# දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව වටසන

දේශපාලනය සහ දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව ආශ්‍රිත මාතෘකා ගවේශණය සඳහා භාවිතා කළ හැකි වටසන පහත දක්වා ඇත:

**දේශපාලනය** – බලය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම; ජන කණ්ඩායම් ඔවුන්ගේ සාමූහික තීරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදය. දේශපාලනය යනු රාජ්‍ය කටයුතු ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම පිළිබඳ කලාව හෝ විද්‍යාව ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකිය.

**දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව** – දේශපාලනය මෙන්ම දේශපාලන පද්ධති සහ දේශපාලනික හැසිරීම් විශ්ලේෂණයට සහ විස්තර කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා වන සිද්ධාන්ත ආශ්‍රිත විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍රය.

## දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව තුළ අධ්‍යයන ක්ෂේත්‍ර

* Comparative politics
	+ Democratization
	+ Polarization
	+ Politicization
	+ Multi-level governance
	+ *see § Electoral systems and § Political institutions*
* Development studies
* Geopolitics and political geography
	+ Area studies
	+ Globalization studies
* Gender and politics
* Institutional theory
	+ New institutionalism
* International relations
	+ Security studies
		- Critical security studies
		- Copenhagen School
		- Paris school
		- Welsh school
* Nationalism studies
	+ Banal nationalism
	+ Diaspora politics
	+ Irredentism
	+ Nationalism and gender
	+ Nationalist historiography
	+ Postnationalism
	+ Revanchism
* Political behavior
	+ Political activism
		- Political movement
* Political economy
* Political fiction
	+ Political satire
* Political research methodology
* Political sociology
* Political theory and philosophy
	+ Political spectrum
* Positive political theory
	+ Game theory
* Postcolonialism
* Psephology – study of elections
	+ Voting theory
	+ *see § Electoral systems*
* Policy analysis and Policy studies
	+ Foreign policy analysis
	+ Public administration and local government studies
	+ Public law
* Strategic studies

## ආශ්‍රිත අධ්‍යයන අංශ

* Anthropology
	+ Political anthropology
* Economics
	+ Political economy
* Geography
	+ Political geography
* History
	+ Political history
* Jurisprudence
	+ Constitutional law
	+ International legal theory
	+ Political jurisprudence
* Philosophy
	+ Ethics
	+ Political philosophy
* Psychology
	+ Political psychology
* Sociology
	+ Political sociology

## දේශපාලන සිද්ධාන්ත

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Political theory

* Anarchist schools of thought hold that all forms of hierarchy and authority are illegitimate.
	+ Social anarchism views individual freedom as interrelated with mutual aid.
	+ Individualist anarchism
* Democratic theory
	+ Athenian democracy a form of Greek democracy in which free male citizens had a direct vote on all government actions.
	+ Republicanism a strain of political thought which was common among the city-states of the Italian Renaissance, such as the Republic of Venice.
	+ Representative democracy
	+ Direct democracy
		- Initiative
		- Referendum
	+ Radical democracy
		- Deliberative democracy
		- Participatory democracy
* International relations theory
	+ Power in international relations
	+ Realism in international relations
		- Neorealism (international relations)
	+ Idealism in international relations
		- Liberalism (international relations)
		- Neoliberalism (international relations)
	+ Marxist international relations theory
	+ Functionalism in international relations
	+ Critical international relations theory
* Majoritarianism
* Marxist schools of thought
	+ Marxism-Leninism
	+ Maoism
	+ Trotskyism
	+ Left communism
	+ Anti-revisionism
	+ Western Marxism
		- Structural Marxism
		- Neo-Marxism
		- The Frankfurt School
		- Autonomism
		- Analytical Marxism
		- Marxist Humanism
		- Marxist feminism
		- Post-Marxism
* Metapolitics
* Peace and conflict studies
	+ Democratic peace theory
	+ Power transition theory
	+ Hegemonic stability theory
* Political geography
* Political symbolism
* Postcolonialism
	+ Decoloniality
		- Blue water thesis
	+ Three-world model
		- Third-Worldism
* Theories of state
	+ Consent of the governed
		- Social contract
		- Secession
		- Right of rebellion
	+ Form of government
	+ Islamic state
	+ Nationalism
	+ Patriotism
	+ Sovereignty

