# Tusnakt

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  **Amnni ad icqqa ad t tfhmt !** Amnni ad gis kra n iwaliwn nna ur iẓḍaṛ yan ad tn ifhm iɣ ur issin ɣ umawal iẓlin n tutlayt Taclḥiyt tatrart. **Mad igan afssay ?** Fad ad tfhmt mad gis illan tzḍart **ad tawst i yixf nnk s umawal** lli illan ɣ izddar akkʷ n tasna. Iɣ t ur tufit, tzḍart **ad nn taggʷt ɣ imawaln d isgzawaln**. |

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Assɣẓn amusnakt f tflwit
**Tusnakt** gan tt tussniwin timdwanin igan tayafut n tsɣẓan timẓẓulin mi ittug usnas f tɣawsiwin imyallan zun d imḍann, unuɣn, tuskiwin d ismuttuyn. tga tusnakt, igr n ucnubbc isbuɣlun tussniwin ad, d ula iẓli tnt isslmadn.

Tbḍa tusnakt f kigan n iẓlan zun d: tasnmḍant, aljibr, aslaḍ, tanzggit, tamẓla tusnaktant, atg. illa ula yan usngiri gr tusnakt tazddagt d tusnakt tawsnast.

Tmyalla tusnakt f tmassanin yaḍn s uzday nns war anaw d tilawt acku ur ar gis tettusmras tamawt d waram f tɣawsiwin tigamanin. Tga tusnakt tamdwant (tin twngimt) s uɣrud nns, acku tɣsr f igjda mi nttini timidiyin (anamk nns mas ur zrin igjda ad ɣ waram, waxxa aha ttyafrakn) nɣ f tndagin ittwadggan ar kra n tizi yaḍn. Ar tzrri tinawt tamusnaktt nna mi ttinin, addag tzri, askkud, tasumrt, tamnzut,… kudnna iḍfr inaw tt issɣsrn d nna d issufɣn tidt nns ka n tuskiwt taɣẓnant mi nttini tasɣẓnt, nɣ askan amẓẓul. Tinawt nna idusn , maka ur ta d iffiɣ is tga tidt, ar as nttini turda.

Mqqar akk gant tyafutin n tusnakt timiditin igan bahra talɣanin, Ar nn nttafa asnas nnsnt ɣ tiyyaḍ tussniwin d ula ɣ yigran imyallan n tetiqnit.

## Aẓur n wawal

Uklid ( Euclide )
**Tusnakt** tga yat tguri tamaynut nna ɣ llan sin iwaliwn **tussna** d **kti** (tussna= *science*, ket = *mesurer*; tusnakt= science de mesure (mathématiques), tussna n wektay).

## Amzruy

Nẓḍar ad nini mas isbuɣla ufgan tusnakt ur ta ttyafant tirra. tiɣawsiwin timzwura igan tugga f tsugar n ussiḍn gan tnt iɣryan n ussiḍn, zun d iɣss n icangu (ɣ tfrikt) nna mi yaɣul usakud ar 20,000 n usggas. ittyaɣan usbuɣlu n tusnakt nna igan tussniwin ittusnkadn ɣ tɣrmiwin timzwura s usnas nns akmam: asɣnzi, aswuddu n tyafutin n tkrza, asɣil n tjummiwin, inɣmisn f tmsarin n tsnayrart, d idsnt tikkal asnas n izrfan isgdann.

Isbuɣlutn imzwura nna tssn tusnakt izdin s ussufɣ n iẓuran imkkuẓn, iẓuran igasasan, afssay n tagdiwin tigtfulin, taktkrdist, assiḍn imrẓi, tasnmḍant n ummidn igamann... ttwaskarn ɣ tɣrmiwin n ikadyann, ibabiln, ijibtiyn, icinwitn nɣ ula ɣ wasif n hindus.

Ɣ tɣrmiwin tigrikanin, ar trzzu tusnakt, nna ḍusnt twuriwin izwarn d iswingmn iflsafn, ad tawḍ uggar n tmadwant. ungimn n usiskn d usnml agjdan ttyasrasn. ffɣn d sin iẓlan imyallan, tasnmḍant d tnzggit. Ɣ tsuta tiss III ur ta ilul , gan igmamn n uklid tagḍwit i tussniwin n tusnakt n ugrik ssadsn tnt.

Yat tasna zɣ warratn n El Xawarizmi
Tiws tɣrma tanslmt ɣ wuḍuf n ukkusu agriki d usmrks nns d tyafutin ticinwiyin d thindiyin, s lawan akk ɣ tmtta n usnkd n imḍann. ttusmɣrnt twuriwin timusnakin ula ɣ umkraḍakt (asnkd n tsɣunin timkraḍaktanin) uggar n tsnmḍant. tettusnulfa day tettusmɣr tslḍt tamsuddst, taslḍt tazwilan d ljabr agtful.

Ɣ «tlalit tamaynut n tsuta tiss XII», ittyaskar uzraw d usuɣl i kra n iḍrisn igrikitn d waɛrabn s tlattant. asiggl amusna innumms nn ɣ turuft. Ɣ tsuta tiss XVI tettusbuɣla, s ungmḍ d byir n la-rami (Pierre de La Ramée), tswingmt n is tlla yat tmassant tamaḍlant nna s nufa ad dars nsbdd tussniwin. yannay nn dikart zɣ 1629, ɣ ilugan i uswala n unlli, allfusn nna tettakka tusnakt afad ad turar tilalt ann. yuwi d dikart, ɣ inaw n tɣarast, alday n tusnakt, «s usrag n war turda d uman n tɣẓinin nns». ar ittimɣur usiḍn n ljar ḍfrn tt s usrid twuriwin n byitt d tin dikart. day isnulfa nyuṭun d libniz asiḍn amziryan argaran.

