Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Echolocation

The ultrasound signals emitted by a bat, and the echo from a nearby object
**Echolocation** is a way that some animals use to determine the location of things. They emit sound waves and listen for the echo. They use the delay to determine the distance. It is a kind of biological sonar.

Microbats find their insect prey in the dark this way. Whales and dolphins are two other kinds of mammals that use echolocation. Their sound waves go through the water, while the bats' sound waves go through the air.

Radar is man-made echolocation using radio waves.
# Common kestrel

| Common kestrel |
| --- |
|  |
| Adult male *Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus* |
| Conservation status |
|  Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Class: | Aves |
| Subclass: | Neornithes |
| Infraclass: | Neognathae |
| Superorder: | Neoaves |
| Order: | Falconiformes |
| Family: | Falconidae |
| Genus: | *Falco* |
| Binomial name |
| Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 |
|  |
| Western part of range of *F. t. tinnunculus* (also occurs in Siberia farther east) Yellow = breeding only, green = all-year |

Typical in-flight appearance of a common kestrel
*Falco tinnunculus* egg
The **common kestrel** (*Falco tinnunculus*) is a bird of prey species belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family Falconidae. It is also known as the 'European kestrel', 'Eurasian kestrel', or 'Old World kestrel'. The bird lives all over Europe, Asia, and Africa.

In Britain, where no other brown falcon occurs, it is generally just called 'the kestrel'.

## Description

Kestrels are 32–39 cm (13–15 in) from head to tail. Their wings are 65–82 cm (26–32 in) when spread out. Females are larger. They are small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most songbirds. Like the other *Falco* species, they have long wings and a long tail.

Their feathers are mainly light brown with black spots on the top and buff with narrow blackish streaks on the underside.

### Food and feeding

When hunting, kestrels hover about 10–20 m (c.30–70 ft) above the ground. They can see the slightest movement. They can see small prey from a distance. Once they see the prey, the bird makes a short, steep dive. Kestrels eat almost any mouse-sized mammals like voles. They also eat shrews and true mice. Small birds are also eaten, mostly in the summer when young birds are born. The bird also eats spiders and beetles when it finds them.

## Footnotes

## Other websites

* Common kestrel from ARKive

Facts Status Description Range Habitat Biology Threats Conservation Find out more Glossary References View all

* Kestrels in Israel
* Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
* Text of the Hopkins poem
* Kestrel on-line 2012: Brest, Belarus
# Primate

| Primates Temporal range: Palaeocene - Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Olive baboon, an Old World monkey |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Grandorder: | Euarchonta |
| Mirorder: | Primatomorpha |
| Order: | Primates Linnaeus, 1758 |
|  |
| Range of non-human primates |

Ring-tailed lemur, a strepsirrhine primate
**Primates** are an order of mammals. It includes all lemurs, tarsiers, lorises, galagos, monkeys and apes (including humans). Most primates (but not humans) are mainly or entirely forest dwellers.

There are about 400 species of primates. All primates are similar to humans in many ways, but language is an important advantage which only humans have. Other primates have a pattern of calls and gestures, but not language as we know it.

Primates have hands with five fingers and flat fingernails (most other animals have claws or hooves). All primates are covered with fur (hair), but in humans the body hair is only noticeable in two places: on the head and around the genitals.

Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Haplorrhini includes larger monkeys such as, tarsiers and apes including humans. Strepsirrhini includes smaller monkeys such as lemurs, lorises, galagos (also called bush babies) and the aye-aye.

Primates are one of the few mammal groups which re-evolved full color vision. Even so, color vision in birds is better. Color vision was lost in mammals during the long period when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, and mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals.

Close contact between humans and non-human primates creates opportunities for zoonotic diseases to get to humans. Virus diseases transmitted to humans include herpes, measles, ebola, rabies, and hepatitis.

## Classification

* Order Primates
	+ Suborder Strepsirrhini
		- Lemurs
		- Lorises
	+ Suborder Haplorhini
		- Tarsiers
		- Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
		- Catarrhini:
			* Old World monkeys
			* Apes and humans

## Clade

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Euarchontoglires  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Glires  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Rodentia |
|  |
|  |  Lagomorpha |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  Euarchonta  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Scandentia |
|  |
| Primatomorpha |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Dermoptera |
|  |
|  **Primates**  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  Strepsirrhini  |  (lemuriformes and lorisiformes) |
|  |
|  Haplorhini  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  Tarsiiformes |
|  |
|  |  Simiiformes (platyrrhini and catarrhini) |
|  |

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|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

## Related pages

 Data related to Primates at Wikispecies
# Alpine marmot

| Alpine marmot |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Individual in Queyras regional park, France (above), and Vanoise National Park, France (below) |
| Conservation status |
|  Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Sciuridae |
| Genus: | *Marmota* |
| Species: | M. marmota |
| Binomial name |
| Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|  |
| Range in red |
| Synonyms |
| * *Mus marmota* Linnaeus, 1758
 |

The **Alpine marmot** is a species of marmot. It can be found in mountain regions of central and southern Europe. It is the third-largest rodent on the European continent. The Eurasian beaver and the Crested porcupine are both larger than it. Alpine marmots mature in their third year. For this reason, marmots live in family groups of up to twenty animals. Alpine marmots have been around since the ice age. Today, their range is limited to the higher mountain regions.
# Polynesian rat

| Polynesian Rat |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Subfamily: | Murinae |
| Genus: | *Rattus* |
| Species: | R. exulans |
| Binomial name |
| Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848) |
|  |
| Polynesian Rat range in South-east Asia (in red) |

The **Polynesian rat**, or **Pacific rat** (*Rattus exulans*), known to the Māori as **kiore**, is the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind the brown rat and black rat. The Polynesian rat originates in Southeast Asia but, like its cousins, has become well travelled - infiltrating most Polynesian islands including New Zealand, Fiji, and Hawaii.