# نقشانگاري

Areal distortion caused by Mercator projection
**نقشا نگاري** يا **نقشا سازي** (Cartography)، نقشا ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو مطالعو ۽ عمل آهي. سائنس، جماليات ۽ ٽيڪنڪ کي گڏ ڪندي، نقشا نگاري جي بنياد اها آهي، ته هڪ حقيقت يا هڪ تصوراتي حقيقت کي انهن طريقن سان جيڪا هڪ مقام جي معلومات کي مؤثر طريقي سان پهچائين ٿا، کي ماڊل ڪيو وڃي.

"ايڪومن"، قديم يوناني اصطلاح، جن جا معني "رهائش لائق ڄاتل دنيا" آهن، 1482ع ۾ وچئين دور جي نقاش، جوهانس شنٽزر پاران ٺاهيل تصويري نقاشي جيڪا بطليموس (Ptolemy) جي "جاگرافي" ۾ ڏنل نقطن (coordinates) ۽ سندس ٻئي نقشي جي پروجئڪشن کي استعمال ڪندي، ٺاهي وئي. لاطيني ۾ ترجمي ۽ 15هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ يورپ ۾ جاگرافي جي علم جي پکيڙ، سائنسي نقشي نگاري جي ٻيهر پيدائش تي (هڪ هزار سال کان وڌيڪ جمود کان پوءِ) نشان لڳايو.
روايتي نقشا نگاري جا بنيادي مقصد آهن:

* نقشي جو مقصد مقرر ڪيو وڃي ۽ هن لاء خاص شئي جي خاصيتن کي چونڊيو وڃي. هن جو لاڳاپو نقشي جي ايڊيٽنگ سان آهي. اها خاصيتون طبيعي (رستا يا ڌرتي جا وڏا ڀاڱا) يا تجريدي (ملڪن ۽ سياسي ورهاستن جون حدون) ٿي سگھن ٿيون.
* فليٽ ميڊيا (ڪينوس، ڪاغذ وغيره) تي نقشي واري شئي جي ڌرتي جي نمائندگي ڪئي وڃي. اها نقشي جي پروجئشن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.
* نقشي ۾ اهڙي خاصيتن واري شيئن کي ختم ڪيو وڃي، جيڪيون نقشي جي مقصد سان غير لاڳاپيل آهن. اها نقشي جي عموميت سان لاڳاپيل آهي.
* خصوصيتون، جيڪيون نقشي ۾ ديکاري وينديون، جي پيچيدگين کي گهٽايو وڃي. هي به هن جي عموميت سان لاڳاپيل آهي.
* نقشي جي عنصرن کي ترتيب ڏنو وڃي ته جيئن ان جو پيغام ان جي سامعين تائين بهترين طريقي سان پهچائي سگهجي. هي نقشي جي ڊيزائن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.

جديد نقشا نگاري جاگرافيائي معلوماتي نظام (GIS) ۽ جاگرافيائي معلوماتي سائنس (GISc) جون ڪيتريون ئي نظرياتي ۽ عملي بنيادون ٺاهي ٿي.

## تاريخ

## نقشي جا قسم

## نقشي جا ڊيزائن

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسوCartographic design
Illustrated map
Modern technology, including advances in printing, the advent of geographic information systems and graphics software, and the Internet, has vastly simplified the process of map creation and increased the palette of design options available to cartographers. This has led to a decreased focus on production skill, and an increased focus on quality design, the attempt to craft maps that are both aesthetically pleasing and practically useful for their intended purposes.

### سامع

A map has a purpose and an audience. Its purpose may be as broad as teaching the major physical and political features of the entire world, or as narrow as convincing a neighbor to move a fence. The audience may be as broad as the general public or as narrow as a single person. Mapmakers use design principles to guide them in constructing a map that is effective for its purpose and audience.

#### عمل

The cartographic process
The cartographic process spans many stages, starting from conceiving the need for a map and extending all the way through its consumption by an audience. Conception begins with a real or imagined environment. As the cartographer gathers information about the subject, they consider how that information is structured and how that structure should inform the map's design. Next, the cartographers experiment with generalization, symbolization, typography, and other map elements to find ways to portray the information so that the map reader can interpret the map as intended. Guided by these experiments, the cartographer settles on a design and creates the map, whether in physical or electronic form. Once finished, the map is delivered to its audience. The map reader interprets the symbols and patterns on the map to draw conclusions and perhaps to take action. By the spatial perspectives they provide, maps help shape how we view the world.

### Aspects of map design

Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired gestalt.

* Areal distortion caused by Mercator projection

**Map projections**: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the Earth or other celestial bodies. While all projections distort the surface, cartographers strategically control how and where distortion occurs For example, the popular Mercator projection does not distort angles on the surface, but it makes regions near the poles appear larger than they are.

* **Generalization**: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.
* **Symbology**: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several visual variables, such as size, shape, color, and pattern.
* **Composition**: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as grouping and visual hierarchy.
* **Typography or labeling**: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.
* **Layout**: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of graphic design.
* **Map type-specific design**: Different kinds of maps, especially thematic maps, have their own design needs and best practices.

## نقشي ۾ تعصب

## نقشن جي تخريب

جان بوجھ ڪري نقشي جون غلطيون:

## پيشاوارانه ۽ سکيا جي سوسائٽيون

## پڻ ڏسو

باب:نقشا

* گوگل نقشا
* گزيٽيئر
* جيوڊيسي
* اوپن اسٽريٽ ميپ
* ٽبيولا پٽنگريانا
* ٽيبولا روجيريانا
* Dimensions
* جاگرافيائي بيھڪ نظام
* CityMap
* ڪارٽوگرام
* جيو انفارميٽڪس
* نقشا نگاري جي تاريخ
* نقشا نگارن جي فهرست

## ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

* Mapping History آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2007-03-10 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. – a learning resource from the British Library
* Antique Maps by Carl Moreland and David Bannister – complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers (archived 2 February 2007)
* Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2011-10-26 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Newberry Library

## حوالا