Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Morning

Morning, just after dawn on a farm in Namibia (2014)
**Morning** is:

* Period from sunrise to midday.
* Period from 6:00 AM to midday.

## Morning activities

Many people use the morning as a time to get ready for the daytime. This includes things like taking a shower, eating a meal (called breakfast, because you break the fast of the evening) and getting dressed. Then many people go to work or school.

Many people buy a morning newspaper to read about what is going on in the world.
# Afternoon

Visitors to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City during the late afternoon
**Afternoon** is:

* Period from midday to sunset.
* Period from midday to 6:00 PM.

It is considered the period with many urban activities, noisy streets, many people working, kids at school and open businesses.
# Evening

Evening in Ibirapuera Park, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
**Evening** is:

* Period from dusk to midnight.
* Period from 6:00 PM to midnight.

This is the period when people usually watch television, go to social events, return home after work and get ready for bedtime.
# Circadian rhythm

A **circadian rhythm** is a rhythm that repeats about every 24 hours. Plants and animals have these built-in cycles which allow them to flower at the right time, sleep at the right time, etc.

These cycles are also called **circadian clocks**. The word "circadian" comes from the Latin *circa*, "around", and *dies*, "day", meaning "about a day". Biological time-keeping rhythms include daily, tidal, weekly, seasonal, and annual rhythms. However, most of these rhythms repeat once a day, so they are called circadian from the Latin *circa* (about) *dies* (a day).

Circadian clocks are the internal clocks which make sure that the organism is doing the right thing at the right time. With more complex animals there is the matter of sleep, which seems to be universal amongst animals which have a brain.

Circadian rhythms do some amazing things, especially in the oceanic animals whose eggs are fertilised externally. This means the eggs and sperm have to be released at the same time by both sexes of the same species. Little is known about the physiology of how this coordination is achieved.

Animal clocks have three main parts:

* a central biochemical oscillator with a period of about 24 hours that keeps time;
* a series of input pathways to this central oscillator to allow the clock to adjust itself;
* a series of output pathways that regulate rhythms in biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour throughout an organism.

In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" in fruit flies (*Drosophila*).

The circadian rhythms, also called the "biological clock" or the "body clock", of humans and other animals, regulate many bodily functions including feeding, sleeping, body temperature and hormone production.

## Plants

The actual machinery in plants, fungi and bacteria are different from those in the animal clock. However, they do the same kind of thing in practice.
# Calendar date

A **Calendar date** is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. With the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. With a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. This can be seen easiest when comparing the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar.

Calendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) One example may be Easter. In the Middle Ages, it has been fixed that Easter is to be the first Sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox.

Most calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. Sometimes the week is added.

## Other websites

* On This Day In History
# Solar calendar

A **solar calendar** is a calendar based on the position of the earth in relation to the sun. There are tropical solar calendars.
There are non-solar calendars like sidereal calendars and lunar (moon) calendars As well as hybrids including lunisolar calendars, a hybrid of solar days and lunar months.

## Other websites

* Jewish Calendar
* Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)
# Lunar calendar

Full moon
A **lunar calendar** is a calendar that is based on the phases of the Moon. Because there are slightly more than twelve lunar months (29.53 days each) in a solar year, the period of 12 lunar months (354.37 days) is sometimes referred to as a **lunar year**.

A common purely lunar calendar is the Islamic calendar.The First Islamic Calendar was First introduced in the reign of 2nd khalipha Umar ibn khitab(r.a). It is calculated from one crescent moon to the next crescent moon. A feature of the Islamic calendar is that a year is always 12 months. So the months are not linked with the seasons. They drift each solar year by 11 to 12 days. It comes back to the position it had in relation to the solar year approximately every 33 Islamic years. It is used mainly for religious purposes, but in Saudi Arabia it is the official calendar. Other lunar calendars often include extra months added occasionally to synchronize it with the solar calendar.

The oldest known lunar calendar was found in Scotland. It dates back to around 8,000 BC.
# Phases of the Moon

There are 8 phases of the moon.

The **phases of the Moo moo cow** are the different ways the Moo looks from Earth.

As the Moo orbits around the Earth, the half of the Moo that faces the Sun will be lit up. The different shapes of the lit portion of the Moo that can be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moo. Each phase repeats itself every 29.5 days.

The same half of the Moo always faces the Earth, because of tidal locking. So the phases will always occur over the same half of the Moo's surface.

## Phases

Animation of the moo phases
A phase is an angle of the Moo to the Earth so it appears differently every day. The Moo goes through eight main phases.

