Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Kingdom (biology)

**Kingdom** is the highest rank, after the domain, which is normally used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each kingdom is split into phyla.

There are 5 to 7 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these kingdoms and some symbionts, such as lichen, come under two. There are at least:

* Prokaryotes or Monera – the most simple living things: bacteria and archaea
* Protista – eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals
* Fungi – mushrooms, moulds and other fungi
* Plantae – all plants, such as moss, trees and grass
* Animalia – all animals, including people. See List of animal phyla
* Chromalveolata – plastids containing chlorophyll.

## Overview

| Linnaeus 1735 | Haeckel 1866 | Chatton 1925 | Copeland 1938 | Whittaker 1969 | Woese et al. 1977 | Woese et al. 1990 | Cavalier-Smith 1993 | Cavalier-Smith 1998 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | 2 empires | 4 kingdoms | 5 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | 3 domains | 8 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms |
| *(not treated)* | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria |
| Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria |
| Eukaryota | Protoctista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Archezoa | Protozoa |
| Protozoa |
| Chromista | Chromista |
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae |
| Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi |
| Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |

The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms. Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly. For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Rhodophyta) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively. However, despite these differences, the table gives a useful summary.

* There is no agreement at present on how many kingdoms there are in the Eukarya. In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson said this: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution".

## Related pages

* Tree of Life
# Phylum

The hierarchy of scientific classification
A **phylum** (plural: **phyla**) is the third highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. The second rank is kingdom and the highest is domain. Usually biologists count about 32 phyla of animals, about 14 of plants, and about 8 phyla of fungus, but definitions vary.

With genome analysis, groups of phyla have been put together based on evolutionary relationships. These are informal, not part of the standard classification.

The exact definition of a phylum is subject to debate, but most often it is either taken to mean a clade where a basic body plan/body structure is present in all its members or to mean a "grand"/"basic" grouping of life in which subsequent extinction has led to its representing a great amount of biodiversity, particularly because it is rare to find lifeforms not in any phylum (although this may be circular logic) except in the fossil record.

Botanists usually prefer the word *division* instead of *phylum*.

## Related pages

* List of animal phyla
# Subphylum

A **subphylum** is a rank in the Linnaean taxonomy of biological groups. Normally the ranks go phylum > class > order etc. However, sometimes extra steps are needed, and if so, a subphylum ranks immediately below a phylum.
# Vertebrate

| Vertebrate Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3–Present,  |
| --- |
|  |
| Example of vertebrates: *Acipenser oxyrinchus* (Actinopterygii), an African bush elephant (Tetrapoda), a Tiger shark (Chondrichthyes) and a River lamprey (Agnatha). |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Superphylum: | Deuterostomia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Olfactores |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata J-B. Lamarck, 1801 |
| Infraphylums |
| * Agnatha (paraphyletic)
* Gnathostomata
 |
| Synonyms |
|
Ossea Batsch, 1788 |

An alligator
A **vertebrate** is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The parts of the vertebrate skeleton are:

1. Braincase: A braincase or cranium protects the brain.
2. Vertebrae: A series of short, stiff vertebrae are separated by joints. This internal backbone protects the spinal cord. The joints between the vertebrae let the backbone bend.
3. Bones: support and protect the body's soft tissues and provides points for muscle attachment.
4. Gill arches: Gill arches in the pharynx of fish and some amphibians support the gills. In the majority of vertebrates some of the arches have evolved into other organs, such as jaws.

Examples of vertebrates are mammals, birds, and fish. A few tens of thousands of species have been identified. The term "fish" is used to describe at least four different kinds of vertebrates.

## Distinctions

Vertebrates dominate amongst the animals in virtually all environments. They include the largest animals in each main ecosystem, though not the largest living things (because that would include trees). They are the only animals which have an adaptive immune system. These two facts may be connected.

