Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Boreoeutheria

**Boreoeutheria** (also **Boreotheria**) are mammals that are the third superorder of placental mammals. The other two groups are Afrotheria and Xenarthra.

| Boreoeutheria Temporal range:  |
| --- |
|  |
| Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| *Clade*: | Eutheria |
| Infraclass: | Placentalia |
| Magnorder: | Boreoeutheria Springer & de Jong, 2001; Murphy et al., 2001 |
| Superorders |
| * Euarchontoglires
* Laurasiatheria
 |
| Synonyms |
| * Boreoplacentalia (Arnason, 2008)
* Boreotheria (Waddell, 2001)
 |

They evolved on the northern supercontinent Laurasia after it split from Gondwana when Pangaea broke up.

Lentivirus, or Retrovirus can affect these mammals, as well as humans which are part of this magnorder.
# Glires

| Glires Temporal range: Early Paleocene - Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Kangaroo rat (*Dipodomys*) |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| *Clade*: | Gliriformes |
| Grandorder: | Glires |
| Orders |
| * Rodentia
* Lagomorpha
 |

**Glires** (from Latin *glīrēs*, dormice) is a clade (sometimes ranked as grandorder) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, and pikas). This hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence, although recent morphological studies strongly support monophyly of Glires.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Euarchontoglires |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Glires** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Rodentia (rodents) |
|  |
|  |
Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Euarchonta |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Scandentia (treeshrews) |
|  |
| Primatomorpha |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Dermoptera (flying lemurs) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Primates (†Plesiadapiformes, Strepsirrhini, Haplorrhini) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
# Laurasiatheria

| Laurasiatheria Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| *Clade*: | Eutheria |
| Infraclass: | Placentalia |
| Magnorder: | Boreoeutheria |
| Superorder: | Laurasiatheria Waddell et al., 1999 |
| Orders |
| * Eulipotyphla
* Scrotifera
	+ Chiroptera
	+ Ferungulata
		- Euungulata
			* Perissodactyla
			* Artiodactyla
		- Ferae
			* Pholidota
			* Carnivora
 |

**Laurasiatheria** is a large group of placental mammals. The name comes from the area where advanced mammals evolved. This was on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia, roughly corresponding to Eurasia today plus North America. When Pangaea broke up, it split first into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.

Members of the group include shrews, hedgehogs, pangolins, bats, whales, most hoofed mammals, and carnivorans, and others.

The Laurasiatheria is defined by DNA sequence analysis. The group does not share any obvious anatomical features. It includes these living orders:

* Eulipotyphla: hedgehogs, gymnures, moles, shrews, solenodons (cosmopolitan)
* Artiodactyla: Pigs, hippopotamus whales, dolphins, camels, giraffe, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats)
* Pholidota: pangolins or scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia)
* Chiroptera: bats (cosmopolitan)
* Carnivora: carnivores (cosmopolitan)
* Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates

There are various ideas as to how these groups are related to each other, and no tree of descent is agreed by experts so far.
# Eulipotyphla

| Eulipotyphla Temporal range: Eocene to present |
| --- |
|  |
| Clockwise from upper left: a solenodon, hedgehog, mole and shrew |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Magnorder: | Boreoeutheria |
| Superorder: | Laurasiatheria |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla Waddell et al., 1999 |
| Families |
| * †Amphilemuridae
* †Nesophontidae
* Solenodontidae
* Talpidae
* Soricidae
* Erinaceidae
 |

The **Eulipotyphla** is an order of mammals. It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade. The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic. The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.

The term **insectivorous** (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle. It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals, They are more closely related to Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears), Pholidota (pangolins), Chiroptera (bats), and Perissodactyla (equids). As part of the superorder Laurasiatheria.

## Lifestyles

Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.

Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit. They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves. The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.

## Classification

* **ORDER Eulipotyphla** (old 'Insectivora')
	+ **Family Erinaceidae**
		- Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
		- Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
	+ **Family Soricidae** (true shrews)
		- Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
		- Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
		- Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
	+ **Family Talpidae**
		- Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
		- Subfamily Talpinae: moles
		- Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
	+ **Family Solenodontidae**: solenodons
	+ **Family Nesophontidae**: extinct West Indian shrews

## Discards

The following groups are now placed in other orders:

* Order Afrosoricida
	+ Suborder Chrysochloridea
		- Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
	+ Suborder Tenrecomorpha
		- Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
* Order Macroscelidea
	+ Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
* Order Scandentia
	+ Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
* Order Dermoptera
	+ Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)

**Notes**
# Scrotifera

| Scrotifera |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Superorder: | Laurasiatheria |
| *Clade*: | Scrotifera |
| Orders |
| * Ferungulata
* Chiroptera
 |

**Scrotifera** is a group of living things in the class Mammalia. It is a proposed clade, meaning that not all scientists use it when they talk about how living things are related to each other.

