Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Lycoris (genus)

| *Lycoris* |
| --- |
|  |
| *Lycoris aurea* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Liliopsida |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Genus: | Lycoris Herb. |
| Species |
|
See text |

Lycoris is a genus of 13–20 species of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. In English they are also called hurricane lilies or cluster amaryllises.
# Snowdrop

| Snowdrop |
| --- |
|  |
| *Galanthus nivalis* common snowdrop |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Tribe: | Galantheae |
| Genus: | *Galanthus* L. |
| Type species |
| *Galanthus nivalis* L. |
| Synonyms |
| * *Erangelia* Reneaulme ex L.
* *Acrocorion* Adans.
* *Chianthemum* Siegert ex Kuntze
 |

The **snowdrop** is Galanthus, a genus of small herbaceous plants. There are about 20 species in this genus. They have two swordlike leaves and a small white bell-like drooping flower.

*Galanthus nivalis*: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885
# Narcissus (genus)

| Daffodil |
| --- |
|  |
| *Narcissus pseudonarcissus* flower |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Liliopsida |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Genus: | Narcissus L. |
| Subgenera, Species, Subspecies |
|
See text. |

Narcissus (Narcissi) (often called a **daffodil**) is the botanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the *Amaryllidaceae* family. They are native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia.

## Description

Perianth description
It has bright perianths (petals) with a darker central trumpet (paracorolla or "corona"). The petals can be a variety of colours: bright yellow (the most common); white; pale yellow; or even peach. Usually, there is one flower on each stem, but sometimes there are more than one. The long, narrow leaves are slightly greyish in colour and rise from the base of the stem.

During the winter, the flowering part of narcissi dies away, and the plant lives on underground in a bulb. A bulb is an onion-like structure, which is filled with food. The plant lives off this food during the winter, protected from the cold by the soil above.

## Other websites

* American Daffodil Society
* Gardening Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
# Hymenocallis

| *Hymenocallis* |
| --- |
|  |
| *Hymenocallis littoralis* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Liliopsida |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Genus: | Hymenocallis Salisb. |

Hymenocallis is a genus of plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. It contains some fifty species native to tropical and subtropical America. *Hymenocallis* are bulbous perennial herbs. The flowers have their stamens united to a characteristic corona.

## List of species

* *Hymenocallis acutifolia* (Herb. ex Sims) Sweet
* *Hymenocallis araniflora* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis arenicola* Northr.
* *Hymenocallis astrostephana* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis azteciana* Traub
* *Hymenocallis baumlii* Ravenna
* *Hymenocallis bolivariana* Traub
* *Hymenocallis caribaea* (L.) Herb.
* *Hymenocallis choctawensis* Traub
* *Hymenocallis choretis* Hemsl.
* *Hymenocallis cleo* Ravenna
* *Hymenocallis clivorum* Laferr.
* *Hymenocallis concinna* Baker
* *Hymenocallis cordifolia* Micheli
* *Hymenocallis coronaria* (Leconte) Kunth
* *Hymenocallis crassifolia* Herb.
* *Hymenocallis durangoensis* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis duvalensis* Traub ex Laferr.
* *Hymenocallis eucharidifolia* Baker
* *Hymenocallis fragrans* (Salisb.) Salisb.
* *Hymenocallis franklinensis* Ger.L.Sm.
* *Hymenocallis gholsonii* G.Lom.Sm. & Garland
* *Hymenocallis glauca* (Zucc.) M.Roem.
* *Hymenocallis godfreyi* G.L.Sm. & Darst
* *Hymenocallis graminifolia* Greenm.
* *Hymenocallis guatemalensis* Traub
* *Hymenocallis guerreroensis* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis harrisiana* Herb.
* *Hymenocallis henryae* Traub
* *Hymenocallis howardii* Bauml
* *Hymenocallis imperialis* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis incaica* Ravenna
* *Hymenocallis jaliscensis* M.E.Jones
* *Hymenocallis latifolia* (Mill.) M.Roem.
* *Hymenocallis leavenworthii* (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bauml
* *Hymenocallis lehmilleri* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis limaensis* Traub
* *Hymenocallis liriosme* (Raf.) Shinners
* *Hymenocallis littoralis* (Jacq.) Salisb.
* *Hymenocallis lobata* Klotzsch
* *Hymenocallis longibracteata* Hochr.
* *Hymenocallis maximilianii* T.M.Howard
* *Hymenocallis multiflora* Vargas
* *Hymenocallis occidentalis* (Leconte) Kunth
* *Hymenocallis ornata* (C.D.Bouché) M.Roem.
* *Hymenocallis ovata* (Mill.) M.Roem.
* *Hymenocallis palmeri* S.Watson
* *Hymenocallis partita* Ravenna
* *Hymenocallis phalangidis* Bauml
* *Hymenocallis pimana* Laferr.
* *Hymenocallis portamonetensis* Ravenna
* *Hymenocallis praticola* Britton & P.Wilson
* *Hymenocallis proterantha* Bauml
* *Hymenocallis pumila* Bauml
* *Hymenocallis puntagordensis* Traub
* *Hymenocallis pygmaea* Traub
* *Hymenocallis rotata* (Ker Gawl.) Herb.
* *Hymenocallis schizostephana* Worsley
* *Hymenocallis sonorensis* Standl.
* *Hymenocallis speciosa* (L.f. ex Salisb.) Salisb.
* *Hymenocallis tridentata* Small
* *Hymenocallis tubiflora* Salisb.
* *Hymenocallis venezuelensis* Traub
* *Hymenocallis woelfleana* T.M.Howard
# Wikispecies

