Spain  Western Sahara |

**Francoist Spain** (Spanish: *España franquista*) or the **Francoist dictatorship** ([dictadura franquista] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain. During this time period Spain was officially known as the **Spanish State** ([Estado Español] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)). After Franco’s death, Spain turned into a democracy.

During the Spanish Civil War, Francisco Franco led the nationalists supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The republicans were supported by the Soviet Union, Mexico, and France. The dictatorship was created right after the nationalists won. Francisco Franco made himself the Caudillo of Spain and ruled until his death in 1975.

## Francoism

Francoist demonstration in Salamanca in 1937
### Nationalism

Francisco Franco promoted ultranationalism. He did not allow the use of regional languages such as Catalan, Basque, Galician, and promoted Spanish as the only official language.
# David Silva

David Silva|  |
| Personal information |
| Full name |
David Josué Jiménez Silva |
| Date of birth |  (1986-01-08) 8 January 1986 |
| Place of birth |
Arguineguín, Spain |
| Height |
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Position(s) |
Midfielder |
| Team information |
| Current team |
Valencia |
| Number |
21 |
| Senior career\* |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004- 2004-2005 2005-2006 |
Valencia →Eibar (loan) →Celta Vigo (loan) |  |  |
| International career |
| 2006- |
Spain |  |  |
|
\*Club domestic league appearances and goals |

**David Silva** (born 8 January 1986) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia and Spain national team.

## Club career statistics

| Club statistics | League | Cup | Continental | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Spain | League |
Copa del Rey |
Europe | Total |
| 2004/05 | Eibar | Segunda División | 35 | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | 35 | 5 |
| 2005/06 | Celta Vigo | La Liga | 34 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 34 | 3 |
| 2006/07 | Valencia | La Liga | 36 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 49 | 9 |
| 2007/08 | 34 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 45 | 5 |
| 2008/09 | 19 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 25 | 5 |
| 2009/10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Country | Spain | 108 | 21 | 8 | 1 | 22 | 5 | 138 | 27 |
| Total | 108 | 21 | 8 | 1 | 22 | 5 | 138 | 27 |

## International career statistics

| Spain national team |
| --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2006 | 1 | 0 |
| 2007 | 10 | 2 |
| 2008 | 9 | 1 |
| 2009 | 12 | 3 |
| 2010 |  |  |
| Total | 32 | 6 |
# Holy Week in Spain

| Holy Week in Spain |
| --- |
| The distinctive cloaks and hoods (*capirotes*) of Spanish Holy Week processions |
| Official name | Semana Santa |
| Observed by | Spain |
| Type | Religious, Historical, Cultural |
| Significance | Commemoration of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus |
| Begins | Palm Sunday |
| Ends | Easter Sunday |
| Celebrations | Processions |

**Holy Week in Spain** is a holiday mostly celebrated by the Spanish speaking countries that celebrate Holy Week for Catholics.
# Bench

A bench made of stone.
Wooden bench of Esino Lario
A **bench** is a kind of chair, a place where people can sit. Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them. Benches are usually made of wood, metal, stone, and other synthetic things. Many benches have no back.

 Media related to Benches at Wikimedia Commons
# Diurnal

**Diurnality** is a form of plant and animal behavior characterized by activity during daytime. Animals that are active during the day are called **diurnal**. They hunt or feed during the day and sleep during the night. Nocturnal animals do it the other way round.

Scientists sometimes use the word *crepuscular* to describe nocturnal animals that are not active when it is very dark at night; they are mostly active near dawn, dusk, and sometimes when the moon makes a lot of light.
# Hedylidae

| Hedylidae |
| --- |
|  |
| *Macrosoma bahiata* |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| *Clade*: | Obtectomera |
| Superfamily: | Papilionoidea Scoble, 1986 |
| Family: | Hedylidae Guenée, 1857, nec. Bergh, 1895 |
| Genus: | *Macrosoma* Hübner, 1818 |
| Type species |
| *Macrosoma tipulata* Hübner, 1818  |
| Species |
|
see List of species |
| Diversity |
| 35 currently recognised species |
| Synonyms |
| * *Epirrita* Hübner, 1808 [unavailable name]
* *Hedyle* Guenée, 1857, type species *Hedyle heliconiaria* Guenée, 1857
* *Phellinodes* Guenée, 1857, type species *Phellinodes satellitiata* Guenée, 1857
* *Venodes* Guenée, 1857, type species *Phellinodes satellitiata* Guenée, 1857
* *Macrophila* Walker, 1862, type species *Macrosoma tipulata* Hübner, 1818
* *Hyphedyle* Warren, 1894, type species *Hedyle rubedinaria* Walker, 1862
* *Lasiopates* Warren, 1905, type species *Lasiopates hyacinthina* Warren, 1905
 |

**Hedylidae** is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order,
They are also called the "American moth-butterflies". Butterflies evolved from moths, and this group is rather moth-like.

