# Ernst Haeckel

*Za ostale upotrebe, pogledajte Hekel.*

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| **Ernst Hekel** |
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| Rođenje
 | 16. februar 1834. Potsdam
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| Smrt
 | 9. avgust 1919. Jena
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**Ernst Hekel** (njemački: *Ernst Heinrich Philip Haeckel*; Potsdam, 16. februar 1834 – Jena, 9. avgust 1919) je bio nemački biolog, prirodnjak, filozof, fizičar, profesor i umetnik.

Hekel je bio profesor zoologije na Univerzitetu u Jeni. Poznat je kao osnivač ekologije, nauke koju je definisao kao ekonomiju prirode, istraživanje totalnih odnosa organizama prema organskoj i neorganskoj okolini i kao učenje o kompleksnim međuodnosima. Bio je i veliki popularizator teorije evolucije.

U čast Ernsta Hekela, njegovim prezimenom nazvane su planine Hekel (engleski: *Mount Haeckel*) u SAD, i na Novom Zelandu, kao i asteroid 12323 Häckel. Kuća u kojoj je Hekel stanovao, Vila Meduza u Jeni, poseduje istorijski važnu biblioteku.

## Istraživanja

Hekel je bio zoolog, uspešni umetnik i ilustrator, kasnije i profesor uporedne anatomije. Autor je mnogobrojnih uobičajenih termina (npr. filogenija, ekologija, heterohronija) kao i novog eukariotskog carstva – protistâ (Protista). Većinom su mu zanimanja ležala u evoluciji, iako nije podržavao principe delovanja prirodne selekciju, već lamarkističke ideje. Prvi je naučnik koji je smatrao psihologiju disciplinom fiziologije.

Dao je niz izvornih monografija o morskim beskičmenjacima. Postavio je teoriju gastreje, formulisao biogenetski zakon. Zacrtao je prve genealogije životinjskog carstva i postavio teoriju o nastanku života iz nežive materije. Baveći se razvićem životinja, dao je *biogenetski zakon* (teoriju rekapitulacije): individualno razviće organizma (ontogenija) je rekapitulacija njegovog evolucionog razvića (filogenije). Svoju ideju argumentovao je i uporednim crtežom razvića embriona kod kičmenjaka, koji se danas smatra previše pojednostavljenim prikazom ovih komplikovanih uporednih odnosa.

Hekel je nacrtao i u knjizi „Umetnički oblici prirode“ (njemački: *Kunstformen der Natur*) publikovao preko 100 detaljnih ilustracija (u boji) različitih životinja i morskih organizama. Kao filozof, napisao je dela Zagonetka Univerzuma (njemački: *Welträthsel*, 1895-1899) i Sloboda u nauci i nastavi (engleski: *Freedom in Science and Teaching*, 1878).

## Literatura

* Charles Darwin (1859). *On the Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection)*. London: John Murray. ISBN 84-206-5607-0.
* Charles Darwin (2003). *The Origin of Species (with introduction by Julian Huxley)*. Signet Classics. ISBN 0-451-52906-5.
* Desmond, Adrian J. (1989). *The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14374-0.
* Ernst Haeckel, *Freedom in Science and Teaching* (1879), reprint edition, University Press of the Pacific, February 2004, paperback, 156 pages, ISBN 1-4102-1175-4.
* Ernst Haeckel, *The History of Creation* (1868), translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London, 1883, 3rd edition, Volume 1.
* Ernst Haeckel, *Kunstformen der Natur* *("Art forms of Nature")*, 1904, (from series published 1899–1904): over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures.
* Ernst Haeckel, *Lebenswunder*, Stuttgart, 1904.
* Ernst Haeckel, *The Riddle of the Universe* (*Die Weltraetsel*, 1895–1899), Publisher: Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1992, reprint edition, paperback, 405 pages, illustrated, ISBN 0-87975-746-9.
* Richard Milner, *The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search for Its Origins*, Henry Holt, 1993.
* Robert J. Richards, *The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought*, University of Chicago Press, 2008.
* Richardson, Michael K. (1998). „Haeckel's embryos continued”. *Science* **281** (5381): 1285–9. Bibcode 1998Sci...281.1285R. DOI:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285j.
* Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2001) "A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?," *Nature* 410:144 (vol. 410, no. 6825, page 144), March 8, 2001.
* Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2002) *Haeckel's ABC of evolution and development Arhivirano 2007-11-17 na Wayback Machine-u* Biological Reviews (2002), 77: 495–528
* M. Ruse, *The Darwinian Revolution*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
* Newman, H.H., 1932, *3rd edition, Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 30
* G.G. Simpson and W. Beck, *An Introduction to Biology* (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1965), p. 241
* *New Scientist*, 9/6/97, p. 23
* W. Bock, *Book Review Science*, May 1969, pp. 684–685
* Di Gregorio, Mario A. *From here to eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith*, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005, ISBN 3-525-56972-6
* Haeckel, Ernst. (1900). *The Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century*. Harper (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00089-5)
* Haeckel, Ernst, *Art Forms from the Ocean: The Radiolarian Atlas of 1862*, Prestel Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3327-5.
* Djela čiji je autor Ernst Haeckel na Projektu Gutenberg.
* Hopwood, Nick (2014). *Haeckel's Embryos: Images, Evolution, and Fraud*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04694-5. Lay summary (10 January 2015).
* Richardson, Michael K., "Haeckel, embryos, and evolution," *Science* Vol. 280, no. 5366 (15 May 1998) p. 983, 985–986.
* Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). *Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant*. Univ. of Vermont Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-715-6. Lay summary (29 September 2010).

## Vanjske veze

* E. Haeckel: Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte 1868 (front page of 1st edition, German)
* E. Haeckel: Die Welträthsel 1899 (front page of 1st edition, German)
* University of California, Berkeley – biography
* Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist. A slide-show essay
* *Kunstformen der Natur* (from biolib.de)
* PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur"
* Proteus – Animated documentary film on Haeckel's life and work
* Ernst Haeckel Haus and Museum in Jena
* View works by Haeckel at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
* aDiatomea: artificial life experiment with 3d generated diatoms, influenced by Haeckel
* Images from *Anthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen* Arhivirano 2019-09-30 na Wayback Machine-u