Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Rubber Duck (sculpture)

Rubber Duck is a floating sculpture designed by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman. It is the largest rubber duck in the world.

## Other websites

 Media related to Rubber Duck by Florentijn Hofman at Wikimedia Commons
# Moungi Bawendi

| Moungi Bawendi |
| --- |
| منجي الباوندي |
| Born |  (1961-03-15) 15 March 1961 Paris, France |
| Education | Harvard University (AB,AM) University of Chicago (PhD) |
| Known for | hot-injection synthesis of quantum dots |
| Awards | Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2023) |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | Chemistry Quantum chemistry |
| Institutions | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Thesis | *From the Biggest to the Smallest Polyatomic Molecules: Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics in Action* (1988) |
| Doctoral advisor | Karl Freed Takeshi Oka |
|  |

**Moungi Gabriel Bawendi** (Arabic: منجي الباوندي; born 15 March 1961) is an American-Tunisian-French chemist. He is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Bawendi is known for his works in the chemical production of high-quality quantum dots. In 2023, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
# Central European Time

Time in Europe:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Light Blue | Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) |
| Blue | Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) |
| Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1) |
| Red | Central European Time (UTC+1) |
| Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) |
| Yellow | Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2) |
| Ochre | Eastern European Time (UTC+2) |
| Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) |
| Green | Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3) |
| Turquoise | Armenia Time / Azerbaijan Time / Georgia Time / Samara Time (UTC+4) |

▉▉▉▉ Pale colours: Standard time observed all year
▉▉▉ Dark colours: Summer time observed

**Central European Time** is a time zone. It is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (what used to be called Greenwich Mean Time). Most countries in the central part of Europe and some countries in Africa follow it.

In Europe, the countries of Ireland, Great Britain, Iceland and Portugal use Western European Time. All the other countries, up to Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia use Central European Time.

Algeria and Tunisia in Africa use CET but do not observe daylight saving time.
# 14th century

The **14th century** was the century from 1301 to 1400.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 14th century are in *italics*.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1290s | *1290* | *1291* | *1292* | *1293* | *1294* | *1295* | *1296* | *1297* | *1298* | *1299* |
| **1300s** | *1300* | 1301 | 1302 | 1303 | 1304 | 1305 | 1306 | 1307 | 1308 | 1309 |
| **1310s** | 1310 | 1311 | 1312 | 1313 | 1314 | 1315 | 1316 | 1317 | 1318 | 1319 |
| **1320s** | 1320 | 1321 | 1322 | 1323 | 1324 | 1325 | 1326 | 1327 | 1328 | 1329 |
| **1330s** | 1330 | 1331 | 1332 | 1333 | 1334 | 1335 | 1336 | 1337 | 1338 | 1339 |
| **1340s** | 1340 | 1341 | 1342 | 1343 | 1344 | 1345 | 1346 | 1347 | 1348 | 1349 |
| **1350s** | 1350 | 1351 | 1352 | 1353 | 1354 | 1355 | 1356 | 1357 | 1358 | 1359 |
| **1360s** | 1360 | 1361 | 1362 | 1363 | 1364 | 1365 | 1366 | 1367 | 1368 | 1369 |
| **1370s** | 1370 | 1371 | 1372 | 1373 | 1374 | 1375 | 1376 | 1377 | 1378 | 1379 |
| **1380s** | 1380 | 1381 | 1382 | 1383 | 1384 | 1385 | 1386 | 1387 | 1388 | 1389 |
| **1390s** | 1390 | 1391 | 1392 | 1393 | 1394 | 1395 | 1396 | 1397 | 1398 | 1399 |
| **1400s** | 1400 | *1401* | *1402* | *1403* | *1404* | *1405* | *1406* | *1407* | *1408* | *1409* |

## Related pages

* Italian Renaissance
* Wars of Scottish Independence
* Japan
	+ Kamakura period
	+ Muromachi period
	+ Nanboku-chō period
	+ Sengoku period
# Somali language

| Somali |
| --- |
| *Af-Soomaali* اللغة الصومالية |
| Native to | Somalia (and Somaliland), Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen, Kenya |
| Region | Horn of Africa |
| Native speakers | 16.6 million (2006) |
| Language family | Afroasiatic
* Cushitic
	+ Lowland East
		- Somali
			* **Somali**
 |
| Writing system | * Latin (official)
* Arabic (official)
* Osmanya
* Borama
* Kaddare
 |
| Official status |
| Official language in |  Somalia |
| Regulated by | Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `so` |
| ISO 639-2 | `som` |
| ISO 639-3 | `som` |
| Somali-speaking region |
|

**Somali** (Arabic: الصوماليه) is a Cushitic language. It is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world -- an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers.

The writing system of the Somali language has been Latin alphabet since 1960.