Wikispecies logo
**Wikispecies** is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalog of all living things. It tells of how *species* are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the "directory of life".

It is designed to be written and used by scientists. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show their education but need to show their general understanding of the area.

It was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages.

The articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English.

The taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.

As of July 1, 2014, Wikispecies has over 400,000 articles.

## Other websites

* Official Site
* Simple English version
* WikiSpecies Community Portal
# Wikidata

Wikidata|  |
| Main page of Wikidata |
| Type of site | * Knowledge base
* Wiki
 |
| Available in | multiple languages |
| Owner | Wikimedia Foundation, Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering |
| Created by | Wikimedia community |
| URL | wikidata.org |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | 29 October 2012 (2012-10-29) |

**Wikidata** is a wiki that is a database, a collection of data on the internet. The information stored on Wikidata can be used by other websites including Wikipedia. Wikidata is designed so that humans and machines can read it. As of March 2019, it contains more than 55 million items and has 21 thousand active users. For example, it links all the different pages here to other wikis by languages.

Wikidata provides support for Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, and other wikis of the Wikimedia movement. Anyone can use it.
# Australian Plant Name Index

The **Australian Plant Name Index** (**APNI**) is an online database of all the names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details.

## Overview

The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.

Two search interfaces are offered:

* Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, a full search interface that delivers full results, with no automatic interpretation, and
* What's Its Name (WIN), a less powerful search interface that delivers concise results, together with automatic (and not always correct) interpretation.

Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.

* "Australian Plant Name Index". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
* "The Australian Plant Name Index: an on-line resource of Australian plant names, and What's Its Name ?". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
* Chapman, Arthur (1991). *Australian Plant Name Index (Australian Flora and Fauna Series **12—15**)*. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

## Other websites

* Official Australian Plant Name Index website Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine — *full detail search.*
* What's Its Name (WIN) — *full detail search.*
# Tribe (biology)

A **tribe** in biology is a monophyletic group inside a family. It is a term used in taxonomy.

More exactly, it is a rank above genus and below subfamily. The Hominini, the hominins, is the tribe to which our species belongs.
# Bulb

*For the electrical device that produces light, see Lightbulb.*
Shallots, a type of bulb that people use for food.
A **bulb** is the part of some plants that is mostly under the dirt and stores food while the plant rests from growing.

Some well-known bulbs people grow to use as food are onions and garlic. Some bulbs grown for the decorative flowers are lilies, tulips, and some irises.

Some plant storage organs that are similar to bulbs but have different names are tubers, corms (swollen stems), tuberous roots, and pseudobulbs.
# Inflorescence

*Gladiolus imbricatus*: a spike
*Lamium orvala*
A single 'sunflower' is a composite of many tiny flowers, a *pseudanthium*.
A catkin of the grey alder
An **inflorescence** is a flowering stem. The term is most used for a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem. An inflorescence is the reproductive portion of a plant; each plant bears its flowers in a specific pattern.

Whereas gymnosperms are mostly wind-pollinated, flowering plants are mostly pollinated by insects. There are some exceptions to this, for instance grasses are wind-pollinated. However, as a general rule, flowering plants rely on animals for their pollination.

Most flowers are pollinated by animals, usually insects. To be pollinated, *a flower needs to be seen*. Most insects have good colour vision, including vision in the ultra-violet (which humans do not have).
That is the reason many flowers have attractive colours.

Sometimes there is just a close bunch of flowers (e.g. *Antirrhinum*) on a *spike*. Sometimes the inflorescence is so tight it looks like one single flower. What you see as a single daisy is actually made of several hundred tiny flowers packed together. This kind of inflorescence is called a **pseudanthium** ("false flower").

## Advantages

The advantages of the inflorescence mode is all about reproduction compared to a single primitive flower of the *Magnolia* type.

