Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Collège Stanislas de Paris

Collège Stanislas|  |
| Former name | Maison d'éducation de la rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs |
| Type | local public Institution (EPLE) |
| Established | 1804 |
| Students | 3,623 |
| Location | France ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Website | www.stanislas.fr |
|  |

The **Collège Stanislas** also known as Stan, is a highly selective private Catholic school in Paris, located on "*Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs*" in the 6th arrondissement. It has more than 3,000 students, from preschool to *classes préparatoires* (classes to prepare students to enter the elite grandes écoles such as École Polytechnique, CentraleSupélec, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School and HEC Paris), and is the largest private school in France. Stanislas is considered one of the most prestigious and elite French schools. The school was ranked first in 2019 for high school.

## Former students

* Jacques Cousteau, a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water
* Anatole France, a French poet, critic, and novelist
# Charitable organization

American Cancer Society center
Red Cross House
A **charitable organization** is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations and charity. The organizations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause.

There are many well-known charities all over the world. Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross.

In England the National Council for Voluntary Organisations is the umbrella body for charities and not-for profit organizations. In Wales there is the Wales Council for Voluntary Action. In Scotland there is, the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations. In Northern Ireland there is the Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action.

## Related pages

* Donation
* Non-profit organization
* Philanthropy
* Pro bono
# Upington

**Upington** is a city in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is on the banks of the Orange River. The town was founded in 1873. It was originally called Olijvenhoutsdrift, olive trees are common in the area. It was later renamed after Sir Thomas Upington, Attorney-General and then Prime Minister of the Cape. At the start it was a mission station established in 1871 and run by Reverend Christiaan Schröder. The mission station now houses the Kalahari Orange Museum. The museum is also the home of a donkey statue, which recognises the enormous contribution that this animal made to the development of the region during the pioneering days of the 19th century.

Upington is at a height of 2,742 feet (835 metres). It is the closest large centre to the Augrabies Falls and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. The landscape is very arid but the soil is fertile and crops such as fruit are grown in irrigated fields. The area is best known for its export-quality grapes, raisins and wines, which are cultivated on the rich flood plains of the Orange River.
# Transvaal

"Vierkleur".
Map of Transvaal
The **Transvaal** (lit. *beyond the Vaal [pale river]*) is the name of an area of northern South Africa. At the start, it made up a great part of the independent Boer South African Republic. Before the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 it was the Transvaal Colony. It is one of the original provinces of the Union of South Africa from 1910 until 1994 with capital in Pretoria. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga and part of the North West Province. Even though it no longer exists as an administrative unit, the Transvaal is still a commonly used geographical term and retains its historical meaning.
# Roman Italy

Roman Italy under Augustus
 The "Praetorian Prefecture of Italy" (in yellow) stretched from the Danube river to North Africa
**Italia**, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula.

Italia was the home of the capital of the Roman Empire - Rome itself.

400 years later the Empire was much larger, but on the point of collapse. In the last period the Empire was governed from Byzantium (Constantinople), not Rome.
# Anglo-Corsican Kingdom

Flag of Corsica
The **Anglo-Corsican Kingdom** existed on the island of Corsica between 1794 and 1796. Officially,it was also known as the Kingdom of Corsica. It was a client state of the Kingdom of Great Britain. The state existed during the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1794, Britain sent a fleet to Corsica under Admiral Samuel Hood. It was during the fighting to capture Calvi that then-Captain Horatio Nelson lost the sight in his right eye. For a short time, Corsica was added to the dominions of King George III, chiefly by the exertions of Hood's fleet, and Paoli's cooperation.

The constitution was democratic, with a viceroy (Sir Gilbert Elliot) representing the King, an elected unicameral Parliament, and a Council that was the executive body of the Kingdom, with Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo as procureur-general-syndic (chief of the civil government) and later president of the council of state, at its head.
# Osprey

| Osprey |
| --- |
|  |
| An osprey preparing to dive. |
| Conservation status |
|  Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | **Pandionidae** |
| Genus: | Pandion |
| Binomial name |
| Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) |

 *Pandion haliaetus*
An **osprey** is a type of fish-eating bird. They are also known as 'fish hawk', 'sea hawk', and 'fish eagle'. It is a large bird measuring up to 60 cm (24 in) long from beak to tail. It has dark brown wings.