During the colonial years under Italy, in the capital Mogadishu was developed a pidgin from the Italian used by many Somalians: the Pidgin Italian of Somalia.
# Civil liberties

**Civil liberties** are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot have too much control of a single person's life, either by law or by judicial interpretation.

Civil liberties include the freedom from torture, freedom from forced disappearance, freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life.

## Related pages

* Human rights
* Civil rights
# Commonwealth of Independent States

Flag of CIS.
Member states:   Former member
  Associated member
The **Commonwealth of Independent States** (**CIS**) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia of countries that used to form the Soviet Union.

## Establishment

On December 8, 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met at the nature reserve called Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. They discussed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in place of the Soviet Union. They reached an agreement about many points and signed a document creating the CIS. One of these points stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union. Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.

## Nations

The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS. Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991. Because Ukraine did not ratify the CIS agreement in the national parliament, it never became an official member of the CIS, but nevertheless participated as a de facto member. In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member. On 15th August 2008 Georgia left the CIS membership, and Georgia's CIS membership officially ended on 17th August 2009. On 19 May 2018, Ukraine, which stopped participating in CIS in 2014 because of its conflict with Russia over Crimea and the Donbas, formally ended all participation in CIS.

With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. It was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many consider that with CIS, Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.

## Headquarters

The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus. An executive director heads the CIS. The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union. The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries. It is more like the European Community. The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation. They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matters.

## Other websites

*  Belarus
* Commonwealth of Independent States - Citizendium
# Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Memorial to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
The **Hungarian Revolution of 1956** or **Hungarian Uprising of 1956** (Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom or felkelés) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt. It was against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies. It lasted from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and took over Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential. It played a role in the fall of the Soviet Union decades later.

## Prelude

At the end of World War II Hungary was liberated from the Nazis. It was occupied by the Soviet Union’s Red Army. Hungary's communists were led by General Secretary Mátyás Rákosi and backed by Joseph Stalin. The communists destroyed all political opposition. In 1949 Hungary officially became the People’s Republic of Hungary. Rákosi was an oppressive ruler. He exiled, imprisoned or killed over 300,000 Hungarians. After Stalin died, the soviet communists replaced Rákosi with Imre Nagy. They thought his softer approach would win them popularity. But the Kremlin decided he had become too popular. Rákosi was returned to power in April 1955. His secret police, the AVO, carried out Rákosi's oppressive orders again. Eventually, the Hungarian people got tired of their bad living standards and protested.

When the revolt broke out in October 1956, the Hungarian revolt was very sudden. Nobody had any idea it would sweep the country and break out everywhere all at once. However, there were warning signs that trouble was coming. The Communist Party in Hungary had lost much of its authority and respect. In July of 1956 Rákosi was removed again as leader of the party. He was sent back to the Soviet Union.

## Results

2,500 Hungarians died and thousands were imprisoned. Hundreds of Soviet troops died. 200,000 fled Hungary. Communists in the Western Bloc argued about the Soviet Union intervening to stop the uprising.
# 1735

1735 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1735 *MDCCXXXV* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2488 |
| Armenian calendar | 1184 ԹՎ ՌՃՁԴ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6485 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1656–1657 |
| Bengali calendar | 1142 |
| Berber calendar | 2685 |
| British Regnal year | 8 Geo. 2 – 9 Geo. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2279 |
| Burmese calendar | 1097 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7243–7244 |
| Chinese calendar | 甲寅年 (Wood Tiger) 4431 or 4371     *— to —* 乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit) 4432 or 4372 |
| Coptic calendar | 1451–1452 |
| Discordian calendar | 2901 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1727–1728 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5495–5496 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1791–1792 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1656–1657 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4835–4836 |
| Holocene calendar | 11735 |
| Igbo calendar | 735–736 |
| Iranian calendar | 1113–1114 |
| Islamic calendar | 1147–1148 |
| Japanese calendar | Kyōhō 20 (享保２０年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1659–1660 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4068 |
| Minguo calendar | 177 before ROC 民前177年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 267 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2277–2278 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཤིང་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Wood-Tiger) 1861 or 1480 or 708     *— to —* ཤིང་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Wood-Hare) 1862 or 1481 or 709 |

**1735** (MDCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

* January 8 – George Frideric Handel's opera *Ariodante* plays at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London.
* February 14 – The Order of St. Anna is started in Russia. It is in honour of the daughter of Peter the Great.
* April 13 – Emperor Sakuramachi takes the throne of Japan.
* Linnaeus publishes his *Systema Naturae*.
* Cobalt is discovered and isolated by Georg Brandt.
* First successful Appendectomy by French surgeon Claudius Aymand in London

## Births

*for more information, see Category:1735 births.*
* October 30 – John Adams, second President of the United States (d. 1826)