## Taxonomy and classification

* **Subphylum Vertebrata**
	+ **Agnatha** (jawless vertebrates)
		- Myxini
		- Hyperoartia (lampreys)
	+ †Conodonta
	+ †Pteraspidomorphi
		- †Thelodonti
		- †Anaspida
		- †Galeaspida
		- †Pituriaspida
		- †Osteostraci
	+ **Gnathostomata** (jawed vertebrates)
		- †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms)
		- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
		- †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
		- Osteichthyes (bony fish)
			* Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
			* Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
			* Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths)
			* Dipnoi (lungfish)
	+ **Tetrapoda** (four-limbed vertebrates)
		- Amphibia (amphibians)
		- Amniota (amniotic eggs)
			* Sauropsida (reptiles and birds)
				+ Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes and tuatara)
				+ Testudines (turtles)
				+ Archosauria (archosaurs)
					- Crocodilia (crocodilians)
					- †Pterosauria (pterosaurs)
					- Dinosauria (dinosaurs)
						* Aves (birds)
			* Synapsida (mammal-like tetrapods)
				+ Mammalia

## Related pages

* Invertebrate
* Vertebrate brain

## Other websites

* Tree of Life Archived 2021-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates
# Class (biology)

The hierarchy of scientific classification
A **class** is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders. There are multiple classes in each phylum. Mammals, for example, are one of several classes within the Vertebrates, and are subdivided into Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutheria.

Ranks below class and above order are often used. Then the sequence is:

* **Class **Subclass **Infraclass **Order**
# Theria

| Theria Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| *Clade*: | Theriiformes |
| *Clade*: | Trechnotheria |
| *Clade*: | Cladotheria |
| *Clade*: | Prototribosphenida |
| *Clade*: | Zatheria |
| *Clade*: | Tribosphenida |
| Subclass: | Theria Parker & Haswell, 1897 |
| Infraclasses |
|
Metatheria
Eutheria |

**Theria** is a large subclass of mammals. It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a shelled egg.

The Theria are divided into two groups (infraclasses): Metatheria and Eutheria. The surviving Metatheria are the marsupials, and the Eutheria are the placental mammals.
# Eutheria

| Eutheria (including placental mammals) Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| House mouse, *Mus musculus* |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Subclass: | Theria |
| *Clade*: | Eutheria Huxley, 1880 |
| Orders |
| * *Eomaia*
* **Placentalia**
	+ Superorder **Xenarthra:**
		- Cingulata (armadillos)
		- Pilosa (sloths, true anteaters)
	+ Superorder **Afrotheria:**
		- Afrosoricida (tenrecs, etc)
		- Hyracoidea (hyraxes)
		- Macroscelidea (elephant shrews)
		- Proboscidea (elephants)
		- Sirenia (manatees, dugongs)
		- Tubulidentata (aardvarks)
		- Superorder **Euarchontoglires: Dermoptera (Colugos)
			* Lagomorpha (rabbits, etc)
			* Primates (monkeys, apes, man)
			* Rodentia (rodents)
			* Scandentia (treeshrews)
		- Superorder **Laurasiatheria: Carnivora (carnivorans)
			* Chiroptera (bats)
			* Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs, etc)
			* Pholidota (scaly anteaters)
			* Soricomorpha (moles, shrews)
			* Mirorder Euungulata
				+ Perissodactyla (horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
				+ Cetartiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and wh
 |

**Eutheria** is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.

This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species.

Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans.

The terms 'Eutheria' and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. *Eomaia* is the earliest example.

All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental.

Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.

The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct *Eomaia scansoria* from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Marsupials are relatively speechless. So we can place the development of mammalian speech to about 200 million years ago with the early placental mammals.

## Related pages

* Mammal for classification.
* Theria
* Marsupial
* Monotreme
# Order (biology)

The hierarchy of scientific classification
An **order** is a rank used in the biological taxonomy. Each order is split into families. There are many orders in each class. A group of closely related families forms an order. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in family.

