# Albirt Ayncṭayn

**Albirt Ayncṭayn** iga yan ufizisyan Almani bahra ittyawssann ɣ umaḍal ig ɣwalli issdusn timẓṛit n tmssaɣayt, ilul d ɣ wass n 14 Mars n usggʷas 1879 ɣ yat tɣrmt mi ismn Ulm, ɣ Burtmbrg ɣ Lalman, imma tamttant nns tucka d ɣ wass n 18 Brir n 1956 ɣ Nyudjirziy, yiwi tasmɣurt n Nubl n ufizik ɣ usggʷas 1921 acku issfra iḍiṣ awlafu-atrisnti, ittyawmnad is iga Afizisyan da akkʷ issugrn ɣ igr nns ɣ tasut tis tgnart (20).

Tawlaft nns (1947)
## Tudrt nns

Ilul Ayncṭayn ɣ yat tɣrmt Talmanit mi ismn Ulm, yat tɣrmt da issiṭnn ɣikkad mad ittggan yat 120 n ifḍ n imzdaɣn, tlla yat tflut ɣ ukttay nns tama n tgmmi nns izwarn (trdl ɣ wussan n imiɣ amaḍlan wis sin), tawja nns rad tzug s Munik imikk iḍfaṛn tlalit nns, ilmma rad daɣ tmmatti s Ṭṭalyan, babas ikka tt inn yumẓ yan usakʷn atrisint-akimyan, d innas tga lall n tgmmi ar t tsmkil nttan d ultmas Mariya.

Akfaf n ukttay n WayncṭaynYat twlaft n Walbirt Ayncṭayn
Ayncṭayn yura ɣ yat tmssktayt mas d llant snat tmḍiṛin (lɛajayb) da iẓṛa ɣ tudrt nns tazaykut, tamzwarut tga tt yat tbuṣṣult lliɣ dars llan smmus n isggʷasn, ibhḍ i manmk a s ar ttmussu tassmi ann nns, yuhm i idwasn rksnin da tt issftun, tis snat, lliɣ ilkm 12 n usggʷas, ad tt igan d yan udlis n tjyumitrit, tlkm gis ad t akkʷ ittqddas. Ifka as ism: Adlis Afuẓaṛ n Tjyumitrit.

Ayncṭayn ikka tt inn iga yan umḥḍaṛ icṛmḍn, ikkaflla ɣ tmtta n tusnakt d ufizik, is ka yan wass igrawl f umudn qjrnin n kra n islmadn nns, iffuɣ, ifl ilmma tinml ɣ ar yadda yaqqra kiɣ ilkm 16 n usggʷas, iftu ad izzri amzizwr n ukccum s tinml tagtiqnit n Zurix, mqqar iga yan ungmay ittaylaln ɣ snat tmttawin ann maccan iguf, acku ṭṭln t igran yaḍni mi ur bahra issn, ifta daɣ ad gisn iskr sswayɛ aylliɣ imsl tansiwin nns, s ɣmkann imurs ad izri s tinml tagtiqnit tafidiralt n Swisra, ikka gis smmus n isggʷasn sɣ 1896 ar 1901, yumẓ aslkin nns n ulmmud n tfizikt d tusnakt.
Ayncṭayn iɣama ɣ Lalman ar 1933 ar asra ɣ yumẓ Aḍulf Hitlr tanbaḍt, ɣ wakud ann ifta s Mirikan ɣilli ɣ rad ig yan ubṛufiẓuṛ n Tfizikt ɣ Brisṭu, Ig yan umddnu Amirkani ɣ 1940, ur yumẓ tanaft ar usggʷas n 1945.

Albirt Ayncṭayn d taldni nns Malfa
Ayncṭayn iɣama ɣ Lalman ar 1933 ar asra ɣ yumẓ Aḍulf Hitlr tanbaḍt, ɣ wakud ann ifta s Mirikan ɣilli ɣ rad ig yan ubṛufiẓuṛ n Tfizikt ɣ Brisṭu, Ig yan umddnu Amirkani ɣ 1940, ur yumẓ tanaft ar usggʷas n 1945.

Ɣ usggʷas 1939, yura yat tbrat s umagr n Mirikan Ṛuẓflt inna as gis is iml ad tettyuga yat ccrcma tablkamt sɣ ublkim n Yuranyum.

## Timẓṛit nns

Timẓṛit n tmssaɣayt tga yat ɣ tmẓṛiwin da skrnin adasil n tfizikt tatrart, tlla s sin isgdal ssugrnin:

Angiddi n umarku (m) d tfasa (E), ar immala is d amarku iẓḍaṛ ad immatti s tfasa, ɣmkann d unmgal.
• **Tamssaɣayt ikrin**: tnfalal ɣ usggʷas 1905, ar tettini mas d ilugan n tfizikt gan bdda ɣiklli tn i akkʷ inmnadn da ttmussunin s yat tyaffa (zzrb), d tyaffa n tifawt ɣ ugrgabbu (lfaraɣ) tga yat tmzgut tazɣurant, ɣayad ila isrdaf nns ɣ ugama n utakaṣ d wakud, s umdya ɣayad ar d ittawi mas d yan ittmussun rad as iffnẓ (ittiẓḍay ɣ tyaffa) wakud f yan ka izgan, tumant ad ad igan tafli n wakud.

• **Tamssaɣayt tamakant:** issdus tt Ayncṭayn mraw n isggʷasn sul ḍffṛ tad ikrin, d xttad ar tsawal f manmk a s tga tnzaɣt yan waṛaḍ n tuknit n uṭakaṣ-akud d ikkan tilit n umarku d tfasa, tnyaf tmẓṛit ad ɣ urmmus n kra n tumanin zun d unuf n tifawt ddu tnzaɣt, icnbitn isggann d tafli n iɣzwr.

## Idlisn nns

Ifl Aynṭayn mnnaw idlisn, ittyubdar gisn win:

• Timẓṛit tamssaɣayt ikrin d tad iflan.

• Anamk n tmssaɣayt (kkuẓ igrawn).

• Imnɣi maxx?

• Manmk a s ar ẓṛṛaɣ amaḍal?

## Iwaliwn nns

Sɣ iwaliwn ggutnin n Ayncṭayn:

• Tudrt tga ukan zun d tabicklit, afad ad tamẓt ɣ umyas nnk iqqan d ad bdda tzzigizt.

• Axlu iga tt iɣ ar bdda tskart yat tɣawsa d ar tettqqlt s iyafutn mzaraynin.

• Ad ur tmmaɣt ad tgt argaz n umurs, g argaz n watig.

• Afgan nna jju ur izgln, ur sar immaɣ ad issnflul.

• Aswingm ikka bdda f twssna.

• Ur dari tlli kra n tikki sɣ ignwan, is ar ka snubbucɣ, yili gigi uwnaf.

• Tumrt n umzalal d urmmus tga tarragt akkʷ ifulkin n ugama.

• Tawuri n unaẓuṛ ad tt igan iɣ d issufɣ afulki sɣ kra igan anmyar.

• Iɣ tram yat tudrt ifjjijn, krfat tt s kra n uwttas, ur d s kra n ufgan niɣ d kra n tɣawsa.

• Tawala nna nukz iwtta nnɣ, rad tnt inn nssurf.

## Tisaɣulin

|  |
| --- |
|
 Timassanin       |