## Deaths

*for more information, see Category:1735 deaths.*
# 1648

1648 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1648 *MDCXLVIII* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2401 |
| Armenian calendar | 1097 ԹՎ ՌՂԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6398 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1569–1570 |
| Bengali calendar | 1055 |
| Berber calendar | 2598 |
| English Regnal year | 23 Cha. 1 – 24 Cha. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2192 |
| Burmese calendar | 1010 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7156–7157 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁亥年 (Fire Pig) 4344 or 4284     *— to —* 戊子年 (Earth Rat) 4345 or 4285 |
| Coptic calendar | 1364–1365 |
| Discordian calendar | 2814 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1640–1641 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5408–5409 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1704–1705 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1569–1570 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 4748–4749 |
| Holocene calendar | 11648 |
| Igbo calendar | 648–649 |
| Iranian calendar | 1026–1027 |
| Islamic calendar | 1057–1058 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōhō 5 / Keian 1 (慶安元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1569–1570 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 3981 |
| Minguo calendar | 264 before ROC 民前264年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 180 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2190–2191 |
| Tibetan calendar | མེ་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Fire-Boar) 1774 or 1393 or 621     *— to —* ས་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Rat) 1775 or 1394 or 622 |

**1648** (MDCXLVIII)
was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1648th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 648th year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th year of the 17th century, and the 9th year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1648, the Gregorian calendar was
10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

* January/October: The Thirty Years' War ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
* October 24 – Switzerland is recognized as an independent country by the other countries of Europe.
* Saint-Barthélemy was claimed by France.
* The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain ended.

## Deaths

* March 12 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish dramatist and poet (b. 1571)
# Newgate Prison

**Newgate Prison** was a jail in the city of London. It was built in 12th century and remained in use until 1902 and was demolished in 1904. Newgate was most well known for holding pirates and being a debtor's prison.
# Lillian Gish

| Lillian Gish |
| --- |
| Gish in 1973 |
| Born | Lillian Diana Gish (1893-10-14)October 14, 1893 Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | February 27, 1993(1993-02-27) (aged 99) New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1902–1988 |
| Mother | Mary Robinson McConnell |
| Relatives | Dorothy Gish (sister) |
| Website | lilliangish.com |
| Signature |
|  |

**Lillian Diana Gish** (October 14, 1893 – February 27, 1993) was an American actress. She was born in Springfield, Ohio. Gish came from a Episcopalian and Lutheran religious background. She was a descendant of a colonial minister and a Revolutionary War hero. Lillian was very young when her father abandoned his family. She and her sister Dorothy joined the acting profession with their mother. In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to D. W. Griffith. They got contracts with Biograph Studios. The sisters debuted in Griffith's short movie *An Unseen Enemy* in 1912. Lillian starred in many of Griffith's most famous movies. These included *The Birth of a Nation*, *Intolerance*, *Broken Blossoms*, *Way Down East*, and *Orphans of the Storm*. One of the famous images of Gish's silent movie years is the climax of *Way Down East*. Her character floats unconscious on an ice floe towards a waterfall, her long hair floating in the water. She made "talkies" (movies with sound), too. Her sound movie work was off and on. She was in the controversial western *Duel in the Sun* and *Night of the Hunter*. She did a lot of television work from the early 1950s until the 1980s. At the end of her career she appeared with Bette Davis in the 1987 movie *The Whales of August*. She never married or had children. She died in her sleep of natural causes on February 27, 1993. She is buried next to her sister Dorothy at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City. Gish's career lasted 75 years, from 1912 to 1987. She was given the nickname **The First Lady of American Cinema**. She is thought to have started many movie performance skills. The American Film Institute (AFI) named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of all time. She received an Honorary Academy Award in 1971. In 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award.

## Other websites

* Lillian Gish on IMDb
* Lillian Gish at the TCM Movie Database
* Lillian Gish at the Internet Broadway Database
* Official website Archived 2008-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
* Lillian Gish Film Festival in Springfield, Ohio Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
* The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* Extensive Lillian Gish gallery
* Photographs and bibliography
* Lillian Gish Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine photographed by Edward Steichen in November 1934
* Maison 140 Archived 2012-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
# George Arliss

| George Arliss |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Augustus George Andrews (1868-04-10)10 April 1868 London, UK |
| Died | 5 February 1946(1946-02-05) (aged 77) London, UK |
| Cause of death | Bronchopneumonia |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, author, playwright, filmmaker |
| Years active | 1887–1943 |
| Spouse | Florence Kate Montgomery Smith (1899–1946) |
| Parent | William Joseph Arliss Andrews |

**George Arliss** (born **Augustus George Andrews,** 10 April 1868 – 5 February 1946) was an English actor, author, playwright and filmmaker. He was known for his role as British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli in *Disraeli* (1929), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor.

## Other websites

* George Arliss on IMDb