The orders Carnivora (carnivores), Chiroptera (bats), Perissodactyla (hoofed animals with odd numbers of toes, for example horses and rhinos), Cetartiodactyla (hoofed animals with even numbers of toes), Philodota (pangolins), and Meridiungulata are all in Scrotifera.
# Euarchonta

| Euarchontans Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Euarchonts: upper left: Plesiadapis, upper right: Northern Treeshrew, lower left: Sunda Flying Lemur and lower right: Yellow Baboon |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Superorder: | Euarchontoglires |
| Grandorder: | Euarchonta |
| Orders |
|  * Scandentia
* Primatomorpha
	+ Dermoptera
	+ Primates
 |

The **Euarchonta** are a grandorder of mammals containing four orders: the Dermoptera or colugos, the Scandentia or treeshrews, the extinct Plesiadapiformes, and the Primates.

Euarchonta and Glires together form the Euarchontoglires, one of the four Eutherian clades.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Euarchontoglires |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Glires |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Rodentia (rodents) |
|  |
|  |
Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Euarchonta |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Scandentia (treeshrews) |
|  |
| Primatomorpha |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Dermoptera (flying lemurs) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Primates (†Plesiadapiformes, Strepsirrhini, Haplorrhini) |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |
# Leporidae

| Rabbits and hares Temporal range: Late Eocene – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Arctic Hare (*Lepus arcticus*) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Lagomorpha |
| Family: | **Leporidae** Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |
| Genera |
| *Pentalagus*
*Bunolagus*
*Nesolagus*
*Romerolagus*
*Brachylagus*
*Sylvilagus*
*Oryctolagus*
*Poelagus*
*Caprolagus*
*Pronolagus*
*Lepus* |

European Hare (*Lepus europaeus*).
**Leporidae** is a mammal family in the order Lagomorpha. It has about 60 species of rabbits and hares. The animals of the family Leporidae are called **Leporids**. The names "rabbit" and "hare" are not names of separate biological groups, but are "randomly" given to different leporid species.

## Taxonomy

* Family **Leporidae**
	+ Genus *Brachylagus*
		- Pygmy Rabbit, *Brachylagus idahoensis*
	+ Genus *Bunolagus*
		- Riverine Rabbit, *Bunolagus monticularis*
	+ Genus *Caprolagus*
		- Hispid Hare, *Caprolagus hispidus*
	+ Genus *Lepus* (true hares, ca. 30 species)
		- Antelope Jackrabbit, *Lepus alleni*
		- Cape Hare, *Lepus capensis*
		- European Hare, *Lepus europaeus*
		- Granada Hare, *Lepus granatensis*
		- Mountain Hare, *Lepus timidus*
		- White-tailed Jackrabbit, *Lepus townsendii*
	+ Genus *Nesolagus*
		- Annamite Striped Rabbit, *Nesolagus timminsi*
		- Sumatran Striped Rabbit, *Nesolagus netscheri*
	+ Genus *Oryctolagus*
		- European Rabbit, *Oryctolagus cuniculus* (includes the domestic rabbit)
	+ Genus *Pentalagus*
		- Amami Rabbit, *Pentalagus furnessi*
	+ Genus *Poelagus*
		- Bunyoro Rabbit, *Poelagus marjorita*
	+ Genus *Pronolagus*
		- Natal Red Rock Hare, *Pronolagus crassicaudatus*
		- Jameson's Red Rock Hare, *Pronolagus randensis*
		- Smith's Red Rock Hare, *Pronolagus rupestris*
	+ Genus *Romerolagus*
		- Volcano Rabbit, *Romerolagus diazi*
	+ Genus *Sylvilagus* (Cottontail rabbits, ca. 14 species)
		- Swamp Rabbit, *Sylvilagus aquaticus*
		- Brush Rabbit, *Sylvilagus bachmani*
		- Tapeti, *Sylvilagus brasiliensis*

## Other websites
# Mouse

| Mouse Temporal range: Late Miocene – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| House mouse, *Mus musculus* |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Subfamily: | Murinae |
| Genus: | *Mus* Linnaeus, 1758 |

A **mouse** (plural *mice*) is a small rodent, which is a kind of mammal.
It has a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. Most belong to the mus genus. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (*Mus musculus*). Usually, house mice are brownish-gray. It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. They are known to invade homes for food and occasionally shelter.

These small animals are often used in science experiments, or sometimes kept as pets. Some mice carry diseases. In some places they damage crops. This causes some people to think of mice as vermin or pests. Many other people think mice are cute and fun animals.

Mice are rodents, therefore they are related to squirrels, rats, and beavers. Mice eat weeds, seeds, berries, and more. They are eaten by owls, foxes, snakes, weasels, and cats, amongst others.

