# Mitosis

**Mitosis** is part of the cycle of cell division. During this process, the chromosomes of a cell are copied to produce two identical sets of chromosomes, and the cell's nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei.

Before mitosis begins, the cell creates an identical copy of its genetic material — a process known as replication. The genetic information is contained in the DNA of the chromosomes. At the start of mitosis, the chromosomes coil and become visible under a light microscope. Each chromosome then consists of two identical chromatids joined at a centromere. These identical chromatids are called *sister* chromatids.

Mitosis occurs in all types of dividing cells in the human body, except in sperm and ova, which are gametes or sex cells. Gametes are produced through a different type of cell division called meiosis.

## Phases of mitosis

A short diagram of mitosis
There are five phases of mitosis. Each phase is used to describe what kind of change the cell is going through. The phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

### Prophase

**Early prometaphase:** The nuclear envelope has gone, the microtubules interact with the kinetochores on the chromosomes
**Metaphase:** The centrosomes have moved to the poles of the cell and have established the mitotic spindle. The chromosomes have assembled at the metaphase plate
**Anaphase:** Lengthening nonkinetochore microtubules push the two sets of chromosomes further apart
**Telophase:** Reversal of prophase and prometaphase events
During prophase, chromatin (tangled-up DNA) in the nucleus condense into chromosomes (bunched-up DNA). Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers begin to form a bridge between the ends of the cell.

### Prometaphase

During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope around the chromosomes breaks down. Now there is no nucleus and the sister chromatids are free. A protein called a kinetochore forms at each centromere. Long thin proteins reach across from opposite poles of the cell and attach to each kinetochore.

### Metaphase

During metaphase, the pair of chromatids are aligned by the pushing and pulling of the attached kinetochore microtubules, similar to a game of "tug of war". Both sister chromatids stay attached to each other at the centromere. The chromosomes line up on the cell's equator, or center line, and are prepared for division. This is the longest phase of mitosis.

### Anaphase

During anaphase, the sister chromatids split apart and move from the cell's equator (metaphase plate) to the poles of the cell. The kinetochore is attached to the centromere. The microtubules hold on to kinetochore and shorten in length. Another group of microtubules, the non-kinetochore microtubules, do the opposite. They become longer. The cell begins to stretch out as the opposite ends are pushed apart.

### Telophase

Telophase is the final stage in mitosis: the cell itself is ready to divide. One set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. Each set is identical. The spindle fibers begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Also, a nucleolus appears within each new nucleus and single stranded chromosomes uncoil into invisible strands of chromatin.

## Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis, even though it is very important to cell division, is not considered a stage of mitosis. During cytokinesis, the cell physically splits. This occurs just after anaphase and during telophase. The cleavage furrow, which is the pinch caused by the ring of proteins, pinches off completely, closing off the cell.

The cell now has reproduced itself successfully. After cytokinesis, the cell goes back into interphase, where the cycle is repeated. If cytokinesis were to occur to a cell that had not gone through mitosis, then the daughter cells would be different or not function properly. One would still have the nucleus and the other would lack a nucleus. Cytokinesis is different in both animals and plant cells. In plant cells, instead of splitting into two halves, it forms a cell plate. This is a cell wall that forms between the two nuclei after they have split apart. This must happen because the cells have a rigid shape, and must be completely covered in the cell wall to function.