# Damani

| Damani
 |
| --- |
|  |
| Naučna klasifikacija
 |
| Carstvo:
 | Animalia  |
| Koljeno:
 | Chordata  |
| Razred:
 | Mammalia  |
| Infrarazred:
 | Eutheria  |
| Nadred:
 | Afrotheria  |
| Red:
 | **Hyracoidea**  |

**Damani ili pećinari** (**Hyracoidea**) su mali red placentalnih sisara, koji nastanjuje Afriku i jugozapadnu Aziju. Izgledom podsećaju na manje glodare ili zečeve, a nastanjuju različita staništa.

## Građa

Damani su malih dimenzija i približno dostižu veličinu zeca. Dužina tijela se kreće između 30 i 60 cm. Imaju kratke ekstremitete, na prednjim nogama 4 prsta sa spljoštenim noktima nalik na kopito, a na zadnjim 3 prsta od kojih je jedan s kandžom. Od zuba, nedostaju im očnjaci umesto kojih postoji kratka dijastema. Zubna formula damana je:

|  |
| --- |
| **1.0.4.3** |
| **2.0.4.3** |

## Stanište

Od najranijeg perioda rasprostranjeni su samo u Africi, duž Crvenog mora na Afričkom i Azijskom kontinentu – Arabijsko poluostrvo. Hyracoidea neseljavaju različita staništa. Neki žive na stijenama, drugi u krošnji drveća, a postoje oni koji naseljavaju stepe. Na stijenama se uglavnom zavlače u šupljine, dok u stepama često naseljavaju prazne termitnjake. Hrane se biljnom hranom, lišćem, zeljastim biljem i sl., ali jedu i insekte i njihove larve.

Damani su na različite načine prilagođeni staništima koje neseljavaju. Zubima (kutnjacima) melju i sitne hranu. Imaju složen želudac i simbiotske bakterije koje im pomažu pri varenju. Bubrezi imaju sposobnost da zadržavaju vodu, što im omogućava da prežive sušne uslove. Na nogama imaju gumene jastučiće sa mnogobrojnim žlijezdama, a to im pomaže pri kretanju preko stijena.

## Razmnožavanje

Žive u grupama ili porodicama od nekoliko jedinki, koje predvodi mužjak. Mužjak aktivno brani teritoriju koju zajednica naseljava. Ženka nosi mlade 7 do 8 mjeseci, a koti oko 4 mladunca, koji su polno zreli nakon 16 – 17 mjeseci. Mlađi mužjaci većinom žive solitarno, van područja koje kontroliše stariji mužjak, a pare se samo sa mlađim ženkama.

## Filogenija i sistematika reda

Damani su se izdvojili kao grupa pre više od 40 miliona godina (tokom ranog Eocena), i tokom dugog vremenskog perioda su bili najbrojniji sisari herbivori u Africi. Najveće vrste su bile veličine konja, a najmanje veličine miša. Tokom Miocena dešava se radijacija šupljorogih goveda (Bovidae) i damani kompetitivno bivaju isključeni, oterani u prethodno marginalne ekološke niše. I pored toga, red ostaje bogat vrstama i široko rasprostranjen u Africi, Aziji i Evropi sve do kraja Pliocena.

Analize filogenetskog srodstva damana sa ostalim rodovima sisara daju dvojake rezultate. Prema jednom evolucionom scenariju, damani su najsrodniji surlašima (mamutima i slonovima), sa kojima dele pojedine karakteristike: postojanje noktiju, dobro razvijeno čulo sluha, kao i male kljove. Prema drugom scenariju, damani su sestrinska grupa kladi koja obuhvata redove surlaša, sirena i izumrlih Embrithopoda i Desmostylia. Celokupna ova grupa anzvana je Subungulata.

Red damana obuhvata 2 familije, od kojih je samo jedna (Procaviidae) savremena, sa 3 roda i 4 vrste:

* *Dendrohyrax arboreus*
* *Dendrohyrax dorsalis*
* *Heterohyrax brucei*
* *Procavia capensis*

## Popis izumrlih vrsta

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| Filogenija ranih hyracoids
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| **Hyracoidea** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *Seggeurius* |
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|  | *Microhyrax* |
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| Saghatheriinae
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|  |  |
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|  | *Bunohyrax* |
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|  | *Pachyhyrax* |
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|  | *Thyrohyrax* |
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|  | *Selenohyrax* |
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|  | *Saghatherium* |
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|  | *Titanohyrax* |
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|  | *Antilohyrax* |
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|  | *Megalohyrax* |
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| Geniohyiinae
 | *Geniohyus* |
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Proboscidea

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Perissodactyla

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Phenacodontidae

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| Filogenija hirakoida poznatih od ranog Eocena do sredine Oligocenske epohe. Moguće je da su današnji hiraksi (*Procaviidae*) evoluirali iz malih članova koji se ovde smatranju *Saghatheriinae*.

 |

* Pliohyracidae
	+ *Geniohyinae*
		- *Seggeurius*
		- *Geniohyus*
	+ Saghatheriinae
		- *Microhyrax*
		- *Meroehyrax*
		- *Selenohyrax*
		- *Bunohyrax*
		- *Pachyhyrax*
		- *Megalohyrax*
		- *Saghatherium*
		- *Thyrohyrax*
	+ Titanohyracinae
		- *Antilohyrax*
		- *Titanohyrax*
	+ Pliohyracinae
		- *Sogdohyrax*
		- *Kvabebihyrax*
		- *Prohyrax*
		- *Parapliohyrax*
		- *Pliohyrax*
		- *Postschizotherium*
* Procaviidae
	+ Procaviinae
		- *Gigantohyrax*
		- *Procavia* (Rock hyrax)
			* *Procavia antigua*
			* *Procavia transvaalensis*

## Reference

## Literatura

* Martin S. Fischer: *Hyracoidea*. Handbuch der Zoologie, Band VIII, Teilband 58. Walter de Gruyter 1991. ISBN 3-11-012934-5
* Ronald M. Nowak: *Walker's Mammals of the World*. Johns Hopkins University Press 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
* Martin S. Fischer: *Die Stellung der Schliefer im phylogenetischen System der Eutheria*. 1996 ISBN 3-510-61178-0
* Herbert Hahn: *Von Baum-, Busch- und Klippschliefern, den kleinen Verwandten der Seekühe und Elefanten*. 1959 ISBN 3-7403-0193-7
* Edward R. Ricciuti: *What on Earth is a Hyrax?*. Blackbirch Press 1996 ISBN 1-56711-100-9
* Donald R. Prothero, Robert M. Schoch: *The Evolution of Perissodactyls*. Oxford University Press 1990 ISBN 0-19-506039-3
* A. Lavergne, E. Douery & al.: *Interordinal Mammalian Relationships: Evidence for Paenungulate Monophyly Is Provided by Complete Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Sequences* In: *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* Okt 1996, Band 6, Nr. 2, S. 245-258.

## Vanjske veze

* Hyraxes - Biological synopsis Arhivirano 2007-03-22 na Wayback Machine-u