# Madagascar

| Republic of Madagascar* *Repoblikan'i Madagasikara*  (Malagasy)
* *République de Madagascar*  (French)
 |
| --- |
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Flag

Seal

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| **Motto: "Fitiavana, Tanindrazana, Fandrosoana" (Malagasy)
* "Amour, Patrie, Progrès" (French)
* "Love, Land of Our Ancestors, Progress"
 |
| **Anthem:Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!* *Oh, Beloved Land of our Ancestors!* |
| Location of  Madagascar  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union  (light blue) |
| Capitaland largest city | Antananarivo ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Official languages | * Malagasy
* French
* Gujarati
* Kutchi
 |
| Ethnic groups (2004) | * 26% Merina
* 15% Betsimisaraka
* 12% Betsileo
* 7% Tsimihety
* 6% Sakalava
* 5% Antaisaka
* 5% Antandroy
* 24% others
 |
| Demonym(s) | Malagasy |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic |
|  |
| • Interim President  | Michael Randrianirina |
| • Prime Minister  | Mamitiana Rajaonarison |
|  |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | National Assembly |
| Independence |
|  |
| • from France  | 26 June 1960 |
| • Current constitution  | 17 November 2010 |
|  |
| Area |
| • Total | 587,041 km2 (226,658 sq mi) (46th) |
| • Water | 5,501 km2 (2,124 sq mi) |
| • Water (%) | 0.9% |
| Population |
| • 2021 estimate | 28,915,653 (52nd) |
| • 1993 census | 12,238,914 |
| • Density | 35.2/km2 (91.2/sq mi) (174th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2017 estimate |
| • Total | $40.055 billion |
| • Per capita | $1,563 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2017 estimate |
| • Total | $10.372 billion |
| • Per capita | $405 |
| Gini (2010) | 44.1 medium |
| HDI (2015) |  0.512 low · 158th |
| Currency | Malagasy ariary (MGA) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (not observed) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +261 |
| ISO 3166 code | MG |
| Internet TLD | .mg |

**Madagascar** is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the East coast of Africa and its capital is Antananarivo. Twenty-two million people live there. It is the world's fourth-largest island.

The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and French.

## Pre-human history

About two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a huge supercontinent called Pangaea. When this broke up, Madagascar was attached to what is now the Indian subcontinent. Madagascar broke away from India and moved closer to Africa.

The long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Many of its animals came from Africa, because the island is closer to Africa than to India. Many of these endemic Malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, particularly the megafauna.

Despite this, and massive deforestation, Madagascar is still home to an incredible array of wildlife. Most of the wildlife is unique.

## Environment

Madagascar is home to many species that were not known to Europeans about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world.

Many species in Madagascar are in danger because much of the forest has been cut down. Forests are cut down, so the land can grow crops such as coffee, which is an important export crop for Madagascar.

## Economy

Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.

## Provinces

Map of the Regions of Madagascar and former provinces of Madagascar
In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions. It used to be divided into 6 provinces.

## Human history

People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.

France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent on 26 June, 1960.

## Since independence

In June 2025, the Franco-Malagasy Joint Commission will meet. This commission is responsible for deciding on the return of the Scattered Islands to Madagascar.

In regard to being a member of the African Union: As of October 2025, its membership has been suspended.

## Related pages

* Madagascar at the Olympics
* Madagascar national football team

## Other websites

* Photos of Madagascar Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Geographic data related to Madagascar at OpenStreetMap