## Examples of order

* Carnivora is an order of meat-eating mammals. The cat family, dog family and bear family are in this order.
* Rodents are an order. Rats and mice are in one family. Squirrels belong in another family.
* Primates are another order of mammals. Apart from humans, most live in forests.
* Pine trees are a genus in the order Pinales. The order also includes all other living conifers, such as the cypress and yew families.
# Family (biology)

A hierarchy of important ranks
In biology, a **family** is a taxonomic rank. Each family contains one or more genera. The Family is normally in beetween an order and a genus.

Usually, the name of the family ends with an "*idae*" for animals, and "*aceae*" for plants. Sometimes there are also subfamilies and superfamilies. Subfamilies end with "*inae*" or "*oideae*".

For example, walnuts (genus *Juglans*) and hickories (genus *Carya*) both belong to the walnut family (the *Juglandaceae*).

The family hierarchy contains larger catergories of families like superfamilys and smaller ones like tribes and subfamilies, from greatest to smallest, the hierarchy goes like: superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, and subtribe.
# Myomorpha

| Myomorpha Temporal range: Early Eocene - Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| *Acomys cahirinus* |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Suborder: | Myomorpha Brandt, 1855 |
| Superfamilies |
|
Muroidea
Dipodoidea |

Suborder **Myomorpha** has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antarctica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.

Most myomorph species belong to superfamily Muroidea:

* Superfamily Muroidea
	+ Family Platacanthomyidae
	+ Family Spalacidae
	+ Family Calomyscidae
	+ Family Nesomyidae
	+ Family Cricetidae
	+ Family Muridae
* Superfamily Dipodoidea
	+ Family Dipodidae
# Muridae

| Murids Temporal range: early Miocene – Recent |
| --- |
|  |
| Black rat (*Rattus rattus*) |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Superfamily: | Muroidea |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Subfamilies |
|
Deomyinae
Gerbillinae
Lophiomyinae
Murinae |

**Muridae** is the largest family of mammals. It contains over 700 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. They have been introduced worldwide. The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.

The family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea.

The Murids are classified in four subfamilies, and about 140 genera.

## Subfamilies

* Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
* Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
* Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse)
* Lophiomyinae (Crested rat)
* Murinae (Old World rats and mice including the vlei rats)

* Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*, **31**:256-276.
* Michaux J. A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. *Molecular Biology and Evolution*, **17**:280-293.
* Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. *Systematic Biology*, **53**:533-553.
* Muridae on ITIS
# Gerbil

| Gerbil Temporal range: late Miocene - Recent |
| --- |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Suborder: | Myomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Muroidea |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Subfamily: | **Gerbillinae** Gray, 1825 |

**Gerbils** are a family of rodents. There are about 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as wild **rats**. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet.

Species of gerbil include:

* Fat-tailed gerbil, whose tail gets bigger when it eats.
* Great gerbil, the biggest type of gerbil

The Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet. The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866. All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930.

A gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse. It depends on the species. From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel. A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches. There are also bigger gerbils like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail.

## Other websites

* Gerbil Care Guide
* The National Gerbil Society (U.K.)
* The American Gerbil Society
* TheGerbils.com - Everything about the gerbil!
* Gerbils at Popular Pets Archived 2007-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Information on Gerbils Archived 2008-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
# Genus

A hierarchy of important ranks
A **genus** is a rank in the biological classification (or taxonomy). It is above species, and below families. A genus can include more than one species. When biologists talk about a genus, they mean one or more species of animals or plants that are closely related to each other.

As with other taxa, the plural is different from other English words because it is a Latin word. 'Genus' is the singular, and 'genera' is the plural form of the word.

When printing the scientific name of an organism, the name is *always in italic*. A name of species has two parts, with the genus first. For example, in "*Felis silvestris*", *Felis* is the genus. The genus name always begins with a capital letter. In "*Felis silvestris catus*", the third word is the subspecies, which is not often used.