## Description

The osprey weighs 1.4–2 kg (3.0–4.4 lb) and is 52–60 cm (20–24 in) long with a 150–180 cm (5–6 ft) wingspan (the distance between the right wingtip and left wingtip when they are spread out). The back of the bird is brown and the belly is white. The head is white with a dark stripe across the eyes. The eyes are golden to brown and the beak (the mouth of a bird) is black. The legs and feet are white with black talons (nails of a bird).

The osprey has a short tail and long, narrow wings. Males and females look similar, but males are often paler. In flight, the osprey raises its wings in an arch shape, making it look like a gull.

## Conservation

### Scotland

Scotland is typical osprey habitat with lots of trees and lakes (called 'lochs'). Because of egg thieves and hunting, only two pairs of ospreys were left there in 1967. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds began to protect the nests. Ospreys have returned every year to the protected nest at Loch Garten. More than 1.5 million people have been to see them.

The number of ospreys in Scotland has increased a lot, but the population has been slow to spread. This is because ospreys often return to breed near to the place where they hatched. This has been shown in studies in the USA and Sweden.
# Lionel Jospin

| Lionel Jospin |
| --- |
| Jospin in 1996 |
|  |
| Prime Minister of France |
| **In office** 2 June 1997 – 6 May 2002 |
| President | Jacques Chirac |
| Preceded by | Alain Juppé |
| Succeeded by | Jean-Pierre Raffarin |
| Member of the Constitutional Council |
| **In office** 6 January 2015 – 11 March 2019 |
| Appointed by | Claude Bartolone |
| President | Jean-Louis Debré Laurent Fabius |
| Preceded by | Jacques Barrot |
| Succeeded by | Alain Juppé |
| First Secretary of the Socialist Party |
| **In office** 14 October 1995 – 2 June 1997 |
| Preceded by | Henri Emmanuelli |
| Succeeded by | François Hollande |
| **In office** 24 January 1981 – 14 May 1988 |
| Preceded by | François Mitterrand |
| Succeeded by | Pierre Mauroy |
| Minister of National Education |
| **In office** 12 May 1988 – 2 April 1992 |
| Preceded by | René Monory |
| Succeeded by | Jack Lang |
| Minister of Youth and Sport |
| **In office** 12 May 1988 – 16 May 1991 |
| Preceded by | Alain Calmat |
| Succeeded by | Frédérique Bredin |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born | (1937-07-12)12 July 1937 Meudon, Seine-et-Oise, France |
| Died | 22 March 2026(2026-03-22) (aged 88) Paris, France |
| Political party | Socialist Party |
| Spouse(s) | Élisabeth Dannenmuller (div). Sylviane Agacinski |
| Children | Eva and Hugo |
| Alma mater | Sciences Po École nationale d'administration |
| Signature |  |

**Lionel Robert Jospin** (French: [ljɔnɛl ʒɔspɛ̃]; 12 July 1937 – 22 March 2026) was a French politician. He served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.

Jospin was the Socialist Party candidate for President of France in the elections of 1995 and 2002. He was narrowly defeated in the final runoff election by Jacques Chirac in 1995. He ran for President again in 2002, and was eliminated in the first round due to finishing behind both Chirac and the far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen.

After his loss in the 2002 presidential election, he immediately announced his retirement from politics.

In January 2026, Jospin had surgery done and was sent to his home in Paris a few days later. He died on 22 March 2026 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

 Media related to Lionel Jospin at Wikimedia Commons

* Archives of the official web sites of Prime Minister Jospin: 1997–1998 Archived 2005-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, 1998–2000 Archived 2005-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2000–2002 Archived 2004-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Text of his major economic speech of Montreal in April 2009: The first lessons from the financial and economic crisis **(fr)** Archived 2014-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
# Martinique

A map of Martinique
Flag of Martinique
**Martinique** is an French island in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 1,128 km². Nearly 400,000 people live there.