* A *new moo* is when the moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the Moon. The *new moon* phase occurs when the Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun. A solar eclipse can only happen with a new moon.
* A *waxing crescent moo* is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent grows (or "waxes") in size from one day to the next. This phase is usually only seen in the west.
* The *first quarter moo* (or a *half moon*) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen after the *waxing crescent* phase. It comes a week after a new moon.
* A *waxing gibbous moo* occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape grows (or "waxes") in size from one day to the next. The *waxing gibbous* phase occurs between the first quarter and full moon phases.
* A *full moo* is when we can see the entire lit portion of the Moon. The *full moon* phase occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, called opposition. A lunar eclipse can only happen with a full moon.
* A *waning gibbous moo* occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape shrinks (or "wanes") in size from one day to the next. The *waning gibbous* phase occurs between the full moon and third quarter phases.
* The *last quarter moo* (or a *half moon*) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the *waning gibbous* phase.
* A *waning crescent moo* is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent shrinks (or "wanes") in size from one day to the next.

## Related pages

* Extraterrestrial sky
* Phases of the Earth
* Lunar eclipse
* Solar eclipse
# Midnight

00:00 in Rome.
**Midnight** is the opposite of solar noon. On computer clocks, the day changes to the next day the minute(s) after midnight.

## On the clock

Midnight is:

* **12:00 AM** in the 12-hour clock.
* **00:00** in the 24-hour clock.

## Start and end of the day

In the world, midnight is the start of one day and the end of the last day. It is the dividing point between two days. In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers usually show 12am. right at midnight. However, people have to remember that any time is actually an instant. The **am** shown on clock displays means the 12-hour period after the instant of midnight. So when a clock says **12am**, midnight has already passed and a new day has started. In other words, 11:59 pm shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight, it changes to 12:00. At the same time, the **pm** changes to **am**, but **am** does not mean the instant of midnight which separates **pm** and **am**.
# 12-hour clock

A typical analog 12-hour clock
The **12-hour clock** is a method of telling the time in which the civil day runs from midnight until next midnight.

* **AM** (**ante meridiem**) = midnight to midday.
* **PM** (**post meridiem**) = midday to midnight.

The following numbers (used twice in the same civil day) of hours are: 12 (acting as 0), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, with **AM** or **PM**.

Both names are from Latin and **ante meridiem**, means "before midday" and **post meridiem** means "after midday".

A world map that shows if time is normally written as 12-hour or 24-hour in each country  Writes in 24-hour normally  Writes in both formats by different people  Writes in 12-hour normally
The 12-hour time is common in several English-speaking countries and former British colonies (such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the English speaking parts of Canada or India), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted convention for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12:00 PM" means 12 o'clock midday, while "12:00 AM" means 12 o'clock midnight.

| 24-hour clock | 12-hour clock | Military time | Period |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 00:00 | 12:00 AM Midnight | 0000 LT | Postmidnight |
| 01:00 | 1:00 AM | 0100 LT |
| 02:00 | 2:00 AM | 0200 LT |
| 03:00 | 3:00 AM | 0300 LT |
| 04:00 | 4:00 AM | 0400 LT |
| 05:00 | 5:00 AM | 0500 LT |
| 06:00 | 6:00 AM | 0600 LT | Morning |
| 07:00 | 7:00 AM | 0700 LT |
| 08:00 | 8:00 AM | 0800 LT |
| 09:00 | 9:00 AM | 0900 LT |
| 10:00 | 10:00 AM | 1000 LT |
| 11:00 | 11:00 AM | 1100 LT |
| 12:00 | 12:00 PM Midday Noon | 1200 LT | Afternoon |
| 13:00 | 1:00 PM | 1300 LT |
| 14:00 | 2:00 PM | 1400 LT |
| 15:00 | 3:00 PM | 1500 LT |
| 16:00 | 4:00 PM | 1600 LT |
| 17:00 | 5:00 PM | 1700 LT |
| 18:00 | 6:00 PM | 1800 LT | Evening |
| 19:00 | 7:00 PM | 1900 LT |
| 20:00 | 8:00 PM | 2000 LT |
| 21:00 | 9:00 PM | 2100 LT |
| 22:00 | 10:00 PM | 2200 LT |
| 23:00 | 11:00 PM | 2300 LT |

## Related pages

* 24-hour clock
* Clock
* Time
# Standard time

**Standard time** is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.

**Standard time** can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.

## History

### Great Britain

Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.

### North America

Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.

## Criticism

Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.

## More reading

* Ian R. Bartky (Jan 1989). "The adoption of standard time". *Technology and Culture*. **30** (1): 25–56. doi:10.2307/3105430. JSTOR 3105430. S2CID 111724161.
* Eviatar Zerubavel (July 1982). "The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective". *The American Journal of Sociology*. **88** (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/227631. S2CID 144994119.
# Midday

by Alexey Bogolyubov, depicting shadows from the sun at its highest point over the city of Baku.

