# Venezuela

| Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela*República Bolivariana de Venezuela*  (Spanish) |
| --- |
|
Flag

Coat of arms

 |
| **Motto:Dios y Federación* ("God and Federation") |
| **Anthem:Gloria al Bravo Pueblo*  (in Spanish) Glory to the Brave People |
| Venezuela on the globe. Disputed lands are shown in light green. |
| Capitaland largest city | Caracas |
| National language | Spanish
English(unofficial)
 |
| Ethnic groups  | * 65% Multiracial
* 20% White
* 10% Black
* 5% Native American
 |
| Demonym(s) | Venezuelan |
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic |
|  |
| • President  | Delcy Rodríguez (acting president) |
|  |
| Independence |
|  |
| • from Spain  | 5 July 1811 |
| • from Gran Colombia  | 13 January 1830 |
| • Recognized  | 30 March 1845 |
| • Current constitution  | 20 December 1999 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) (33rd) |
| • Water (%) | 0.32 |
| Population |
| • 2011 estimate | 27,227,930 (43rd) |
| • 2001 census | 23,232,353 |
| • Density | 30.2/km2 (78.2/sq mi) (181st) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2010 estimate |
| • Total | $346.973 billion |
| • Per capita | $11,889 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2010 estimate |
| • Total | $285.214 billion |
| • Per capita | $9,773 |
| Gini (2010) | 39 medium |
| HDI (2011) |  0.735 high · 73rd |
| Currency | Bolívar (VES) |
| Time zone | UTC– 4 (VET) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +58 |
| ISO 3166 code | VE |
| Internet TLD | .ve |
| **^** The "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" has been the full official title since the adoption of the new Constitution of 1999, when the state was renamed in honor of Simón Bolívar. **^** The Constitution also recognizes all indigenous languages spoken in the country. **^** Area totals include only Venezuelan-administered territory. |

**Venezuela**, officially the **Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela**, is a country in northern South America. The official language is Spanish, and the capital city is Caracas.

Other languages spoken in Venezuela include Carib, Guahibo, Warao, Wayuu, Pemon, and Piaroa.

In January 2026, the U.S. military took the president of Venezuela out of the country; He gave answers in a U.S. court (January 5).

Delcy Rodríguez is in power; She is interim president (or acting president).

## Geography

The geography includes the islands in the Caribbean Sea, coastal areas, highlands, and parts of the Andes Mountains. Angel Falls is the world's tallest waterfall. It is in the Bolivar state.

## Economy

Venezuela's economy is based on oil, cotton, cocoa, sugar, coffee, and tobacco.

Venezuela has one of the largest oil supplies in the world, and it produces a large amount of oil. It also has a very large supply of fossil fuels, gasoline, and minerals.

The government's main source of income in foreign currencies, has been coming "for a while" (as of 2026's first quarter), from export of oil.

There are shortages in the country; About "80% of [the people or] residents ... live in poverty", according to estimates (2025).

There are economic sanctions against Venezuela [as of 2026's first quarter]; The sanctions are coming from the United States [and some other countries]. The sanctions are costing Venezuela, billions of euro, every year.

In regard to inflation: It is between "20% and 30% a month", according to an estimate quoted (November 2025) by a media outlet; The estimate is for the capital city.

In regard to (relatives sending money from abroad, or) remittances: About 8 million Venezuelans have moved to other countries, according to media (in 2026); Many of those Venezuelans send money to relatives (back home).

## History

Ancient Venezuelans came from the east, west, south, and north. Christopher Columbus was the first European to enter Venezuela, but there had been indigenous people living there for a long time.

### European colonialism

*Also see: Colonialism and Atlantic slave trade*

When white Europeans (like the British, Spanish, and French colonial empires) conquered territory in the Americas, they took their black African slaves to America to work. The Spanish Empire conquered Venezuela and brought in slaves from Africa.

At this time, black people had no rights; they just worked for food. Because of the colonial period, Venezuela's population today is very racially mixed.

The Spanish taught Roman Catholicism, and many native people converted. Today, almost all Venezuelans (96%) are Catholics; just 2% are Protestant.

For a long time, society was headed by white creoles: people in Venezuela who were descended from Spaniards, but considered Venezuela home. Other Venezuelans did not like that, and they started thinking about independence.

### After independence (1823)

On July 24, 1823 Venezuela won its independence, led by Simón Bolívar.

Venezuela's modern history was shaped by a number of people, including President Romulo Betancourt, who replaced a military dictatorship with a democracy.

By the 1970s, Venezuela had become rich from oil revenue, but it had problems in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1999 Hugo Chávez became president and tried to remake Venezuela into a socialist state. While popular at first, the economic changes made by Chavez and the next president, Nicolás Maduro, caused a massive economic depression in the mid-2010s. The current president is disputed.

The Crisis in Venezuela started in 2010 (and has been ongoing for 16 years and 1 week.)

The 2026 United States strikes in Venezuela, happened; An invasion lasted for two hours and twenty minutes (January 3). That U.S. force left Venezuela, later that day.

## Politics

The government has interior minister, foreign minister and defense minister; The oil minister's post (or job) is held by the acting president (as of 2026's second quarter).

On January 5, 2026, the Rodríguez cabinet (or government) held its first official meeting.

## Demographics

The population of Venezuela is about 28,000,000 people. The ethnicities of the population are:

* 65%: Multiracial.
* 20%: European.
* 10%: African.
* 5%: Amerindian.

## Other information

### Foreign relations

United States–Venezuela relations. The U.S. secretary-of-state and Venezuela's acting president talked [on the phone], on January 3, 2026. Earlier that day, the U.S. military did an invasion, that ended the same day. Earlier (2025), the U.S. started attacks from the air, against what was thought to be drug boats. The attacks were part of a military buildup in the Caribbean Sea. Earlier that year, the US government said that gangs such as Cartel of the Suns, and Tren de Aragua, are terrorist organizations. Earlier (2019), the U.S. took away its diplomats from the U.S. embassy in Caracas. Earlier that year, Venezuela's president said that the Venezuelan embassy "and all consulates in the U.S. would be closed", according to media.

## Gallery

* Los Próceres, Caracas - Distrito Capital
* Plaza Francia – Miranda state
* Coin
* Humboldt planetary (Caracas)
* Cattleya mossiae
* Stamp 1893
* Puerto Ayacucho – Amazonas state
* Puerto Nutrias – Barinas state

## Related pages

* List of ongoing armed conflicts