They are living sister group to the butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. In 1986, Scoble combined all 35 species into a single genus Macrosoma. They are all entirely neotropical species from central and southern America and the Caribbean.

DNA sequence analysis of this group continues.
# IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

In chemical nomenclature, the **IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry** is a way of naming organic chemical compounds. It was created by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the *Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry* (informally called the Blue Book). Every possible organic compound should have a name. This name should be able to, every possible organic compound should have a name. This name should be able to create its own structural formula. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.

Some of the names of organic compounds are very long. This means that not every IUPAC name recommendations are not always followed. They are only used when it is important to show a unique chemical formula (or to be "unambiguous"). The common name (also called the trivial name) can be usually simpler than the IUPAC name. Structural formulas can also be more clear than IUPAC names. However, IUPAC names are sometimes be simpler than older names. For example, "ethanol" can be used instead of "ethyl alcohol".

* Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (2013). *Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013*. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.

## Other websites

* IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online version of several older editions of the IUPAC Blue Book)
* IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols, Terminology, etc. (includes IUBMB Recommendations for biochemistry)
* Bibliography of IUPAC Recommendations on Organic Nomenclature (last updated 11 April 2003)
* ACD/Name Software for generating systematic nomenclature
* ChemAxon Name <> Structure – ChemAxon IUPAC (& traditional) name to structure and structure to IUPAC name software. As used at chemicalize.org
* chemicalize.org A free web site/service that extracts IUPAC names from web pages and annotates a 'chemicalized' version with structure images. Structures from annotated pages can also be searched.
* Eller, Gernot A. (2006). "Improving the Quality of Published Chemical Names with Nomenclature Software" (PDF). *Molecules*. **9** (11): 915–928. doi:10.3390/11110915. PMC 6148558. PMID 18007396.
* American Chemical Society, Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology & Symbols
* Leigh, G. J.; Favre, H. A.; Metanomski, W. V. (1998). *Principles of Chemical Nomenclature. A Guide to IUPAC Recommendations* (PDF). Blackwell.
# Hydroformylation

Outline of the hydroformylation reaction. The linear product is on the left and the branched product is on the right.
**Hydroformylation** is a type of chemical reaction used to make aldehydes from alkenes, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen using a transition metal catalyst. It is an addition reaction that adds a formyl group to one side of the alkene double bond and hydrogen to the other.

## Products

Like all additions to alkenes, there are two possible products when the alkene is asymmetric. For hydroformylation, they are normally called the linear (or *n*) and branched (or iso) products. The linear product adds the carbonyl to the less substituted side of the bond, while the branched product adds it to the more substituted side. They are sometimes called the anti-Markovnikov and Markovnikov products, referencing Markovnikov's rule for hydrohalogenation. However, hydroformylation does not have a carbocation intermediate, so Markovnikov's rule does not apply.

Normally, the reaction gives a mixture of the two products, but the catalyst can be designed to make the reaction more regioselective. The linear product is more valuable, so most catalysts are designed to make as much of it as possible.

## Catalysts

The catalyst for the reaction is a coordination complex with a transition metal centre and *trans* hydrido and carbonyl ligands that take part in the reaction. Three other ligands are added for steric effects that control regioselectivity of the reaction.

The earliest catalyst used for this reaction was cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride (HCo(CO)4). The three non-reacting carbonyl ligands were replaced with tributylphosphine, which makes the reaction more selective for the linear product.

Replacing cobalt with rhodium and tributylphosphine with the even bulkier triphenylphosphine gives the modern catalyst, tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl hydride (HRhCO(PPh)3).
# Primary alcohol

What a primary alcohol looks like when displayed with a structural formula:
A **primary alcohol** is where no carbon atoms or just one carbon atom is connected to the hydroxyl-containing carbon atom. This allows a compound with a primary alcohol to have a slightly different chemical formula from a compound with a secondary alcohol or tertiary alcohol.