**Midday** or **noon** is the time exactly halfway through the daytime.

**Solar midday** is when the sun appears the highest in the sky in zenith, compared to its positions during the rest of the daytime. It occurs when the Sun is exactly halfway between dawn and dusk. This is also the origin of the terms **am** and **pm**, ante meridiem and post meridiem. At solar midday, the sun is due south seen from the Northern Hemisphere, and due north seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The sun is directly overhead at solar midday at the Equator on the equinoxes; at Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23½°N) on the summer solstice in June; and at Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on the summer solstice in December.

Because of the use of time zones and daylight saving time, the highest point of the sun and a clock time of midday are usually different.

The opposite of midday is midnight.

## On the clock

Midday is:

* **12:00 PM** in the 12-hour clock.
* **12:00** in the 24-hour clock.

## Cultural meanings

In traditional magical thinking, **midday** represents with heaven, order and life.
# Sidereal time

**Sidereal time** is a time-keeping system. It is used by astronomers to find celestial objects. Using sidereal time it is possible to point a telescope to the proper coordinates in the night sky.

Sidereal time is a "time scale based on Earth's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars".

Because the Earth moves in its orbit about the Sun, a mean solar day is about four minutes longer than a **sidereal day**. Thus, a star appears to rise four minutes earlier each night, compared to solar time. Different stars are visible at different times of the year.

By contrast, solar time is reckoned by the movement of the Earth from the perspective of the Sun. An average solar day (24 hours) is longer than a sidereal day (23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds) because of the amount the Earth moves each day in its orbit around the Sun.

## Related pages

* Rotation period
# Tropics

World map of the **tropical zone** highlighted in red.
The **tropics** are the region of the Earth near to the equator and between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) in the southern hemisphere. This region is also referred to as the **tropical zone** and the **torrid zone**.

This area includes all the areas of the Earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhead at least once a year. The word "tropics" comes from Greek *tropos* meaning "turn", because the apparent position of the Sun moves between the two tropics within a year.

The word *Tropical* specifically means places near the equator. The word is also sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate, a climate that is warm to hot and moist year-round. This includes tropical rainforests with lush vegetation. However, there are mountains in the tropics that are anything but "tropical" in this sense, with even alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mt. Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Places in the tropics which are hot and dry include the Atacama Desert, Sahara Desert, Central Africa, most parts of Western Africa and Northern Australian Outback.

Some parts of Eurasia are also in the tropical zone.

People in some tropical places call their seasons "dry"/"hot" and "rainy"/"wet", especially where the seasons are made by monsoons. Tropical cyclones form in tropical ocean areas, and some move from there into the temperate zone. Tropical plants and animals are native to the tropics or the Torrid zone.
# Leap second

A **leap second** is adding one extra second to time sometimes. This is done to fix the small difference between very exact time (kept by atomic clocks) and the less exact solar time (based on the Earth’s rotation). The time system we use (UTC) would get too far ahead of solar time without these fixes. Leap seconds were first used in 1972. Since then, 27 leap seconds have been added, the last one on December 31, 2016. All of them added one second. Taking away a second is possible, but it has never happened.

The Earth's rotation speed changes because of weather and natural events. This makes leap seconds hard to predict. A group called the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) decides when to add them, usually about six months before, so the difference between UTC and solar time never gets bigger than 0.9 seconds.

Leap seconds cause problems, especially for systems that need very exact timing. Some computers do not update correctly, so their time can be wrong. After many years of talks, it was decided in November 2022 that leap seconds will be stopped by or before 2035.
# Icelandic language

| Icelandic |
| --- |
| **íslenska** |
| Pronunciation | [is(t)lɛnska] |
| Native to |  Iceland  Norway  Denmark  United States  Canada  Brazil  Sweden  Poland  Australia  Germany  Finland |
| Native speakers | 320,000 (2011) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Germanic
	+ North Germanic
		- West Scandinavian
			* **Icelandic**
 |
| Writing system | Latin (Icelandic alphabet) Icelandic Braille |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Iceland  Gimli, Canada |
| Recognised minority language in |  Canada  Denmark  Norway  United States |
| Regulated by | Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in an advisory capacity |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `is` |
| ISO 639-2 | `ice (B)` `isl (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `isl` |
| Linguasphere | `52-AAA-aa` |
|

**Icelandic** is the language spoken by the people of Iceland.

It is a Germanic language. It comes from the Old Norse language, the language spoken by the Vikings. Because Iceland is far away from other countries, the language has not changed much. Icelandic people can still read words from hundreds of years ago.

Icelandic uses four characters that are not used in English: þ (thorn), (like 'th' in thin), ð (edh), (like 'th' in this), æ (pronounced like I) and ö (pronounced like the French U). It can also be said that ð is a "softer" version of þ.