## තීරණ ගැනීම

### ඡන්ද විමසීම්

* Electoral systems
	+ Plurality voting allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with single-member districts, resulting in a majoritarian democracy.
		- Cardinal voting systems
			* Approval voting
			* Satisfaction approval voting
			* Majority judgment
			* STAR voting
		- First-past-the-post voting
		- Single non-transferable vote
		- Limited voting
		- Plurality-at-large voting
		- General ticket
	+ Proportional representation ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the electorate. Often combined with multi-member districts to produce consensus democracy.
		- Party-list proportional representation
			* proportionality measures
	+ Mixed electoral systems
		- Mixed-member proportional representation
		- Parallel voting
		- Scorporo
		- Majority bonus system
		- Alternative vote plus
		- Dual-member proportional representation
		- Rural-urban proportional representation
* Suffrage
	+ Disfranchisement
	+ Right of foreigners to vote
	+ Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin
	+ Youth suffrage
		- Age of candidacy
		- Demeny voting
	+ Wasted vote
* Voting
	+ Compulsory voting
	+ Electronic voting
	+ None of the above
	+ Secret ballot
* Game theory
* Political campaign
* Political communications
* Political qualifications

### අනුප්‍රාප්තික අනුපිළිවෙල

* Primogeniture

### Sortition

* Citizens' assembly

## දේශපාලන ආයතන

Institutions are often the framework within which politics happens. Pictured is the Supreme Court of the United States.
### රජයේ ශාඛා

The separation of powers is typically set in the constitution or basic law in order to achieve checks and balances within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the trias politica.

* Legislature, deliberates and passes laws.
	+ Unicameralism
	+ Bicameralism
		- Upper house
		- Lower house
	+ Tricameralism
	+ Tetracameralism
	+ Multicameralism
* Executive, executes laws.
	+ Head of state, formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has veto power over proposed legislation.
		- Monarch
		- Supreme leader
		- President
	+ Head of government, the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a cabinet, a Council of Ministers or a Council of State.
		- Chancellor
		- Chief executive
		- Chief minister
		- First minister
		- Premier
		- Prime minister
* Judiciary, often involved in politics through judicial review.
	+ Supreme court
	+ Constitutional court

Political parties, and their number, are important aspects of representative systems. The number of political parties in the Hellenic Parliament of Greece has varied across time.
### දේශපාලන පක්ෂ

* Party systems
	+ Nonpartisan democracy
	+ One-party state
	+ Dominant-party system
	+ Two-party system
	+ Multi-party system
	+ Effective number of parties
	+ Party discipline
	+ Political factions
* Party coalition governments
	+ Hung parliament
	+ Confidence and supply
	+ Minority government
	+ Rainbow coalition
	+ Grand coalition
	+ National unity government
	+ Majority government

## දේශපාලනික හැසිරීම

### සෛද්ධාන්තික දේශපාලනික හැසිරීම

* Political culture
	+ Civic political culture
	+ Parochial political culture
	+ Patrimonialism, a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power.
		- Neopatrimonialism
		- Prebendalism
* Peace and conflict studies
	+ Aggressionism
	+ Greed versus grievance
* Political psychology
	+ Impressionable years hypothesis
	+ Postmaterialism
	+ Right-Wing Authoritarianism
	+ Social Dominance Orientation
	+ System Justification Theory