NumbersThere may be dozens or even hundreds of flowers in an inflorescence, with many seeds or fruits for each flowering.
PollinationIncreased pollination is an important bonus. Massing flowers together makes them more visible to pollinating insects and birds.
Seed or fruit dispersalDispersal by wind or animals is improved by having the flowers at the top end of a stem.
* A raceme
* A spike
* Catkin (racemose or spicate)
* A spadix
* Head (round)
* Umbel
* Compound capitulum
* Compound (triple) umbel
* Panicle

## Related pages

* Multiple fruit

* Wilhelm Troll: *Die Infloreszenzen; Erster Band*. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1964
* Wilhelm Troll: *Die Infloreszenzen; Zweiter Band, Erster Teil*. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969
# Sphingidae

| Hawk moths |
| --- |
|  |
| Hummingbird hawk-moth *Macroglossum stellatarum* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Bombycoidea |
| (unranked): | Macrolepidoptera |
| Family: | **Sphingidae** |
| Subfamilies |
|
Macroglossinae
Smerinthinae
Sphinginae |

**Sphingidae** is a family of moths (Lepidoptera), commonly known as hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms. It includes about 1,450 species. It is best represented in the tropics but there are species in every region.

They can fly fast, and their wings can be linked by wing coupling. They can hover, and can move from side to side while hovering. This may be to deal with ambush predators that lie in wait in flowers.

## Species

There are around 1200 species of hawk moth, classified into around 200 genera. Some of the best known species are:

* Privet hawkmoth (*Sphinx ligustri*)
* Death's-head hawkmoth (*Acherontia atropos*)
* Lime hawk-moth (*Mimas tiliae*)
* Poplar hawk-moth (*Laothoe populi*)
* Catalpa sphinx (*Ceratomia catalpae*)
* Hummingbird hawk-moth (*Macroglossum stellatarum*)
* Elephant hawk moth (*Deilephila elpenor*)
* Vine hawk moth (*Hippotion celerio*)
* Spurge hawk moth (*Hyles euphorbiae*)
* Oleander hawk moth (*Daphnis nerii*)
* Tomato worm (*Manduca quinquemaculata*)
# Perianth

A mature flower. In this example the perianth is separated into a calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)
The **perianth** (**perigonium**, **perigon** or **perigone** in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower. It forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs.

It includes the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) when called a perigone.

The term *perianth* is got from the Greek περί (*peri*, "around") and άνθος (*anthos*, "flower"). *Perigonium* is got from περί (*peri*) and γόνος (*gonos*, "seed, sex organs").

In the mosses and liverworts (Marchantiophyta), the perianth is the sterile tubelike tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure (or developing sporophyte).
# Alcohol (chemistry)

In chemistry, **alcohol** is a general term which refers to many organic compounds used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. Common alcohols include rubbing alcohol, grain alcohol, wood alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, and phenol.

Simple alcohols are made of an alkyl group with one or more hydroxyl (−OH) groups bound to its carbon atoms. They are often transparent colorless liquids.

## Names for alcohol

There are two ways of naming alcohols: Common names, and IUPAC names.

* Common names often are made by taking the name of the alkyl group, and adding the word "alcohol". For example, "methyl alcohol" or "ethyl alcohol".
* IUPAC names are made by taking the name of the alkane chain, removing the last "e", and adding "ol". Examples of this are "methanol" and "ethanol".

## Properties

The hydroxyl (OH) group makes alcohols polar, and they can form hydrogen bonds. Alcohols are weakly amphoteric, meaning they are both a weak acid and a weak base: they react with strong bases to make alkoxide anions, and strong acids to make oxonium cations.

Most alcohols are highly flammable.

## Common alcohols

The simplest two alcohols are methanol (or methyl alcohol) and ethanol (or ethyl alcohol), which have the following structures:

* Methanol
* Ethanol

IUPAC nomenclature is used when describing more complex alcohols.

In common usage, "alcohol" often means ethanol or "grain alcohol". (See also: alcoholic proof).

Other commonly used alcohols include:

* Isopropyl alcohol (*sec*-propyl alcohol, propan-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C−CH(OH)−CH3, or "rubbing alcohol"
* ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HOCH2−CH2OH, which is the main substance in antifreeze
* glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HOCH2−CH(OH)−CH2OH, bound in natural fats and oils, which are triglycerides (esters of glycerol and fatty acids)
* phenol C6H5OH, an alcohol where the hydroxyl group is bound to a benzene ring.

Possible long term side effects in humans
# Nectar

Nectar of camellia
An Australian painted lady feeding on a flower's nectar
Nectaries in the base of this flower produce a lot of nectar
**Nectar**, in botany, is a clear liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is sweet because it has sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth of the flower. This means the animal trying to get the nectar has to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce.