Some linguists say there are only two Nordic languages, Eastern-Nordic and Western-Nordic, which includes Icelandic and Faroese because of their similarity.

Icelandic is also one of the most difficult languages to learn.
# Old English

| Old English |
| --- |
| Anglo-Saxon |
| *Ænglisċ, Englisċ, Anglisc* |
| A detail of the first page of the *Beowulf* manuscript, showing the words "ofer hron rade", translated as "over the whale's road (sea)". It is an example of an Old English stylistic device, the kenning. |
| Pronunciation | [ˈeŋɡliʃ] |
| Region | England (except the extreme south-west and north-west), southern and eastern Scotland, and the eastern fringes of modern Wales. |
| Ethnicity | Anglo Saxons |
| Era | mostly developed into Middle English and Early Scots by the 13th century |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Germanic
	+ West Germanic
		- Ingvaeonic
			* Anglo-Frisian
				+ Anglic
					- **Old English**
 |
| Dialects | * Kentish
* Mercian
* Northumbrian
* West Saxon
 |
| Writing system | Runic, later Latin (Old English alphabet). |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-2 | `ang` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ang` |
| ISO 639-6 | `ango` |
| *Glottolog* | `olde1238` |
|

**Old English** (*Englisċ* or *Ænglisc*) or **Anglo-Saxon**, was spoken in Anglo-Saxon England from 450 AD to 1100 AD. It was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, who came to Great Britain from what are now Germany and Denmark. Different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms spoke different dialects, but a western dialect became the main literary version. Both modern languages of England and Scotland (English and Scots) came from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.

Old English is a West Germanic language and developed out of Ingvaeonic, which is very different from Modern English because it is closer to German than to English and has for its closest relatives Old Frisian and Old Saxon. It has many more Germanic words, difficult grammar and complex inflections.

In early centuries, Old English was rarely written down, and even then, it was in runes. After the 8th century, the Latin alphabet was used more often by churchmen like the Venerable Bede. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman, which gradually turned into Middle English.

The epic poem *Beowulf* is written in Old English in an alphabetic script.

Old English comparison| Languages | wordlist |
| --- | --- |
| English | apple | path | eat | tide | make | child | give | day |
| Old English | æppel | pæþ | etan | tid | macian | cild | giefan | dæg |
| German | Apfel | Pfad | essen | Tide | machen | Kind | geben | Tag |

## Other websites

* Old English -Citizendium
# Danish language

| Danish |
| --- |
| **dansk** |
| Pronunciation | [d̥anˀsɡ̊] |
| Native to | Denmark, Greenland, Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) |
| Native speakers | 5.6 million (2007) |
| Language family | Indo-European
* Germanic
	+ North Germanic
		- East Scandinavian
			* **Danish**
 |
| Writing system | Latin script (Danish alphabet) Danish Braille |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Denmark  Faroe Islands (Denmark)
 European Union Nordic Council

---

Minority language:  Germany  Greenland (Denmark)  Iceland |
| Regulated by | Dansk Sprognævn ("Danish Language Committee") |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `da` |
| ISO 639-2 | `dan` |
| ISO 639-3 | `dan` |
| Linguasphere | `& -ca to -cj 52-AAA-bf & -ca to -cj` |
|

Map of Danish dialects
Spoken Danish
**Danish** is the Germanic language spoken in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and parts of Greenland and Germany (Southern Schleswig). Around 5.5 million people speak Danish. It is used as a second language in Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Danish people, or *Danes*, call their language *dansk*.

Here are some simple words in Danish:

| English | Danish |
| --- | --- |
| Hello | Hej |
| Goodbye | Farvel |
| Thank you | Tak |
| Where are you from? | Hvor kommer du fra? |
| With | Med |
| I | Jeg |
| Yes | Ja |
| No | Nej |
| Welcome | Velkommen |
| am/are/is | Er |
| English | Engelsk |
| If | Hvis |
| I love you | Jeg elsker dig |
| Room | Værelse |
| Copenhagen | København |
| Bill | Regning |
| Food | Mad |
| Okay | Okay |
| Umbrella | Paraply |
| Where | Hvor |
| Who | Hvem |
| Which | Hvilken/hvilket |
| The price | Prisen |
| Where is | Hvor er |
| Airport | Lufthavn |
| Road | Vej |
| Rooster | Hane |
| Chicken | Kylling |
| Fish | Fisk |
| Vegetarian | Vegetar |
| Compare | Sammenligne |
| Train | Tog |
# Solar year

The **solar year** (also called **tropical year**) is a calendar system based on the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The Gregorian Calendar is an example of a solar calendar. Each year is slightly more than 365 days in a solar calendar; which is why there are leap days every 4 years.