# Proizvodnja

Proizvodnja
**Proizvodnja** ili **manufaktura** je proces stvaranja jednog proizvoda s ciljem da se proizvod proda. Proizvodnja se može odvijati u privatnim domovima (kuhinjski sto i garaža), u manjim radionicama ili velikim fabrikama.

## Etimologija

Savremena engleska reč *manufacture* verovatno potiče od srednjofrancuske reči *manufacture* („proces pravljenja”) koja sama potiče od klasične latinske reči *manū* („ruka”) i srednjofrancuske *facture* („izrada”). Alternativno, engleska reč je možda nastala nezavisno od ranije engleske reči *manufact* („napravljeno ljudskim rukama”) i *facture*. Njena prva upotreba na engleskom jeziku zabeležena je sredinom 16. veka u kontekstu ručne izrade proizvoda.

## Istorija i razvoj

### Praistorija i drevna istorija

Jezgro od kremenog kamena za izradu sečiva, iz perioda pre oko 40000
Ljudski preci su proizvodili predmete pomoću kamena i drugih alata dugo pre pojave vrste *Homo sapiens* pre približno 200.000 godina. Najraniji načini izrade kamenog oruđa, poznati kao Oldovanska „industrija“, datiraju od pre najmanje 2,3 miliona godina, a najraniji direktni dokazi o upotrebi alata pronađeni u Etiopiji u dolini Velikog rascede datiraju od 2,5. pre milion godina. Za proizvodnju kamenog alata, „jezgro” od tvrdog kamena sa specifičnim svojstvima ljuštenja (poput kremena) udarano je kamenim oblucima. Ovo ljuštenje je davalo oštre ivice koje su se mogle koristiti kao oruđe, prvenstveno u obliku cepača ili strugača. Ovi alati su u velikoj meri pomogli ranim ljudima u njihovom načinu života lovaca i sakupljača da formiraju druge alate od mekših materijala, poput kostiju i drveta. U srednjem paleolitu, pre otprilike 300.000 godina, došlo je do uvođenja tehnike pripremljenog jezgra, gde se više sečiva moglo brzo formirati od jednog kamenog jezgra. Ljuštenje pod pritiskom, u kojem se udaranjem drvetom, koskom ili rogom mogao vrlo fino oblikovati kamen, razvijeno je tokom gornjeg paleolita, počevši pre otprilike 40.000 godina. Tokom neolita, polirani kameni alati su se proizvodili od raznih tvrdih stena, poput kremena, žada, žadeita i zelenog kamena. Polirane sekire korišćene su zajedno sa drugim kamenim alatima, uključujući projektile, noževe i strugače, kao i oruđe proizvedeno od organskih materijala kao što su drvo, kost i rog.

Mač ili bodež iz kasnog bronzanog doba
Veruje se da je topljenje bakra nastalo kada je tehnologija lončarskih peći dozvoljavala dovoljno visoke temperature. Koncentracija različitih elemenata, poput arsena, raste sa dubinom u ležištima rude bakra i topljenjem ovih ruda, dobija se arsenična bronza, koja se može dovoljno očvrsnuti da bude pogodna za proizvodnju alata. Bronza je legura bakra sa kalajem; potonji se nalaze u relativno malom broju nalazišta u svetu, što je imalo za posledicu da je puno vremena prošlo pre nego što je prava limena bronza postala široko rasprostranjena. Tokom bronzanog doba, bronza je bila veliki napredak u odnosu na kamen kao materijal za izradu alata, kako zbog svojih mehaničkih svojstava poput čvrstoće i duktilnosti, tako i zbog toga što se mogla livi u kalupe zarad pravljenja predmeta složenih oblika. Dostupnost bronze je značajno unapredilo tehnologiju brodogradnje sa boljim alatima i bronzanim ekserima, što je zamenilo staru metodu pričvršćivanja dasaka trupa kablom utkanom kroz izbušene otvore. Gvozdeno doba je konvencionalno definisano rasprostranjenom proizvodnjom oružja i alata od gvožđa i čelika, a ne od bronze. Topljenje gvožđa je teže od topljenja kalaja i bakra, jer topljeno gvožđe zahteva toplotnu obradu i može se topiti samo u posebno projektovanim pećima. Mesto i vreme otkrića topljenja gvožđa nisu poznati, delimično i zbog poteškoća u razlikovanju metala ekstrahovanog iz ruda koje sadrže nikl od vruće obrađenog meteoritskog gvožđa.

Tokom razvoja drevnih civilizacija, mnoge drevne tehnologije rezultirale iz napretka u proizvodnji. Nekoliko od šest klasičnih jednostavnih mašina izmišljeno je u Mesopotamiji. Mesopotamijci su zaslužni za pronalazak točka. Mehanizam točka i osovine prvi put se pojavio sa lončarskim točkom, izmišljenom u Mesopotamiji (savremeni Irak) tokom 5. milenijuma pre nove ere. Egipatski papir napravljen od papirusa, kao i keramika, masovno su se proizvodili i izvozili po celom mediteranskom bazenu. Rane građevinske tehnike koje su koristili stari Egipćani koristile su cigle sastavljene uglavnom od gline, peska, mulja i drugih minerala.

## Vrste proizvodnje

Proizvodnja se može podeliti prema vrsti proizvodnje.

* Rukotvorine
* Industrijska proizvodnja
* Tačno na vreme proizvodnja (engleski: *Just in time*)
* Masovna proizvodnja
* Proizvodnja po narudžbini
* Projektno orijentisana proizvodnja
* Proizvodna linija
* Serijska proizvodnja

## Reference

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## Vanjske veze

* How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations
* Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
* "Manufacturing Technology Insights by CXO" (A review on Global Manufacturing Technology Industry.)
* EEF, the manufacturers' organisation – industry group representing uk manufacturers
* Manufacturing Consulting Firms Empowering aspirants to get a professional foothold
* Industry Today – Industrial and Manufacturing Methodologies
* Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing
* Manufacturing Sector of the National Occupational Research Agenda, USA, 2018.