Ɣ tsuta tiss XVII, iɣḍf galili mas tga tusnakt imiss irwan i uglam n umaḍal agaman, aya nufa ad tt nssgzl d mas ttyaran ilgamn n ugama s yat tutlayt tamusnakt. ihi tskr tusnakt d twada tanaramt, yan zɣ sin iɣzdisn n tmrniwt n tussniwin titrarin.

Ɣ taɣzi tasut tiss 18 d tiss XIX, tssn tusnakt yan ubuɣlu ḍart uzraw anagraw n tuskiwin, tssnti s tgrumma igan tayafut n twuriwin n galwa f tigda tigtfulin, d izbgan nna issnkd didkind.

Tssn tsuta tiss XIX asbuɣlu n yat tẓri tagjdant, f tɣawsiwin akk ttuzrawnin, s twuri n kantur d hilbirt, iga tt usiggl n iskuttuyn imusnakn. tga tgjdant ad abrid nna ḍffrn tugt n imusnakn n tsuta tiss 20 fara ad rzun ad snmln tusnakin akk s iws n yat tmslayt, ad tt igan d tmẓla tamusnakt.

Tssn tsuta tiss XX yan ubuɣlu imqqurn ɣ tusnakt s yan uẓlay n taɣulin, d tlalit d usmɣr n kigan n iẓlan imaynutn (zun d: tiẓri n wakat, tiẓri tanwlaft, tusndɣart n ljabr d tnzggit n ljabr). Ula tasnslkimt illa dars yan yiḍiṣ f usiggl. Ɣ yat tsga, issrxa amyawaḍ d udraw n tussniwin, ɣ tsga yaḍnin tfka yan imiss i ussmnid s imdyatn. Amussu ad yiwi d asmudm d uszwl.

## Taɣulin

Ar bahra ittusmras ubṭṭu n tusnakt f sin, kraḍ ar kkuẓ n iẓlan imyallan : ljabr d tslḍt, nɣ ljabr, taslḍt d tnzggit, nɣ ljabr, taslḍt, tanzggit d tsqqar. Iẓlan zun d wid ur umann d ur bahra ttusuttan iwtta ibḍḍun gratsn. Acku tuggt n tyafutin timusnakin ar sɣawsant s tsugar d iddan zɣ taɣulin mzaraynin. zun d askkud n Wilṣ, nna ittuɣsrn ɣ 1994. Mknna ttyuskar s tɣarast igan tasnmḍant, as isɣawsa usiskn nns s tsugar imqqurn ɣ tslḍt d tnzggit.

### Taɣulin timatayin

Aljibr iga t tgrumma n tɣarasin ttwaskarnin i uzraw d usbuɣlu n tuskiwin n waljibr d i uɣtam n wassaɣn llanin grasnt. Gant tigda tigtfulin d usbuɣlu n tɣarasin n uslaḍ asala amzruyan n waljibr s unamk nns atrar: asiggl ɣ taɣulin ad icuncg tamunt n tmsniwin iskan tiẓri n tgrummiwin, n tẓri n galwa nɣ ula win tnzggit.

S usnukmu n unamk, iga uslaḍ iẓli amusnakt isalan timntilin n tillugna n tsnsitin n yan umskil amalaw nɣ asmlal : ar nsawal, s mka, f tslḍt tamalawt d tslḍt tasmlalt. S ussiriw, ar tsmun tslḍt tiɣarasin timusnakin akk nna d gis iffɣn, d kra n tɣarasin n urmas d tslḍt n tallunin n tsɣunin.

Ar tkkat tnzggit ɣ tizwiri ad trms tiɣawsiwin ɣ tallunt, ḍar as tiriw s tzrawt n tɣariwin n tɣawsiwin bahra igan timadwanin, s tugt n tsktiwin , ittusnkdn s uḍfur n tugt n tmyadasin, d iffɣn zɣ tslḍt d ula zɣ ljabr.

Ar kkatnt tsqqar s ussiriw ad susktnt akk ma add d iddan zɣ uguran. Ssnent tysnẓitin uggar n ma izrin yan usmaynu s tẓri n wakat. Iskr d urmas n ilgamn igurann, nna tt yuwin uggar ɣ isfka yad illan, asiḍn.

## Ẓr uggar

#### Igran n tusnakt

* Aljibr
* Asktiɣmr

#### Imgradn mqqurnin n tusnakt

* Alugaritm agaman
* Asnful n Nyuṭun
* Targadda n Cauchy Schwarz
* Tanfalit n Stirling

#### Imawaln n tusnakt n tmaziɣt

Amawal umniḍ DGLAi n Asinag Agldan n Tussna Tamaziɣt, s kraḍ tutlayin (tamaziɣt tatrart tamɣribit - tafransist - taɛrabt) [Alink nns]

Amawal Tafsut n tusnakt - MCB Alger, Tiwi Uzzu s sin tutlayin (tamaziɣt taqbaylit - tafransist) [Alink nns]

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 Tusnakt       Timassanin       |

## Tisaɣulin