Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Vascular plant

| Vascular Plants Temporal range: mid Silurian – present |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| **Divisions** |
| * Non-seed-bearing plants
	+ Equisetophyta
	+ Lycopodiophyta
	+ Pteridophyta
* Superdivision Spermatophyta
	+ Pinophyta
	+ Cycadophyta
	+ Ginkgophyta
	+ Gnetophyta
	+ Magnoliophyta
 |

The **vascular plants**, or **tracheophytes**, are plants that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. They include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. They are often called the **higher plants**.

The vascular plants are set apart in two main ways:

1. Vascular plants have vascular tissues, which circulate resources through the plant. This feature allows vascular plants to grow to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes.
2. In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the *sporophyte*, which is diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell.

Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant.

## Members

* Spore-bearing vascular plants
	+ Equisetophyta ~ horsetails
	+ Lycopodiophyta ~ clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts
	+ Pteridophyta ~ ferns

* Seed-bearing vascular plants - Superdivision Spermatophyta
	+ Pinophyta ~ conifers
	+ Cycadophyta ~ cycads
	+ Ginkgophyta ~ ginkgoes
	+ Gnetophyta ~ gnetophytes
	+ Magnoliophyta ~ flowering plants

## Related pages

* Non-vascular plant
* Embryophyte
# Seed plants

| Seed plants Temporal range:  |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Embryophytes |
| *Clade*: | Polysporangiophytes |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Spermatophytes |
| Subdivision |
| * Angiosperms
* Gymnospermae
 |

**Seed plants** are a group of plants. Gymnosperms and angiosperms form the group.

Their seeds have three parts: (1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, and (3) a seed coat. They are also called **spermatophytes** or **phanerogams**. The seed plants dominate almost all the environments on land.

The living spermatophytes are in five groups:

* Cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk
* *Ginkgo*, a single living species of tree
* Conifers, cone-bearing trees and shrubs
* Gnetophyta, woody plants in the genera *Gnetum*, *Welwitschia*, and *Ephedra*
* Angiosperms, the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats

The fossil seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants. Forests dominated by seed ferns were common in the Permian. *Glossopteris* was a widespread tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana in the Permian period. By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined, and modern gymnosperm groups were abundant. Gymnosperms were dominant to the Upper Cretaceous, when the angiosperms radiated. Angiosperms are the most common plants today, though there are still large pine forests in the northern hemisphere.

## Related pages

* Seed
# Monocotyledon

| Monocotyledons |
| --- |
|  |
| Daylily flower, with three flower parts in each whorl |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | **Monocotyledons** |

**Monocotyledons** are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.

You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.

Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.

## Clade diagram

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Angiosperms** |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **monocots** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Piperales, Acorales, Alismatales, Asparagales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Pandanales |
|  |
|  | **commelinids** |
|  |

 |
|  |
| **eudicots** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
rest of clades... |
|  |
| core eudicots |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
rest of clades... |
|  |
| rosids |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
eurosids I |
|  |
|  |
eurosids II |
|  |

 |
|  |
| asterids |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
euasterids I |
|  |
|  |
euasterids II |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
unassigned taxa... |
|  |

 |
|  |

## Other websites

* APG II
* Petrosaviales Archived 2008-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
# Asparagales

| Asparagales Temporal range: middle Cretaceous – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| *Asparagus officinalis* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Liliopsida |
| Order: | **Asparagales** Bromhead |
| families |
|
See text |

**Asparagales** is an order of flowering plants. The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications. No one is sure, but it is supposed that this group of plants evolved between the late and early Cretaceous. But because of the difficult classification of the families, it is not entirely certain when they evolved. Asparagales have a many families, including Ashphodelaceae (Xanthorrhoeaceae), which includes daylilies and New Zealand flax.
# Amaryllidaceae

| Amaryllidaceae |
| --- |
|  |
| *Nerine sarniensis* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Liliopsida |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | **Amaryllidaceae** J.St.-Hil. |
| Genera |
|
see text |

**Amaryllidaceae** is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants, sometimes plants in this family are described as amaryllid in the vernacular.