Martinique was known by indigenous peoples of the Caribbean as Madiana or Madinina. It was colonized by the French in the 17th century, and they introduced racist slavery there as they spread it all around the world. France still claims to own the island today, even though there has been an independence movement.

The capital city is Fort-de-France. Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902 and killed 30,000 people).

A protest in Martinique against poisoning by pesticides
Martinique is well known for its zouk music. Artists such as Kassav' have made it famous over the years. Frantz Fanon, an important anti-colonial revolutionary, was born there.

Coat of arms of Martinque
The ethnic makeup of the country is: 90% African and Mixed African with anything from Chinese, East Indian or White. and 10% White, Amerindian, Chinese and East Indian.

## Related pages

* Guadeloupe, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

## Other websites

* Martinique Tourism Authority
# Autonomous Regions of Portugal

| Autonomous Region |
| --- |
|  |
| Category | 1st-level administrative division |
| Location | Portugal |
| Created by | Portuguese Republic Constitution |
| Created | 1976 |
| Number | 2 |
| Populations | 246,746 (Azores) 267,785 (Madeira) |
| Areas | 2,333 km² (Azores) 801 km² (Madeira) |
| Government | Regional Assembly Regional Government Representative of the Republic |
| Subdivisions | Municipality Parish |

The two **Autonomous Regions of Portugal** (Portuguese: *Regiões Autónomas de Portugal*) are the Azores (*Região Autónoma dos Açores*) and Madeira (*Região Autónoma da Madeira*).
# Gini coefficient

The Gini coefficient by countries (1989-2009)
The **Gini coefficient** (also known as the **Gini index** or **Gini ratio**) is a measure of differences in income. It was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912.

## Definition

The Gini coefficient is usually a number between 0 and 1 (or 0 to 100). 0 means a country where the income is equally distributed. On the other hand, 1 means that one person owns everything but the rest owns nothing. In reality, all scores are between 0.25 and 0.6 (between 25 and 60 on the 0 to 100 scale).

## Statistics

The table below is about the *world* Gini coefficient (not by single countries).

Income Gini coefficient
World, 1820-2005| Year | World Gini index |
| --- | --- |
| 1820 | 0.43 |
| 1850 | 0.53 |
| 1870 | 0.56 |
| 1913 | 0.61 |
| 1929 | 0.62 |
| 1950 | 0.64 |
| 1960 | 0.64 |
| 1980 | 0.66 |
| 2002 | 0.71 |
| 2005 | 0.68 |

The table below shows the income Gini coefficient of the United States from 1947 to 2009.

Income Gini coefficient
United States, 1947-2009| Year | pre-tax Gini |
| --- | --- |
| 1947 | 0.413 |
| 1967 | 0.397 |
| 1968 | 0.386 |
| 1970 | 0.394 |
| 1980 | 0.403 |
| 1990 | 0.428 |
| 2000 | 0.462 |
| 2005 | 0.469 |
| 2006 | 0.470 |
| 2007 | 0.463 |
| 2008 | 0.467 |
| 2009 | 0.468 |
# Pedro I of Brazil

| Pedro I |
| --- |
| *Duke of Braganza (more…)* |
|  |
| Emperor of Brazil |
| Reign | 12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831 |
| Coronation | 1 December 1822 |
| Predecessor | John VI (as King of Brazil) |
| Successor | Pedro II |
| King of Portugal |
| Reign | 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826 |
| Predecessor | John VI |
| Successor | Maria II |
|  |
| Born | (1798-10-12)12 October 1798 Queluz Palace, Queluz, Portugal |
| Died | 24 September 1834(1834-09-24) (aged 35) Queluz Palace, Queluz, Portugal |
| Burial | Monument to the Independence of Brazil |
| Spouse |

Maria Leopoldina of Austria
​ ​(m. 1817; died 1826)​

Amélie of Leuchtenberg
​ ​(m. 1829)​ |
| Issue | * Maria II, Queen of Portugal
* João Carlos, Prince of Beira
* Princess Januária, Countess of Aquila
* Princess Paula
* Francisca, Princess of Joinville
* Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil
* Princess Maria Amélia
* Illegitimate:
* Isabel Maria, Duchess of Goiás
* Maria Isabel, Countess of Iguaçu
 |
|

| Full name |
| --- |
| Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon |

 |
| House | Braganza |
| Father | John VI of Portugal |
| Mother | Carlota Joaquina of Spain |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Signature |  |

**Pedro I** (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal. He is best remembered as the man who declared Brazil independent from Portugal in 1822. When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. on 7 April 1831 Pedro I abdicated in favor of his son Dom Pedro II, and sailed for Europe.

