# South America

The Andes.
**South America** is the continent to the south of North America. These two continents are separated by the Panama Canal. There are seven continents which make up the globe, South America being the 4th largest. South America includes 12 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

South America is attached to Central America at the boundary of Panama. Geographically all of Panama – including the part east of the Panama Canal is usually included in North America alone, among the countries of Central America.

Landscapes

South America features an incredibly diverse landscape, dominated by the extensive Andes mountains along the west coast and vast eastern highlands. It holds extreme environments, including the driest desert (Atacama), the highest navigable lake (Titicaca), and the world's largest river system.It is also home to the amazing Amazon forest.

History

South America’s history isn't a dry list of dates; it is the collective memory of people who have constantly reinvented themselves. It’s the pride of a modern weaver in the Andes using techniques passed down through a hundred generations, and the echoes of heavy footsteps in colonial plazas where freedom was finally won. It carries the weight of ancestors who survived the arrival of outsiders and the resilience of those who were brought across the ocean in chains, only to weave their music and soul into the very fabric of the continent. Every town square tells a story of survival, from the quiet dignity of indigenous traditions that refused to disappear to the modern fire of students and workers marching for a better future. It is a story of scars, yes, but also of an incredible, stubborn joy that celebrates how far they have come together.

Geography

South America’s geography isn't just a map of extremes; it is the physical heartbeat that shapes how people live every day. Imagine waking up in a village tucked into the jagged folds of the Andes, where the thin, crisp air dictates the slow pace of life and the hearty crops people can grow. To the east, life follows the pulse of the Amazon, where the river serves as the primary highway and the dense green canopy provides both a home and a livelihood. From the vibrant coastal cities where the Atlantic breeze carries the smell of salt and street food, to the quiet, windswept ranches of Patagonia where survival depends on grit and thick wool, the land is more than just scenery. It is a demanding but beautiful partner that influences the music, the food, and the resilient spirit of everyone who calls it home.

## List of Countries

| Flag | Official name(s) | Area (km² or sq mi) | Population | Density (pop. km²) | Capital | Official language(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Argentina Argentine Republic | 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi) | 46,621,847 | 16 | Buenos Aires | Spanish |
|  | Bolivia Plurinational State of Bolivia | 1,098,581 km2 (424,164 sq mi) | 12,186,079 | 11 | Sucre | Spanish Quechua Aymara |
|  | Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil | 8,515,770 km2 (3,287,960 sq mi) | 218,689,757 | 17 | Brasillia | Portuguese |
|  | Chile Republic of Chile | 756,102 km2 (291,933 sq mi) | 18,549,457 | 22 | Santiago | Spanish |
|  | Colombia Republic of Colombia | 1,138,910 km2 (439,740 sq mi) | 49,336,454 | 23 | Bogota | Spanish |
|  | Ecuador Republic of Ecuador | 283,561 km2 (109,484 sq mi) | 17,483,326 | 44 | Quito | Spanish |
|  | Guyana Co-operative Republic of Guyana | 214,969 km2 (83,000 sq mi) | 791,739 | 4 | Georgetown | English |
|  | Paraguay Republic of Paraguay | 406,752 km2 (157,048 sq mi) | 7,439,863 | 18 | Asuncion | Spanish Guarani |
|  | Peru Republic of Peru | 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi) | 32,440,172 | 17 | Lima | Spanish Aymara |
|  | Suriname Republic of Suriname | 163,820 km2 (63,250 sq mi) | 639,539 | 4 | Paramaribo | Dutch |
|  | Uruguay Republic of Uruguay | 176,215 km2 (68,037 sq mi) | 3,416,264 | 33 | Montevideo | Spanish |
|  | Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | 912,050 km2 (352,140 sq mi) | 30,518,260 | 20 | Caracas | Spanish |

## Natural resources

The soil in Argentina's Pampas is among the best in the world. Brazil's soil is very good for growing coffee. A great number of minerals have been found. Few, however, have been mined. Among those that were mined are iron, manganese, gold, and gemstones. The tropical forests are rich in valuable trees, like mahogany, ebony, and rubber. Oil is also a resource in some places.

## Wildlife

South America is home to a large variety of animal life. These include animals such as jaguars, macaws, monkeys, anacondas, llamas, piranhas, toucans, rheas, tapirs, cougars, condors and chinchillas.

## Tourist attractions

The most popular attractions are:

* Machu Picchu, a historic site in Peru which is a city made of stone and has an over 26 mile marathon.
* The Iguazu Falls, a waterfall on the border between Argentina and Brazil
* The Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall, in Venezuela
* Rio de Janeiro in Brazil is a huge city, famous for its carnival, beaches (Copacabana and Ipanema), and 38m statue of Jesus Christ.
* The Patagonia region in Argentina and Chile

## The Amazon rain forest

The amazon rain forest is a moist grassy land where many wild animals live and contains the amazon river which is the 2nd longest river in the world and has the largest volume of water. The world's longest river is the Nile in Africa. The forest is known as a rain forest as it rains very often but due to the dense surroundings not every droplet reaches the bottom. The Amazon is shared by eight **countries** (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname) and stretches for 6.7 million kilometers2. In the amazon rain forest, hundreds of thousands of trees have been cut down for wood and paper, meaning that the forest is endangered. Unlike the Boreial forest in Canada the trees are not getting replanted.

## Related pages

* Latin America
* Americas
* Latin American Literature