## Popular genera

* *Amaryllis*, the Belladonna Lily or Naked Lady
* *Caliphruria*, Amazon lily
* *Clivia*, the Kaffir lily
* *Crinum*, Swamp Lily
* *Eucharis*, Amazon Lily
* *Galanthus*, Snowdrop
* *Habranthus*, Rain lily
* *Hippeastrum*, commonly sold as Amaryllis or Christmas Amaryllis.
* *Hymenocallis*, Peruvian Daffodil, Spider Lily
* *Leucojum*, Snowflake
* *Lycoris*, Spider Lily or Hurricane Flower
* *Narcissus*, Daffodil, Jonquil, and Narcissus
* *Pancratium*, Sea Daffodil
* *Sprekelia*, Jacobean lily
* *Sternbergia*, Winter daffodil
* *Zephyranthes*, Rain lily, Zephyr lily

## Other websites

* Media related to Amaryllidaceae at Wikimedia Commons
* Data related to Amaryllidaceae at Wikispecies
* Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. at the Amaryllidaceae project, e-monocot.org
* Amaryllidaceae in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
# Barthélemy Dumortier

Barthélémy Dumortier
**Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier** (Tournai, 3 April 1797 – 1878) was a Belgian botanist and politician. Some consider him to be the true discoverer of cell division, although he is rarely credited as such. His 1832 paper deals with this topic.

## Works

* *Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques* (imprimerie de C. Casterman-Dieu, Tournay, 1823).
* *Observations sur les graminées de la flore de Belgique* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1823).
* *Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1829).
* *Lettres sur le manifeste du Roi et les griefs de la nation, par Belgicus* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
* *Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum, earum genera et species systematice complectens* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
* *Recherches sur la structure comparée et le développement des animaux et des végétaux* (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1832).
* *Essai carpographique présentant une nouvelle classification des fruits* (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1835).
* *La Belgique et les vingt-quatre articles* (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).
* *Observations complémentaires sur le partage des dettes des Pays-Bas* (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).

## Other websites

* IPNI Profile
* Books by Dumortier at the Biodiversity library
# Carl Linnaeus

Portrait of Carl Linnaeus by Alexander Roslin, 1775
**Carl Linnaeus** (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known as **Carolus Linnaeus**, was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created the binomial nomenclature. In this system, every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, for its genus and species. This became used by biologists all over the world, so he is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". He was a good linguist, and famous in his time. He was made a noble by the Swedish king.

## Biography

### Early life

Carl was born in Småland in southern Sweden. He was going to be a priest like his father, but did not do well enough in school. Instead, Carl studied at a college for botany because he liked it. He studied in Lund and tried to improve the garden there. He later went to another college.

### Travels and research

In 1735, Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands for three years. There, he earned his degree in medicine. He also published his book on plant classification. His book was called Systema Naturæ. His book explained how to classify living things by putting them into groups. Some of these groups are bigger than others.

Later he moved to Stockholm and practiced as a doctor. In 1739, Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm. Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to places in Sweden to name plants and animals. When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classification, so it would work for plants, animals, and minerals.

The Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name *von Linné*, later often signing just *Carl Linné*.

### Last years

After he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people. Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches. A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side. He died on January 1778 and was buried in Uppsala cathedral.

## Mankind

Detail from the 6th edition of **Systema Naturae** (1748) describing *Anthropomorpha* ( = Primates) with a division between *Homo* and *Simia*
Linnaeus classified man as among the primates, which was already well understood by anthropologists like Blumenbach and natural historians like Buffon. It attracted the criticism of the Swedish church. The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala accused him of "impiety".

Linnaeus recognised four races in the human species. These were European whites, American reds (Native Americans), Asian browns, and African blacks. Blumenbach's classification was similar, with the addition of a Mongolian (= Chinese) or yellow race. Thus recognition of man's position as a primate and the existence of races was quite widespread before the theory of evolution was formulated.

## Related pages

* List of biologists

## Notes and references

* Sörlin & Fagerstedt, *Linné och hans lärjungar*, 2004.
* J.L.P.M.Krol, *Linneaus' verblijf op de Hartekamp* In: Het landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede. Heemstede, 1982.
# Herbaceous plant

Herbaceous plants in the field
A **herbaceous plant** is a plant that does not have much wood and its stems are green and soft. These plants grow fast and produce flowers and many seeds in a short period of time.

In botany, the word for a herbaceous plant is **herb** (from Latin *herba*, "grass") but it is common to use the word herb only for plants that are used in perfumes, medicines and for cooking, even if they are not herbaceous plants.

Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Most are annuals and die at the end of their growing season (the time when they produce flowers, fruits and seeds), leaving their seeds on the soil. Those seeds will produce new plants with good weather. Wheat and pea are annual herbaceous plants.

Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants will live for two or more years, but the stems that are in the air will die every year. The underground stems will form the new aerial stems (stems that are above the ground). Underground roots and stems can better resist bad weather (winter or a very dry season) than leaves and stems that are above the ground. Bulbs are biennial and peonies are perennial herbaceous plants.

Most herbaceous plants are small and their stems are not thick because they do not have much wood, but there are some big herbaceous plants. Bananas and papaya (a tropical fruit) are herbaceous plants but they look like trees. Papaya has a thick stem but without much wood.