## Regnal titles

|  |
| --- |
| Pedro I of Brazil **House of Braganza**Cadet branch of the **House of AvizBorn:** 12 October 1798  **Died:** 24 September 1834 |
| Regnal titles |
| **New title** Independence of Brazil |  **Emperor of Brazil** 12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831 | Succeeded by Pedro II |
| Preceded by John VI |  **King of Portugal** 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826 | Succeeded by Maria II |
# Seismic magnitude scales

**Seismic magnitude scales** are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake.

1. 1 Earthquake magnitude and ground-shaking intensity
2. 2 Magnitude scales
	1. 2.1 "Richter" magnitude scale
	2. 2.2 Other "Local" magnitude scales
		1. 2.2.1 Japan Meteorological Agency magnitude scale
	3. 2.3 Body-wave magnitude scales
		1. 2.3.1 mB scale
		2. 2.3.2 mb scale
		3. 2.3.3 mbLg scale
	4. 2.4 Surface-wave magnitude scales
	5. 2.5 Moment magnitude and energy magnitude scales
	6. 2.6 Energy class (K-class) scale
	7. 2.7 Tsunami magnitude scales
	8. 2.8 Duration and Coda magnitude scales
	9. 2.9 Macroseismic magnitude scales
	10. 2.10 Other magnitude scales

These are distinguished from seismic intensity scalesthat categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location.
# Point Loma, San Diego

**Point Loma** is a community in San Diego, California that is next to the ocean. Point Loma is a peninsula that has many hills and beaches. The community has a population of around 47,981 (also including the community of Ocean Beach).

Point Loma was important early on because many of the first European people landed on the peninsula to get into modern-day California. Today, Point Loma has two military bases, a national cemetery, a national monument, and a university.

In the government, Point Loma is represented in the City Council District 2.
# Suffrage

Votes for women! Hilda Dallas 1909
**Suffrage** is the right to vote. Most countries allow citizens to vote once they are legally an adult. In the past not all people were allowed to vote. In general, most countries today do not stop people of a different race or sex from voting.

Suffrage can also apply to states themselves. Article V. of the U. S. Constitution does not allow any amendment to take away the States' equal suffrage in the Senate.

Suffrage can also mean the right to be a public official. Some people call the right to run for office **candidate eligibility.Full suffrage** means both the right to vote and the right to seek office.

## Related pages

* Universal suffrage
* Voting age
* Women's suffrage
# Seamount

Bathymetric showing part of Davidson Seamount. The dots indicate significant coral nurseries.
Diagram of a submarine eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Water 3. Stratum 4. Lava flow 5. Magma conduit 6. Magma chamber 7. Dyke 8. Pillow lava) Click to enlarge.
A **seamount** is a mountain rising from the ocean sea floor. It does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and so is not an island. These are usually formed from submarine volcanoes. They are usually 1,000–4,000 metres (3,000–13,000 ft) in height from the sea floor.

The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of metres below the surface, and so are in the deep sea. There are an estimated 100,000 seamounts around the globe, but only a few have been studied. Seamounts come in all shapes and sizes, and follow a distinctive pattern of growth, activity, and death. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example Loihi seamount in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.

Over time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface. There wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called "guyots" or "tablemounts".

Seamounts are one of the most common oceanic ecosystems in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents attract plankton, corals, fish, and cetacea alike. Their effect has been noted by the commercial fishing industry, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are concerns about the effect of fishing on seamount ecosystems. There are well-documented cases of stock decline. 95% of ecological damage is done by bottom trawling, which literally scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.