### දේශපාලන උපාය මාර්ග

* Accelerationism
* Political campaigning
	+ Campaign advertising
	+ Campaign finance
	+ Campaign management tools
	+ Canvassing
	+ Grassroots fundraising
	+ Smear campaign
	+ Opposition research
	+ Push poll
	+ Retail politics
* Power politics
	+ Balance of power
	+ Bandwagoning
	+ Blackmail
	+ Brinkmanship
	+ Buck passing
	+ Coercion
	+ Hard power
	+ Sharp power
	+ Soft power
	+ Smart power
	+ Power projection
	+ Power vacuum
	+ Realpolitik
* Cloward–Piven strategy
	+ Starve the beast
* Propaganda
	+ Disinformation
	+ Fearmongering
	+ Framing
	+ Indoctrination
	+ Loaded language
	+ Lying press
	+ National mythology
	+ Rally 'round the flag effect

### ඡන්දදායක හැසිරීම

* Abstention
* Abstentionism
	+ Election boycott
* Economic voting
* Altruism theory of voting
* Coattail effect
* Split-ticket voting
	+ Straight-ticket voting
* Tactical voting
	+ Vote pairing
* Paradox of voting
* Protest vote
	+ Spoilt vote
	+ Voter apathy

## දේශපාලන දුෂ්කෘතිය

* Political conflict
	+ Civil disobedience
		- Boycott
		- Demonstration
		- Nonviolence
		- Picketing
		- Strike action
		- Tax resistance
	+ Civil war
		- Wars of national liberation
	+ Insurgency
		- Asymmetric warfare
		- Assassination
		- Guerrilla warfare
	+ Law of war
		- International criminal law
		- Just war theory
		- War crime
	+ Revolution
		- Bourgeois revolution
		- Communist revolution
		- Democratic revolution
		- Nonviolent revolution
		- Social revolution
		- Political revolution (Trotskyism)
		- Vanguardism
		- World revolution
	+ Terrorism
		- Nationalist-separatist terrorism
		- Propaganda of the deed
		- Religious extremist terrorism
		- Right-wing terrorism
		- Left-wing terrorism
* Political corruption
	+ Bribery
	+ Cronyism
	+ Economics of corruption
	+ Nepotism
	+ Political patronage
		- Clientelism
		- Earmark
		- Political machine
		- Pork barrel
		- Slush fund
		- Spoils system

## ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම වර්ග සහ ආණ්ඩු වර්ග

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: List of forms of government
### සමාජ සංවිධාන මට්ටම් අනුව

* Traditional authority, political society which has not gone through state formation.
	+ Band society
	+ Big man
	+ Chiefdom
	+ Empire (before New Imperialism).
* Local government
* Unitary state (Unitarism)
	+ City-state
	+ Nation state
* Federalism
	+ Confederation
	+ Federation
* Regional integration
	+ Intergovernmental organization
	+ Supranational union
		- European Union (European studies)
	+ Trade bloc
* Global governance
	+ World state

### ව්ධිමත් බල ව්‍යුහ අනුව

* Feudalism
	+ Chinese feudalism
	+ Indian feudalism
* Monarchy/Diarchy
	+ Absolute monarchy
	+ Constitutional monarchy
	+ Elective monarchy
	+ Federal monarchy
* Republic
	+ Parliamentary system
		- Westminster system
	+ Presidential system
		- Semi-presidential system
		- President for life

### බල මූලාශ්‍ර අනුව

* Autocracy, the source of power is the leader.
* Democracy, the source of power are the people through popular sovereignty.
* Ethnocracy, the source of power is ethnicity.
* Meritocracy, the source of power is talent.
	+ Noocracy, talent is measured by wisdom.
	+ Technocracy, talent is measured by expertise.
* Stratocracy, the source of power is the military.
	+ Military dictatorship
	+ Military junta
* Theocracy, the source of power is God(s).
	+ Christian republic
	+ Halachic state
	+ Hindu nation
	+ Islamic state
* Oligarchy, the source of power is the elite.
	+ Aristocracy, the elite are hereditary.
	+ Gerontocracy, the elite are the elderly.
* Plutocracy, the source of power is wealth.