Herbaceous plants are the first plants with flower that come to live in barren lands (lands without plant life), because they are small and produce many seeds. They are also found in places where the weather conditions are not good for most plants. They can use the little rain that falls in deserts. They can get enough heat to grow where the soil is covered with snow and ice most of the year, like in very high mountains.
# Perennial

Perennial
A **perennial** is a plant that bears leaves and perhaps flowers every year.

Some plants only bear leaves and flowers once, then they die. Such plants are called *annual*.

Other plants live for two years. They are called *biennial*.

Most trees and shrubs are perennial plants.
# Southern Africa

**Southern Africa** is the most southern region of Africa.

## Countries

* South Africa
* Namibia
* Lesotho
* Eswatini
* Botswana
* Zimbabwe
* Zambia
* Mozambique
* Malawi
* Angola
# Crinum

| *Crinum* |
| --- |
|  |
| *Crinum moorei* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Liliopsida |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Genus: | Crinum L. |
| Species |
|
About 180 species, see text. |

Crinum is a genus of about 180 species of lily-like perennial plants very family Amaryllidaceae that have large showy flowers on leafless stems, and develop from bulbs.

They are found along the sides of streams and lakes in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, including South Africa.

In addition, swamp lilies are members of this genus which are cultivated for their attractive flowers like ornamental plants.
# JSTOR

JSTOR|  |
| Screenshot |
| Type of site | Digital library |
| Available in | English (includes content in other languages) |
| Owner | Ithaka Harbors |
| Created by | Andrew W. Mellon Foundation |
| URL | jstor.org |
| Registration | Yes |
| Launched | 1995 (1995) |
| Current status | Active |
| OCLC number | 46609535  |

**JSTOR** (/ˈdʒeɪstɔːr/; short for *Journal Storage*) is a digital library. It was founded in 1995 in New York City, United States. It was originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals. It now encompasses books and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals.

As of 2013, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JSTOR. Most access is by subscription but some of the site is public domain, and open access content is available free of charge.

JSTOR's revenue was $86 million in 2015.

* Gauger, Barbara J.; Kacena, Carolyn (2006). "JSTOR usage data and what it can tell us about ourselves: is there predictability based on historical use by libraries of similar size?". *OCLC Systems & Services*. **22** (1): 43–55. doi:10.1108/10650750610640801.
* Schonfeld, Roger C. (2003). *JSTOR: A History*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11531-3.
* Seeds, Robert S. (November 2002). "Impact of a digital archive (JSTOR) on print collection use". *Collection Building*. **21** (3): 120–22. doi:10.1108/01604950210434551.
* Spinella, Michael P. (2007). "JSTOR: Past, Present, and Future". *Journal of Library Administration*. **46** (2): 55–78. doi:10.1300/J111v46n02\_05. S2CID 216117863.
* Spinella, Michael (2008). "JSTOR and the changing digital landscape". *Interlending & Document Supply*. **36** (2): 79–85. doi:10.1108/02641610810878549.

## Other websites

* "Libraries and institutions offering access". JSTOR. Retrieved 2015-10-21. Searchable database, includes many public libraries offering free access to library card holders.
* "Register & Read". JSTOR. Retrieved 2015-10-21. Free individual registration, offering free read-only access (no printing or saving) to three articles every two weeks (seventy-eight per year).
* JSTOR Early Journal Content : Free Texts : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
# PubMed

PubMed's logo
**PubMed** is a free online database of references on life sciences. It was established in January 1996. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) maintains the database.

Each record in the PubMed database is assigned a special number to identify it. This is the **PMID**, an acronym for "**P**ub**M**ed **ID**entifier" number. PMIDs do not change over time and they are never reused. Any PMID is only a number. The PMID tells the reader nothing about the type or quality of the content of any publication.

A screenshot of the homepage of PubMed's website, as of Nov 29, 2025

## Other websites

* Official website
* PubMed Online Tutorials
* PubMed Help
* Other PubMed Search Engines Resource Guide Archived 2013-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
# Allium

| Allium |
| --- |
|  |
| *Allium ursinum* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Allioideae |
| Genus: | Allium |
| Type species |
| *Allium sativum* L. |

**Allium** is a genus of flowering plants. It contains garlic, leek, onions and chives. There are hundreds of species, some of which have been cultivated for much of human history. Today, about a dozen species are economically important. The type species of the genus is *Allium sativum*, commonly known as *garlic*. The taxonomy of *Allium* is difficult, because the boundaries between species are often unclear. For this reason, the number of recognised species varies between 260, and 860. Most people think there are about 750 species.