Most seamounts are not yet to be studied, or even mapped. Bathymetry and satellite altimetry are two technologies used to collect data. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts. The Muirfield seamount is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses. As they get older, water eats away at their sides. This causes landslides which, in turn, may cause massive tsunamis.

## Related pages

* Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
* Saikaidō Seamounts
* Guyot
* Submarine volcano

## Other websites

* Earthref.org, Seamount Catalogue
* NOAA, Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska.
* USGS, Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
# Vila Real District

| District of Vila Real |
| --- |
| District |
| Coat of arms |
|  |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Norte |
| Historical province | Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro |
| No. of municipalities | 14 |
| No. of parishes | 268 |
| Capital | Vila Real |
| Area |
|  • Total | 4,328 km2 (1,671 sq mi) |
| Population |
|  • Total | 223,731 |
|  • Density | 52/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| ISO 3166 code | PT-17 |
| No. of parliamentary representatives | 5 |

The **District of Vila Real** (Portuguese: *Distrito de Vila Real* [ˈvilɐ ʁiˈaɫ] (listen)) is a district of northern Portugal. It has an area of 4,239 km2 (1,637 sq mi). The district is located east of Porto and north of the Douro River. It is bordering Galicia in the north and east, Braga District and Porto District in the west, Viseu District in the south and Bragança District in the east.

## Municipalities

The district has 14 municipalities:

* Alijó
* Boticas
* Chaves
* Mesão Frio
* Mondim de Basto
* Montalegre
* Murça
* Peso da Régua
* Ribeira de Pena
* Sabrosa
* Santa Marta de Penaguião
* Valpaços
* Vila Pouca de Aguiar
* Vila Real
# Fin whale

| Fin whale Temporal range:  |
| --- |
|  |
| A fin whale surfacing in Greenland |
|  |
| Size compared to an average human |
| Conservation status |
|  Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) |
|  Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) (Europe) |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Infraorder: | Cetacea |
| Family: | Balaenopteridae |
| Genus: | *Balaenoptera* |
| Species: | B. physalus |
| Binomial name |
| Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
| Subspecies |
| * *B. p. physalus*
* *B. p. quoyi*
 |
|  |
| Fin whale range |
| Synonyms |
|

List
* *Balaena physalus* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Balaena boops* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Balaena antiquorum* Fischer, 1829
* *Balaena quoyi* Fischer, 1829
* *Balaena musculus* Companyo, 1830
* *Balaenoptera rorqual* Lacépède, 1804
* *Balaenoptera gibbar* Lacépède, 1804
* *Balaenoptera mediterraneensis* Lesson, 1828
* *Balaenoptera jubartes* Dewhurst, 1834
* *Balaenoptera australis* Gray, 1846
* *Balaenoptera patachonicus* Burmeister, 1865
* *Balaenoptera velifera* Cope, 1869
* *Physalis vulgaris* Fleming, 1828
* *Rorqualus musculus* F. Cuvier, 1836
* *Pterobalaena communis* Van Beneden, 1857
 |

The **fin whale** (*Balaenoptera physalus*) is a huge baleen whale. It is the second largest animal on Earth (the blue whale is the biggest). This whale is sometimes called the "greyhound of the sea" because of its fast swimming speed; it can swim up to 23 mph (37 km/hr) in short bursts. The fin whale is also called the finback, finner, razorback, common rorqual, and herring whale.

The fin whale is a streamlined whale that is found worldwide; it is most common in the North Atlantic. There are three separate populations of fin whales, one in the North Pacific, one in the North Atlantic, and one in the Southern Hemisphere; they do not interbreed. Many groups of fin whales migrate between feeding grounds and breeding grounds. This whale usually swims in pods of 3-7 whales but larger groups (up to 300 animals) may form at rich feeding grounds.

## Diet and baleen

Fin whales are filter feeders that eat plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill and copepods) and small fish from the water. They have very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. Each side of the upper jaw has 270-470 baleen plates.
# Strathclyde

**Strathclyde** was a region in west Scotland. It is named after the River Clyde. The capital city of the region was Glasgow.

A long time ago, Strathclyde was also the name of one of the kingdoms which united to form Scotland.