## දේශපාලන මතවාද සහ දර්ශන

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: List of political ideologies
* Authoritarianism
	+ Absolutism
	+ Totalitarianism
* Left-wing politics, usually focused on increasing egalitarianism.
	+ Far-left politics
		- Anarchism
		- Communism
	+ Socialism
		- Agrarian socialism
		- Democratic socialism
		- Liberal socialism
		- Libertarian socialism
		- Religious socialism
		- Social democracy
	+ Centre-left politics
		- Gradualism
		- Progressivism
		- Reformism
	+ Green politics
		- Green anarchism
		- Ecofeminism
		- Eco-socialism
* Centrism, usually defined by highly pragmatic politics.
	+ Radical centrism
	+ Syncretic politics
	+ Third Position
	+ Third Way
* Liberalism, defined by high valuing of liberty.
	+ Classical liberalism
	+ Conservative liberalism
	+ Neoliberalism
	+ Social liberalism
* Right-libertarianism, often defined as high valuation of private property
	+ Paleolibertarianism
	+ Minarchism
	+ Anarcho-capitalism
* Right-wing politics, often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition.
	+ Centre-right politics
		- Christian democracy
		- Compassionate conservatism
		- Liberal conservatism
		- One-nation conservatism
		- Progressive conservatism
	+ Conservatism
		- Fiscal conservatism
		- Fusionism
		- Libertarian conservatism
		- National conservatism
		- Neoconservatism
		- Paleoconservatism
		- Social conservatism
		- Traditional conservatism
	+ Far-right politics, political ideas which are described as reactionary, ultranationalist, chauvinistic, xenophobic or racist.
		- Alt-right
		- Fascism
		- Nazism
* Identity politics, political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group.
	+ Black power
	+ Feminism
	+ Gay pride
	+ Indigenism
	+ Islamism
	+ Nationalism, based on the centrality of the nation.
		- Civic nationalism
		- Ethnic nationalism
		- Expansionist nationalism
		- Irredentism
		- Pan-nationalism
		- Racial nationalism
		- Left-wing nationalism
		- Liberal nationalism
		- Secessionism
	+ Zionism

## ලෝකයේ ආණ්ඩු

## දේශපාලන ගැටළු සහ ප්‍රතිපත්ති

### අයිතිවාසිකම්

* Animal rights
* Civil and political rights, usually related to topics of negative liberty.
	+ Freedom of assembly
	+ Freedom of association
	+ Right to asylum
	+ Freedom from discrimination
	+ Freedom of education
	+ Freedom of information
	+ Freedom of movement
	+ Freedom of speech
	+ Freedom of the press
	+ Freedom of thought
	+ Right to petition
	+ Right to protest
	+ Right to property
	+ Freedom of religion
	+ Right to life
* Economic, social and cultural rights, usually cover issues of positive liberty.
	+ Digital rights
	+ Labor rights
		- Equal pay for equal work
	+ Right to an adequate standard of living
	+ Right to clothing
	+ Right to development
	+ Right to education
	+ Right to food
	+ Right to health
	+ Right to housing
	+ Right to Internet access
	+ Right to science and culture
	+ Right to social security
	+ Right to water
	+ Right to work
* LGBT rights
* Minority rights
	+ Affirmative action
* Women's rights
	+ Abortion law

### ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති

* Agricultural policy
	+ Agricultural subsidy
	+ Land reform
* Energy policy
	+ Nuclear energy policy
	+ Renewable energy policy
* Fiscal policy
	+ Budgetary policy
* Industrial policy
	+ Import substitution industrialization
* Investment policy
	+ Sovereign wealth fund
* Monetary policy
	+ Capital requirement
	+ Central bank
	+ Contractionary monetary policy
	+ Expansionary monetary policy
* Tax policy
	+ Internet taxation
	+ Tax cut
	+ Tax competition
	+ Tax holiday
	+ Tax reform
		- Flat tax
		- Tax harmonization