Some plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.

Nectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Some plants give off very rich scents.Plants need water warmth and sunlight

## Extrafloral nectaries

Extrafloral nectaries (not in the flower) are specialised nectar-secreting plant glands. They develop outside flowers, and are not involved in pollination.

In contrast to floral nectaries, nectar produced outside the flower generally has a defensive function. The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects around, they work as 'bodyguards'.

Extrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of vascular plants belonging to 745 genera and 108 families, 99.7% of which belong to flowering plants (angiosperms). This is 1.0 to 1.8% of all known species. They are most common among eudicots, occurring in 3642 species (of 654 genera and 89 families). They often occur in rosids.
# Royal Horticultural Society

Royal Horticultural Society| Reflections of the RHS Chelsea flower show, 2010 |
| Abbreviation | RHS |
| Formation | 7 March 1804 (1804-03-07) |
| Type | Charitable organization |
| Purpose | Promote gardening and horticulture |
| Region served  | United Kingdom |
| President | Elizabeth Banks |
| Website | www.rhs.org.uk |

**The Royal Horticultural Society** (**RHS**) was founded in 1804 in London, England. It was originally called the Horticultural Society of London, and was renamed in 1861. The RHS is the UK's leading gardening charity.

The RHS helps to protect plants, gardens and parks. It also helps people learn gardening, and encourages people to grow their own food.

It holds flower shows such as the RHS Chelsea Flower Show, Hampton Court Palace Flower Show, RHS Tatton Park Flower Show and RHS Cardiff Flower Show.

The RHS has several gardens. The four main gardens are: Wisley Garden in Surrey, Rosemoor Garden in Devon, Hyde Hall in Essex, and Harlow Carr in North Yorkshire.

## Medals and awards

The society honours certain people with the Victoria Medal of Honour, and the Banksian, Knightian and Lindley medals. It awards Gold, Silver-gilt, Silver, and Bronze medals to exhibitors at its flower shows. The Veitch Memorial Medal is awarded each year for an outstanding contribution to the science and practice of horticulture.

Other awards bestowed by the society include the *Associate of Honour* and the *Honorary Fellowship*.

The Award of Garden Merit, or AGM, is for garden plants that have been extensively tested by the society, and are recommended.

## Collections

The RHS works to help keep collections of cultivated plants. Some of these collections are kept by the RHS, and others are kept by other people who send documents and dried plant samples to the RHS.

The Lindley Library of the RHS has five branches. The library began as the book collection of John Lindley.

The RHS Herbarium has many dried plant specimens. It also has its own image library with more than 3,300 original watercolours, approximately 30,000 colour slides and many digital images.

## Publications

### Magazines

The society has published a magazine since 1866. Since 1975 it has had the title *The Garden* and is currently published monthly. The RHS publishes *The Plantsman* and *The Orchid Review* four times a year. *Hanburyana* is published once a year. It is about horticultural taxonomy.

### Plant registers

Since the International Registration Authorities for plants were formed in 1955, the RHS has been the official "Registrar" for some groups of cultivated plants. It is now Registrar for nine categories – conifers, clematis, daffodils, dahlias, delphiniums, dianthus, lilies, orchids and rhododendrons. It publishes The International Orchid Register Archived 2006-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, the central list of orchid hybrids.

* Brent Elliott (2004). *The Royal Horticultural Society, A History 1804-2004.* Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-272-2

## Other websites

* Official website
# Alkaloid

Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid
Caffeine
An **alkaloid** is a chemical compound that can be made naturally. They contain basic nitrogen atoms. The name comes from the word alkaline and was used to describe any alkaline containing nitrogen. Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from basic substances by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.

## Well-known alkaloids

All of the following alkaloids are produced by flowering plants. They are one of the main ways plants reduce or avoid being eaten by herbivores.

* Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and a stimulant, is an illegal drug when it is not used medically.
* Caffeine, used as a stimulant, is used as something addictive in coffee or tea. In this case and the following, herbivores can eat the leaves but they get heart palpitations if they eat too many.
* Nicotine, used as a stimulant in cigarettes, can also be used to treat certain forms of epilepsy.
* Morphine is made on large scales for using in treating severe pain. In a special slow-release form, it is sometimes used to help people get away from drug addiction.
* Quinine, used to treat certain forms of malaria, is sometimes used to give food a bitter taste.
* Curare, the poison dart substance, is originally a plant product from *Strychnos toxifera*, which is later concentrated in poison dart frogs.
* Strychnine and brucine are toxic alkaloids produced by *Strychnos nux-vomica*. This is a close relative of *S. toxifera*.