## Types of mice

The word "mouse" should only be used for small murines, but does get used for other distantly-related small rodents. The murines are the largest subfamily of mammals. In fact, it is larger than almost all mammal orders.

### House mouse

The common house mouse is thought of as a pest. They are found in the homes of humans.

### Vole

Voles are *not* mice, they are in a different family of rodents.

### Deer mouse

These are not mice either, or only distantly related. These mice live in forests. They can run and jump better than mice, and they get their common name from this.

The aggressive *grasshopper mouse* rarely eats other mice, but it does like grasshoppers and insects. It is also only a distant relative.

## Mice in media

Anthropomorphism makes cartoon mice look and act more like people than like real mice. For example, the Disney characters Mickey and Minnie Mouse walk, talk, and act like people. Jerry, the mouse star of Tom and Jerry cartoons, is similarly humanized.

## Mice used in research (or *laboratory mouse*)

Laboratory mice get used for experiments.

In 2024, media wrote about research where skin cells could possibly be turned into an egg (that has not been fertilized). That kind of egg is called a zygote.
# Diatomyidae

| Diatomyidae Temporal range: Early Oligocene - Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Young male Laotian rock rat, *Laonastes aenigmamus* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Suborder: | Hystricomorpha |
| Family: | **Diatomyidae** Mein & Ginsburg, 1997 |
| Genera |
| *Laonastes*
*†Diatomys*
*†Fallomus*
*†Marymus*
*†Willmus* |

**Diatomyidae** is a family of suborder *Hystricomorpha*, are rodents found in Asia. It is currently represented by a single known living species, the Laotian rock rat (*Laonastes aenigmamus*).
# Monophyly

**Monophyly** means common descent from a single ancestor.
Biologists have introduced a kind of taxonomy called cladistics. The aim of this is to make biological classification fit what we know about the way organisms evolved.

If there is a group made of a common ancestor, and all its descendants, that group is **monophyletic**. (Greek: "of one race").

A group which contains organisms, without their common ancestor, is called **polyphyletic**. Convergent evolution is a usual cause of such groups. If a group contains the common ancestor, but leaves out some of its descendants, it is called **paraphyletic**. All living things on this planet are thought, on the basis of DNA analysis, to be monophyletic, that is, to have one origin, not many.

The grouping of reptiles **plus** birds is monophyletic.
Example: all species in the genus *Homo* have come from the same ancestral form in the family Hominidae, and no other descendants are known. Thus the genus *Homo* is monophyletic.

If, on the other hand, it were discovered that *Homo habilis* had developed from a different ancestor from *Homo sapiens*, and this ancestor were not included in the genus, then the genus would be polyphyletic. Since biologists by and large tend to prefer monophyletic groups, in this case, they would likely either split the genus or broaden it to include the additional forms.

Example of polyphyletic group: Sea slugs.

## Polyploidy

Sometimes taxonomists are frustrated fitting plant species into a monophyletic group because of polyploidy. There is clear evidence that some polyploid plant species are of multiple origins (the species has arisen more than once). For example, *Salsify*, the hybrid goat's-beard, (*Tragopogon miscellus*) has formed as many as 20 times in eastern Washington.

Also, it can happen that hybrids between two close plant species undergo polyploidy, and the polyploids continue as a new and distinct species. Situations like this are outside the normal rules of descent, and are dealt with by special decisions, guided by the International Commission of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
# Type (biology)

Type specimen for *Marocaster coronatus*
In biology, a **type** is a specimen, or example, of a specific living thing or taxon, which is a group of specific living things. For example, if a scientist catches one frog that is not any species of frog that scientists already know, then that frog is the *type* of a new species of frog. That species will have a new scientific name. In older English writings from before 1900, plant scientists used the word *type* for groups of living things instead of specimens.

A taxon is a group of living things with a scientific name. Taxons can be small or large. A species is a taxon. A genus is a taxon. A kingdom is a taxon. Taxons are based on published papers with lots of information in them and on type material. Scientists show the type material to other scientists so they can study it. They usually do this by putting the material in museums' research collections.

## Type specimen

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) make rules for type specimens. In these rules, the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on just one *specimen*. Types are usually specimens that are kept in a museum or herbarium research collection. These types are usually whole organisms in a preservative, for example alcohol. Sometimes they are just pictures of the organisms. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy.

Depending on the naming code for the organism, a type can be a specimen, a culture, a drawn picture, or (for bacteria) a description.

For example, in the research collection of the Natural History Museum in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is the specimen for the spotted harrier, *Circus assimilis*. This specimen is the holotype for that species; the name *Circus assimilis* is, by definition, the species of that particular specimen.

Scientists do not need to make sure that the specimen they use as a type is a "typical" individual in that taxon. The type can be a different color from other members of its taxon. It can be deformed or different.