## As a common word

In writing, genus names in Latin may be 'anglicised' to form a common name. For example, the genus *Pseudomonas* is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"). In practice, most really common animals and plants already have a common name. So instead of saying 'felids', or 'felines', one says 'cats' both for the family pet, and for all the cat family (Felidae).
# Oldfield Thomas

Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas
**Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas** (usually known as *Oldfield Thomas*) FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist.

Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens. He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.
# 1904

1904 in other calendars| Gregorian calendar | 1904 *MCMIV* |
| Ab urbe condita | 2657 |
| Armenian calendar | 1353 ԹՎ ՌՅԾԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6654 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 60–61 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1825–1826 |
| Bengali calendar | 1311 |
| Berber calendar | 2854 |
| British Regnal year | 3 Edw. 7 – 4 Edw. 7 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2448 |
| Burmese calendar | 1266 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7412–7413 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit) 4600 or 4540     *— to —* 甲辰年 (Wood Dragon) 4601 or 4541 |
| Coptic calendar | 1620–1621 |
| Discordian calendar | 3070 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1896–1897 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5664–5665 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
|  - *Vikram Samvat* | 1960–1961 |
|  - *Shaka Samvat* | 1825–1826 |
|  - *Kali Yuga* | 5004–5005 |
| Holocene calendar | 11904 |
| Igbo calendar | 904–905 |
| Iranian calendar | 1282–1283 |
| Islamic calendar | 1321–1322 |
| Japanese calendar | Meiji 37 (明治３７年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1833–1834 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4237 |
| Minguo calendar | 8 before ROC 民前8年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 436 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2446–2447 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཆུ་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Water-Hare) 2030 or 1649 or 877     *— to —* ཤིང་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Wood-Dragon) 2031 or 1650 or 878 |

**1904** (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

* January 4 – In *Gonzales v. Williams*, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and could enter the United States freely.
* February 8 – The Russo-Japanese War begins.

## Births

* January 18 – Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
* April 22 – Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
* May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (d. 1989)
* June 2 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)
* June 17 – Ralph Bellamy, American actor and comedian (d.1991)
* June 26 – Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born movie actor (d. 1964)
* August 12 – Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (d. 1918)

## Deaths

* May 1 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)
* July 15 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)
# Synonym (taxonomy)

**Synonyms in taxonomy** are similar to normal synonyms, there are two (or more than two) names for the same thing in a scientific classification. For example, the cat has a few scientific names in: *Felis silvestris catus*, *Felis catus*, and *Felis catus domestica*.

In botany, the word "synonym" has a special meaning. There is one "correct name", and the other names are synonyms. For example, *Daemonorops draco* is the correct name of a species of palm trees, and *Calamus draco* is a synonym for the same species.

In zoology, there is one "valid name" and the others are "junior synonyms".

* International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), *International Code of Zoological Nomenclature* (4th ed.), The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, ISBN 978-0-85301-006-7, retrieved 2011-10-21
* McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R. & Demoulin, V., eds. (2012), *International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011* (electronic ed.), Bratislava: International Association for Plant Taxonomy, archived from the original on 2015-11-15, retrieved 2012-12-20
# Conservation status

| Conservation status by IUCN Red List category |
| --- |
|  |
| Extinct |
| * Extinct (EX)
* Extinct in the Wild (EW)
 | * (list)
* (list)
 |
| Threatened |
| * Critically Endangered (CR)
* Endangered (EN)
* Vulnerable (VU)
 | * (list)
* (list)
* (list)
 |
| *Lower Risk* |
| * Near Threatened (NT)
* Conservation Dependent (CD)
* Least Concern (LC)
 | * (list)
* (list)
 |
|

---

**Other categories** |
| * Data Deficient (DD)
* Not Evaluated (NE)
 | * (list)
 |
|

---

**Related topics International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
* IUCN Red List
* NatureServe status
* Lists of organisms by population
 |
|

---

 Comparison of Red list classes above and NatureServe status below  |
| * v
* t
* e
 |

The **conservation status** of a species shows how likely it is for that species to survive now or in the future. Many factors affect the conservation status of a species: the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and others.

## Related pages

* Conservation biology