### විදේශ සහ ආරක්ෂක ප්‍රතිපත්ති

* Arms control
	+ Nuclear disarmament
		- Nuclear-free zone
		- Nuclear nonproliferation
* Criminal justice
	+ Capital punishment
	+ Life imprisonment
	+ Mandatory sentencing
* Space policy
	+ Extraterrestrial real estate
	+ Militarization of space
		- Space force
* Counter-terrorism
	+ Anti-terrorism legislation
* International Trade
* Military policy
	+ Military recruitment
		- Conscription
	+ Military-industrial complex

### සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්ති

* Cultural policy
	+ Arts council
* Environmental policy
	+ Climate change policy
	+ Fisheries management
* Drug policy
	+ Drug decriminalization
	+ Drug policy reform
	+ Harm reduction
	+ Legality of cannabis
	+ Legal status of cocaine
	+ Legal drinking age
	+ Legal status of methamphetamine
	+ Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms
	+ Legal status of Salvia divinorum
* Education policy and reform
	+ Education reform
* Immigration law
	+ Family reunification
	+ Immigration equality
	+ Immigration of felons
	+ Immigration reform
	+ Open border
	+ Permanent residency
	+ Work permit
* Race relations
	+ Affirmative action
	+ Institutional racism
	+ Racial profiling
	+ White privilege
* Religion and politics
	+ Separation of church and state
* Health policy
	+ Legality of euthanasia
	+ Stem cell controversy
	+ Universal healthcare
	+ Health care reform
* Welfare state
	+ Guaranteed minimum income
	+ Job guarantee
	+ Welfare reform
	+ Unemployment benefits
	+ Universal Basic Income
	+ Workfare

## මහාද්වීපය අනුව දේශපාලනය

### මාහාද්වීපය අනුව විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්ති

### මාහාද්වීපය අනුව දේශපාලන පක්ෂ

## දේශපාලනයේ ඉතිහාසය

* History of political science
* History of political thinking
* Political history
	+ List of years in politics

## දේශපාලන විද්වත්තු

* List of political scientists
* List of political philosophers
	+ List of social and political philosophers
* List of political theorists

## බලපෑම් කළ හැකි සාහිත්‍යය

* *The Art of War* – by Sun Tsu (ආ. 544–496 BC)
* *History of the Peloponnesian War* by Thucydides (ආ. 460 – ආ. 400 BC)
* *The Republic* and *Laws* – by Plato (427–347 BC)
* *The Politics* and *Nicomachean Ethics* – Aristotle (384–322 BC)
* *Arthashastra* – Chāṇakya (ආ. 350–283 BC)
* *Meditations* – *Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE*
* *The Prince* – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
* *The Book of Five Rings* – Miyamoto Musashi (ආ. 1584––1645)
* *Leviathan* – Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
* *The Wealth of Nations* – by Adam Smith (1723–1790)
* *On War* – by Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831)
* *The Communist Manifesto* – by Karl Marx (1818–1883)

## අමතර අවධානයට

* Anthropology
* Constitutional economics
* Debate
* Food politics
* Government simulation game
* Music and politics
* Policy
* Rule According to Higher Law
* Office politics
* Official statistics
* Organizational politics
* Political activism
* Political corruption
* Political criticism
* Political economy
* Political fiction (list)
* Political movement
* Political party (list by country)
* Political power
* Political psychology
* Political spectrum
* Theories of Political Behavior

## මූලාශ්‍ර

## භාහිර සබැඳි

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* American Political Science Association
* European Consortium for Political Research
* International Political Science Association
* Political Studies Association of the UK
* PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)
* Truman State University, "Political Science Research Design Handbook"
* "A New Nation Votes - American Election Returns, 1787 - 1825". *American Antiquarian Society -- Election Records Project*. 13 November 2006. Dec 8, 2006 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
* "POLITICAL Domain Links IV". *Hodges' Health Career Model*. Oct 20, 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.