The use of the term *type* is complicated because botany and zoology use it differently. In the *PhyloCode*, type-based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions.

## Type locality

The type locality is the place where the scientists found the type specimen.

## Older words

In some older books about taxonomy, writers use the word "type" differently. Some use it to mean "taxon."

## Related pages

* Type species

## Other websites

* *ICZN Code*: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the official website
* Fishbase Glossary section (archived)
* A compendium of terms (archived)
* Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis) Archived 2023-04-03 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
# Midway Atoll

**Midway Atoll** is an island in the Pacific Ocean and was the site of a famous battle in World War II, the Battle of Midway. The United States of America took control of the atoll in 1867 when nobody lived there. In the 21st century about 40 people live there, mostly working for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

## Wildlife

Albatrosses at Midway Atoll.
Midway Atoll is now home to 67-70% of the world's Laysan Albatross population, and 34-39% of the global Black-footed Albatross.

While Midway supports nearly three million birds, each seabird species has carved out a specific site on the atoll in which to nest. Seventeen different species of seabird can be found, the rarest of which is the Short-tailed Albatross, otherwise known as the “Golden Gooney.” Fewer than 2,200 are believed to exist due to excessive feather hunting in the late nineteenth century.

Over 250 different species of looli marine life are found in the 300,000 acres (120,000 ha) of lagoon and surrounding waters. The critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals raise their pups on the beaches. Monk seals are benthic foragers and rely on the Midway Atoll’s reef fish, squid, octopus and crustaceans. Green sea turtles, another threatened species, occasionally nest on the island. The first was found in 2006 on Spitsy Rinaia Island and another in 2007 on Sand Island. A resident pod of 300 spinner dolphins live in the lagoons and nearshore waters.

## Other websites

* Satellite Map and NOAA Chart of Midway Archived 2010-09-18 at the Wayback Machine on BlooSee
* AirNav - Henderson Field Airport : Airport facilities and navigational aids.
* Diary from the middle of nowhere BBC's environment correspondent David Shukman reports on the threat of plastic rubbish drifting in the North Pacific Gyre to Midway. Accessed 2008-03-26.
* Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (this article incorporated some content from this public domain site)
* NOAA Midway Island Hawaiian Monk Seal Captive Care & Release Project
* *The Battle of Midway: Turning the Tide in the Pacific,* a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
* *Marines at Midway: by Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC Historical Section, Division of Public Information Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps 1948,*
* Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service *Discover Our Shared Heritage* Travel Itinerary
* Past residents of Midway Discussion of Midway related topics by former residents and those interested in Midway.
* U.S. Unincorporated Possessions. Accessed 2008-03-26.
# Lundy

**Lundy** is an island off the coast of Devon, England, UK. It has a very small population. In the 1930s the owner sold stamps and coins as if Lundy was an independent country. You can hire cottages on this island to stay in for a week or so. You can get to Lundy by helicopter or a ferry in the summer.
# Atlantic puffin

The **Atlantic Puffin** is a type of bird. It spends most of its time on the ocean. It is known for its colorful beak and penguin-like feathers. It eats any type of fish.
# European storm petrel

| European storm petrel |
| --- |
|  |
| Conservation status |
|  Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Procellariiformes |
| Family: | Hydrobatidae |
| Subfamily: | Hydrobatinae |
| Genus: | *Hydrobates* F. Boie, 1822 |
| Species: | H. pelagicus |
| Binomial name |
| Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
| Subspecies |
| *H. p. pelagicus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
*H. p. melitensis* (Schembri, 1843) |
|  |
| European and Mediterranean range of *H. pelagicus* (Full range extends into the South Atlantic Ocean)   Known or probable breeding colonies  At-sea range in Northern Hemisphere summer |
| Synonyms |
| * *Procellaria pelagica* Linnaeus, 1758
 |

The **European storm petrel**, **British storm petrel**, or just **storm petrel** (*Hydrobates pelagicus*) is a small seabid. It lives in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, around the coasts of Europe. Note that storm petrel can also refer to another group of birds, which mainly occur in the New World.

Storm petrels spend almost their whole life at sea. For breeding the come to shore, where they breed in large colonies. The bird has a well-developed sense of smell. It uses this to find its nest, or to find food, at night. In Europe, they can occasionally be seen at the Belgian coast, the Netherlands and the coast of Schleswig-Holstein.

It is one of the smallest seabirds. Its length is 16 centimetres (6.3 in) and wingspan about 37 centimetres (15 in). It weights about 27 grams (0.95 oz).It is usually black, with a white patch. The biggest known colony is probably that on Nólsoy, on the Faroe Islands. The birds can mainly be found in the ocean between Iceland, the Lofoten and the Faroe Islands.